卧式钻孔组合机床液压系统的设计开题报告

编号： 无锡太湖学院毕业设计（论文）相关资料题目： 卧式钻孔组合机床液压系统的设计 信机 系 机械工程及自动化专业 2013年5月25日 目 录一、毕业设计（论文）开题报告二、毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译及原文三、学生“毕业论文（论文）计划、进度、检查及落实表”四、实习鉴定表无锡太湖学院毕业设计（论文）开题报告题目： 卧式钻孔组合机床液压系统的设计 信机 系 机械工程及自动化 专业学 号： 0923156 学生姓名： 葛乔虹 指导教师： 许菊若 （职称：副教授） （职称： ）2012年11月30日 课题来源导师提供的研究项目科学依据（包括课题的科学意义；国内外研究概况、水平和发展趋势；应用前景等）（1） 课题科学意义 液压传动技术是机械设备中发展最快的技术之一，特别是近年来与微电子、计算机技术结合，使液压技术进入了一个新的发展阶段，机、电、液、气一体是当今机械设备的发展方向。在一些加工的机械设备中已经广泛引用液压技术。作为机械制造及其自动化专业的学生初步学会液压系统的设计，熟悉分析液压系统的工作原理的方法，掌握液压元件的作用与选型及液压系统的维护与修理将是十分必要的。（2）机床的液压传动应用及其发展前景 液压传动在国民经济的各个部门都得到了广泛的应用，但是各部门采用液压传动的处发点不尽相同：例如，工程机械、压力机械采用液压传动的主要原因是取其结构简单、输出力大；航空工业采用液压传动的主要原因是取其重量轻、体积小；机床上采用液压传动的主要原因则是取其在工作过程中能无级变速，易于实现自动化，能实现换向频繁的往复运动等优点。 现代液压技术与微电子技术、计算机控制技术、传感技术等为代表的新技术紧密结合，形成并发展成为一种包括传动、控制、检测在内的自动化技术。研究内容 明确设计要求及技术参数的拟定； 执行元件选择、工况分析（包括动力分析及运动分析）、负载图和速度图绘制、执行元件参数初步确定； 系统方案确定，液压系统原理图拟订； 计算和选择液压元件； 估算液压系统性能； 绘制液压装置系统图；设计液压装置； 编写技术文件。拟采取的研究方法、技术路线、实验方案及可行性分析（1）研究方法 进行图书资料和网络资料的收集。首先进行图书资料收集，收集有关液压传动资料。了解液压传动的发展史及其当前的应用情况。通过资料的收集，进一步拓宽对液压系统的认识。收集有关液压系统和卧式钻孔机床的中外文献以及其他有利资料，更进一步了解液压系统，关注国内外卧式钻孔机床中液压系统的应用情况，认真探索液压系统应用于卧式钻孔机床的必要性。 （2）实验方案 对卧式钻孔组合机床的液压传动系统具体设计： (1)明确工作循环并做工况分析。(2)明确主机的具体性能要求，进行负载分析和运动分析。作出功率循环图，协调各个元件的动作时间和速度。(3)确定液压系统的主要参数：压力和流量，参照经验选取。(4)拟定液压系统原理图。确定系统的回路方式、液压油类型、执行元件及液压泵类型、调速、调压及换向方式、“开”或“闭”式确定。(5)液压元件选择。(6)液压系统验算。压力计算、系统容积效率计算和发热估算。(7)液压系统主要元件的设计。研究计划及预期成果研究计划：2012年11月12日-2012年12月2日：按照任务书要求查阅论文相关参考资料，填写毕业设计开题报告书。2012年12月3日-2013年3月5日：填写毕业实习报告，并开始着手毕业设计零件图纸的分析。2013年3月8日-2013年3月14日：按照要求修改毕业设计开题报告，同时开 始绘制工作图，并且开始撰写说明书。2013年3月15日-2013年3月21日：学习并翻译一篇与毕业设计相关的英文材 料，进行系统图的设计，绘制图基本的图纸。2013年3月22日-2013年4月11日：图纸及说明书的修改。2013年4月12日-2013年4月25日：进一步完善工作。2013年4月26日-2013年5月21日：毕业论文撰写和修改工作。预期成果：液压系统图、装配图、各个零件图以及设计说明书的完成。特色或创新之处 采用液压传动来实现机床进给运动，这样做有利于简化机床结构，提高机床自动化的程度。 液压动力滑台是利用液压缸将泵站提供的液压能转变为滑台运动所需的机械能，来实现进给运动并完成一定得动作循环，是一种以速度变换为主的中、低压液压系统，在高效、专用、自动化程度较高的机床中已得到广泛的应用。已具备的条件和尚需解决的问题 实验方案思路已经非常明确，已经具备了液压系统基础理论知识，基本机械设计能力和绘图能力 学会液压系统的设计，熟悉分析液压系统的工作原理的方法，掌握液压元件的作用与选型及液压系统的维护与修理指导教师意见 指导教师签名： 年 月 日教研室（学科组、研究所）意见 教研室主任签名： 年 月 日系意见 主管领导签名： 年 月 日英文原文Basic Machining Operations and Cutting TechnologyBasic Machining Operations Machine tools have evolved from the early foot-powered lathes of the Egyptians and John Wilkinsons boring mill. They are designed to provide rigid support for both the workpiece and the cutting tool and can precisely control their relative positions and the velocity of the tool with respect to the workpiece. Basically, in metal cutting, a sharpened wedge-shaped tool removes a rather narrow strip of metal from the surface of a ductile workpiece in the form of a severely deformed chip. The chip is a waste product that is considerably shorter than the workpiece from which it came but with a corresponding increase in thickness of the uncut chip. The geometrical shape of workpiece depends on the shape of the tool and its path during the machining operation. Most machining operations produce parts of differing geometry. If a rough cylindrical workpiece revolves about a central axis and the tool penetrates beneath its surface and travels parallel to the center of rotation, a surface of revolution is produced, and the operation is called turning. If a hollow tube is machined on the inside in a similar manner, the operation is called boring. Producing an external conical surface uniformly varying diameter is called taper turning, if the tool point travels in a path of varying radius, a contoured surface like that of a bowling pin can be produced; or, if the piece is short enough and the support is sufficiently rigid, a contoured surface could be produced by feeding a shaped tool normal to the axis of rotation. Short tapered or cylindrical surfaces could also be contour formed. Flat or plane surfaces are frequently required. They can be generated by radial turning or facing, in which the tool point moves normal to the axis of rotation. In other cases, it is more convenient to hold the workpiece steady and reciprocate the tool across it in a series of straight-line cuts with a crosswise feed increment before each cutting stroke. This operation is called planning and is carried out on a shaper. For larger pieces it is easier to keep the tool stationary and draw the workpiece under it as in planning. The tool is fed at each reciprocation. Contoured surfaces can be produced by using shaped tools. Multiple-edged tools can also be used. Drilling uses a twin-edged fluted tool for holes with depths up to 5 to 10 times the drill diameter. Whether the drill turns or the workpiece rotates, relative motion between the cutting edge and the workpiece is the important factor. In milling operations a rotary cutter with a number of cutting edges engages the workpiece. Which moves slowly with respect to the cutter. Plane or contoured surfaces may be produced, depending on the geometry of the cutter and the type of feed. Horizontal or vertical axes of rotation may be used, and the feed of the workpiece may be in any of the three coordinate directions. Basic Machine Tools Machine tools are used to produce a part of a specified geometrical shape and precise I size by removing metal from a ductile material in the form of chips. The latter are a waste product and vary from long continuous ribbons of a ductile material such as steel, which are undesirable from a disposal point of view, to easily handled well-broken chips resulting from cast iron. Machine tools perform five basic metal-removal processes: I turning, planning, drilling, milling, and grinding. All other metal-removal processes are modifications of these five basic processes. For example, boring is internal turning; reaming, tapping, and counter boring modify drilled holes and are related to drilling; bobbing and gear cutting are fundamentally milling operations; hack sawing and broaching are a form of planning and honing; lapping, super finishing. Polishing and buffing are variants of grinding or abrasive removal operations. Therefore, there are only four types of basic machine tools, which use cutting tools of specific controllable geometry: 1. lathes, 2. planers, 3. drilling machines, and 4. milling machines. The grinding process forms chips, but the geometry of the abrasive grain is uncontrollable. The amount and rate of material removed by the various machining processes may be I large, as in heavy turning operations, or extremely small, as in lapping or super finishing operations where only the high spots of a surface are removed. A machine tool performs three major functions: 1. it rigidly supports the workpiece or its holder and the cutting tool; 2. it provides relative motion between the workpiece and the cutting tool; 3. it provides a range of feeds and speeds usually ranging from 4 to 32 choices in each case. Speed and Feeds in Machining Speeds, feeds, and depth of cut are the three major variables for economical machining. Other variables are the work and tool materials, coolant and geometry of the cutting tool. The rate of metal removal and power required for machining depend upon these variables. The depth of cut, feed, and cutting speed are machine settings that must be established in any metal-cutting operation. They all affect the forces, the power, and the rate of metal removal. They can be defined by comparing them to the needle and record of a phonograph. The cutting speed (V) is represented by the velocity of- the record surface relative to the needle in the tone arm at any instant. Feed is represented by the advance of the needle radially inward per revolution, or is the difference in position between two adjacent grooves. The depth of cut is the penetration of the needle into the record or the depth of the grooves. Turning on Lathe Centers The basic operations performed on an engine lathe are illustrated. Those operations performed on external surfaces with a single point cutting tool are called turning. Except for drilling, reaming, and lapping, the operations on internal surfaces are also performed by a single point cutting tool. All machining operations, including turning and boring, can be classified as roughing, finishing, or semi-finishing. The objective of a roughing operation is to remove the bulk of the material as rapidly and as efficiently as possible, while leaving a small amount of material on the work-piece for the finishing operation. Finishing operations are performed to obtain the final size, shape, and surface finish on the workpiece. Sometimes a semi-finishing operation will precede the finishing operation to leave a small predetermined and uniform amount of stock on the work-piece to be removed by the finishing operation. Generally, longer workpieces are turned while supported on one or two lathe centers. Cone shaped holes, called center holes, which fit the lathe centers are drilled in the ends of the workpiece-usually along the axis of the cylindrical part. The end of the workpiece adjacent to the tailstock is always supported by a tailstock center, while the end near the headstock may be supported by a headstock center or held in a chuck. The headstock end of the workpiece may be held in a four-jaw chuck, or in a type chuck. This method holds the workpiece firmly and transfers the power to the workpiece smoothly; the additional support to the workpiece provided by the chuck lessens the tendency for chatter to occur when cutting. Precise results can be obtained with this method if care is taken to hold the workpiece accurately in the chuck. Very precise results can be obtained by supporting the workpiece between two centers. A lathe dog is clamped to the workpiece; together they are driven by a driver plate mounted on the spindle nose. One end of the Workpiece is mecained;then the workpiece can be turned around in the lathe to machine the other end. The center holes in the workpiece serve as precise locating surfaces as well as bearing surfaces to carry the weight of the workpiece and to resist the cutting forces. After the workpiece has been removed from the lathe for any reason, the center holes will accurately align the workpiece back in the lathe or in another lathe, or in a cylindrical grinding machine. The workpiece must never be held at the headstock end by both a chuck and a lathe center. While at first thought this seems like a quick method of aligning the workpiece in the chuck, this must not be done because it is not possible to press evenly with the jaws against the workpiece while it is also supported by the center. The alignment provided by the center will not be maintained and the pressure of the jaws may damage the center hole, the lathe center, and perhaps even the lathe spindle. Compensating or floating jaw chucks used almost exclusively on high production work provide an exception to the statements made above. These chucks are really work drivers and cannot be used for the same purpose as ordinary three or four-jaw chucks. While very large diameter workpieces are sometimes mounted on two centers, they are preferably held at the headstock end by faceplate jaws to obtain the smooth power transmission; moreover, large lathe dogs that are adequate to transmit the power not generally available, although they can be made as a special. Faceplate jaws are like chuck jaws except that they are mounted on a faceplate, which has less overhang from the spindle bearings than a large chuck would have. Introduction of Machining Machining as a shape-producing method is the most universally used and the most important of all manufacturing processes. Machining is a shape-producing process in which a power-driven device causes material to be removed in chip form. Most machining is done with equipment that supports both the work piece and cutting tool although in some cases portable equipment is used with unsupported workpiece. Low setup cost for small Quantities. Machining has two applications in manufacturing. For casting, forging, and press working, each specific shape to be produced, even one part, nearly always has a high tooling cost. The shapes that may he produced by welding depend to a large degree on the shapes of raw material that are available. By making use of generally high cost equipment but without special tooling, it is possible, by machining; to start with nearly any form of raw material, so tong as the exterior dimensions are great enough, and produce any desired shape from any material. Therefore .machining is usually the preferred method for producing one or a few parts, even when the design of the part would logically lead to casting, forging or press working if a high quantity were to be produced. Close accuracies, good finishes. The second application for machining is based on the high accuracies and surface finishes possible. Many of the parts machined in low quantities would be produced with lower but acceptable tolerances if produced in high quantities by some other process. On the other hand, many parts are given their general shapes by some high quantity deformation process and machined only on selected surfaces where high accuracies are needed. Internal threads, for example, are seldom produced by any means other than machining and small holes in press worked parts may be machined following the press working operations. Primary Cutting Parameters The basic tool-work relationship in cutting is adequately described by means of four factors: tool geometry, cutting speed, feed, and depth of cut. The cutting tool must be made of an appropriate material; it must be strong, tough, hard, and wear resistant. The tool s geometry characterized by planes and angles, must be correct for each cutting operation. Cutting speed is the rate at which the work surface passes by the cutting edge. It may be expressed in feet per minute. For efficient machining the cutting speed must be of a magnitude appropriate to the particular work-tool combination. In general, the harder the work material, the slower the speed. Feed is the rate at which the cutting tool advances into the workpiece. Where the workpiece or the tool rotates, feed is measured in inches per revolution. When the tool or the work reciprocates, feed is measured in inches per stroke, Generally, feed varies inversely with cutting speed for otherwise similar conditions. The depth of cut, measured inches is the distance the tool is set into the work. It is the width of the chip in turning or the thickness of the chip in a rectilinear cut. In roughing operations, the depth of cut can be larger than for finishing operations. The Effect of Changes in Cutting Parameters on Cutting Temperatures In metal cutting operations heat is generated in the primary and secondary deformation zones and these results in a complex temperature distribution throughout the tool, workpiece and chip. A typical set of isotherms is shown in figure where it can be seen that, as could be expected, there is a very large temperature gradient throughout the width of the chip as the workpiece material is sheared in primary deformation and there is a further large temperature in the chip adjacent to the face as the chip is sheared in secondary deformation. This leads to a maximum cutting temperature a short distance up the face from the cutting edge and a small distance into the chip. Since virtually all the work done in metal cutting is converted into heat, it could be expected that factors which increase the power consumed per unit volume of metal removed will increase the cutting temperature. Thus an increase in the rake angle, all other parameters remaining constant, will reduce the power per unit volume of metal removed and the cutting temperatures will reduce. When considering increase in unreformed chip thickness and cutting speed the situation is more complex. An increase in undeformed chip thickness tends to be a scale effect where the amounts of heat which pass to the workpiece, the tool and chip remain in fixed proportions and the changes in cutting temperature tend to be small. Increase in cutting speed; however, reduce the amount of heat which passes into the workpiece and this increase the temperature rise of the chip m primary deformation. Further, the secondary deformation zone tends to be smaller and this has the effect of increasing the temperatures in this zone. Other changes in cutting parameters have virtually no effect on the power consumed per unit volume of metal removed and consequently have virtually no effect on the cutting temperatures. Since it has been shown that even small changes in cutting temperature have a significant effect on tool wear rate it is appropriate to indicate how cutting temperatures can be assessed from cutting data. The most direct and accurate method for measuring temperatures in high -speed-steel cutting tools is that of Wright &. Trent which also yields detailed information on temperature distributions in high-speed-steel cutting tools. The technique is based on the metallographic examination of sectioned high-speed-steel tools which relates microstructure changes to thermal history. Trent has described measurements of cutting temperatures and temperature distributions for high-speed-steel tools when machinin