专业英语英汉互译2011.doc

1aspheric polishing machine 非球面抛光机2burning glass 火石玻璃3chromatic dispersion 色散4double frequency 倍频5electrographic image tube 电子显像管6In modern physics, light is considered to be a kind of matter with wave-particle duality, namely it has the characteristics of both the waves and the corpuscles. Under certain circumstance, one group of characteristics is more apparent than the other. Except for the cases to study the interaction between light and substance when the corpuscular characteristic of the light must be taken into account, light can generally be considered as electromagnetic waves, which are called light waves.现代物理学认为，光是一种具有波粒二象性的物质，即光既具有波动性，又具有粒子性。在一定的条件下，某一种性质显得更为突出。一般来说，除了研究光和物质作用的情况下，必须考虑光的粒子性之外，可以把光看做电磁波，即称为光波。7In fact, any optical systems can not image ideally. There are always some remnant aberrations in an optical system. We shall measure the aberrations by the amount by which rays miss the paraxial image point. Now the question for us is what types of aberrations we should choose as the quality of the optical system. In general, there are two types of aberrations. The first type of aberrations are suitable for the measurement of an optical instrument which is already produced. The second type of aberrations are suitable for the design stage.事实上，任何一个实际的光学系统都不能理想成像。在光学系统中总是有残余像差。我们应该通过测量实际像与近轴理想像之间的差异，给出定量的像差。由于一个光学系统不可能理想成像，因此就存在一个光学系统质量优劣的评价问题。成像质量评价的方法分为两大类。第一类用在光学系统实际制造完成以后对其进行实际测量。第二类用于在光学系统还没有制造出来，即在设计阶段通过计算就能评定系统的质量。8The immense semiconductor integrated circuit manufacturing industry is powered by optics, optical systems, and optical materials. A modern electronic integrated circuit is a complex three-dimensional structure of althernating patterned layers of conductors, dielectric, and semiconductor films. This structure is fabricated on an ultrahigh-purity water substrate of a semiconducting material such as silicon or gallium arsenide. The speed and density of the devices is, to a large degree, governed by the size of the individual circuit elements. As a general rule, the smaller the elements are, the faster is the device and the more functions or operations it can perform per chip.光学、光学系统及光学材料使庞大的半导体集成电路制造工业加强了力量。现代的电子集成电路是由不同图形的导体、介质及半导体膜层构成复杂的三维结构。此结构是在极纯净的诸如硅或砷化镓半导体衬底下支制成的。器件的速度和密度在很大程度上取决于个别电路元件的尺寸。一般来说，个别的元件越小，器件的速度就越快，每块片子能完成的功能越多。1半导体激光器 semiconductor laser2枕形畸变 cushion distortion/ pillow-shaped distortion/ pincushion 3光束孔径角 beam angle/ beam aperture angle4齐明双胶合透镜 aplanatic doublet5电荷耦合器件 Charge Couple Device6光电集成电路 opto-electronic integrated circuit (OEIC) 7人们在研究光的各种传播现象的基础上设计和制造了适应于各种目的的各类光学仪器，例如，利用显微镜帮助我们观察细小的物体，利用望远镜观察远距离的物体等。所有的光学仪器都是应用不同形状和材质（玻璃、晶体等）的光学零件如反射镜、透镜和棱镜组合而成。把这些光学零件按一定方式组合起来，使由物体发出的光线，经过这些光学零件的折射、反射以后，按照我们的需要改变光线的传播方向，从而满足移动的使用要求。这样的光学零件的组合称为“光学系统”。 All kinds of optical instruments are designed and manufactured for various purpose on the basis of the study different phenomena of light propagation. For example, microscope are devoloped to help us observe tiny objects, and telescope are used to observe objects that are far away. All these optical instruments are composed of optical elements of different shapes and different materials (glasses and crystals, etc.) such as mirrors, lenses, and prisms. The elements are combined in a certain way to change the directions of rays from the object by refractions and reflections in order to meet requirements of a specific application. Such a combination of optical elements is called optical system.几何光学基本定律几何光学把光看作是具有方向的几何线“光线”，从而进行光的传播问题的研究。因此，我们必须首先找出这些光线的传播规律。自然界中光的传播现象虽然说是千变万化，但是，如果用几何光学的观点来看，实际上可以归纳为以下两种情况。 In geometrical optics, the problems of light propagation are studied by means of rays, which represent the light as directed geometrical lines. For this purpose, the laws governing the propagation of rays must be established first. Although there are various phenomena of light propagation in the nature, however, from the viewpoint of geometrical optics, they can be classified into the following two circumstances.1.光线在均匀介质中的传播规律直线传播定律：光线在透明均匀介质中的传播。2.光线在两种均匀介质分界面上的传播规律反射定律和折射定律。1.The law of rays propagating in a homogeneous and transparent medium the law of rectilinear propagation: rays propagate along straight lines in a homogeneous and transparent medium. 2.The laws for rays propagating at the interface of two homogeneous media the law of reflection and the law of refraction.反射和折射定律可以分别表述如下：Now the laws of reflection and refraction can be described as follows:反射定律：反射光线位于入射面内；反射角等于入射角。The law of reflection: the reflected ray lies in the plane of incidence. 折射定律：折射光线位于入射面内；入射角和折射角正弦之比，对两种一定的介质来说，是一个和入射角无关的常数。The law of refraction: the refracted ray lies in the plane of incidence. For a certain pair of media, the ratio between the sine of the angle of incidence and that of the angle of refraction in a constant regardless of the value of the incident angle.至于光在不均匀介质中的传播规律，可以把不均匀介质看作是由无限多的均匀介质组合而成的。光线在不均匀介质中的传播，可以看作是一个连续的折射，随着介质性质的不同，光线传播曲线的形状各异，它的传播规律，同样可以用折射定律来说明。In order to study light propagation in an inhomogeneous media, the inhomogeneous media can be considered as being composed of an infinite number of homogeneous media, and a ray traveling through it is refracted continuously. Media with different character can generate different curved ray paths, but they all are explained by the law of refraction.由此可见，直线传播定律、反射定律和折射定律能够说明自然界中光线的各种传播现象，它们是几何光学中仅有的物理定律。因此成为几何光学基本定律。几何光学的全部内容，就是在这三个定律的基础上用数学方法研究光的传播问题。It is clear that the laws of rectilinear propagation, reflection and refraction can be used to explain various phenomena of ray propagation in the nature. They are the important laws of physics in geometrical optics; hence they are known as the basic laws of geometrical optics. The essence of geometrical optics is to study the problems of light propagation with mathematical methods on the basis of the three basic laws.1由于光学传递函数能全面反映光学系统的成像性质，因此，可以用它来评价成像质量。除了共轴系统的轴上点以外，像点的弥散图形一般是不对称的，因此，不同方向上的光学传递函数也不相等。为了全面表示该像点在不同方向上的光学传递函数，必须用一个三维空间曲线来表示。但是，这样的三维立体图形，既不容易绘制，也不便于使用。为了简化，我们用子午和弧矢两个方向上的光学传递函数曲线来代表该像点的光学传递函数。另外，实践证明，决定光学系统成像质量的主要是振幅传递函数，因此，一般只给出振幅传递函数曲线，而不考虑位相传递函数。Since the optical transfer function can represent the image quality of an optical system comprehensively, it can be used to evaluate the image quality. The image blur is usually asymmetrical except the on-axial point of the coaxial systems. Therefore the optical transfer functions are different in different directions.A three-dimensional curving surface must be used to express the optical transfer function in different directions completely. However, it is difficult to draw and used this kind of 3D graph. To simply the problem, we use the optical transfer function plots in tangential and sagittal direction to express the optical transfer function of the image blur.In addition, the practice shows that it is amplitude transfer function that mainly decides the image quality of an optical system, so the amplitude transfer function is generally used without considering the phase transfer function.2在各种不同形式的曲面中，目前能够比较方便地进行大量生产的只限于球面和平面（平面可以看作是半径为无限大的球面）。因此，绝大多数光学系统中的零件均由球面构成。这样的光学系统称为“球面系统”。如果光学系统中包含有非球面，则称为“非球面系统”。在球面系统中，如果所有球心均位于同一直线上，由于球面对于通过球心的任意一条直线都对称，因此该直线就是整个系统的对称轴线，也就是系统的光轴。这样的系统称为“共轴球面系统”。目前被广泛采用的光学系统，大多数由共轴球面系统和平面镜、棱镜系统组合而成。Among various types of curved surface, only spherical surfaces and plane surfaces can be mass-produced by relatively easy means, and a plane surface can be regardless as a spherical surface with an infinite radius. Thus most of the optical elements in optical systems are of spherical surfaces. An optical system containing only elements of spherical surfaces is called a spherical system.Any optical system that contains an element with a non-spherical surface is called an aspheric system. If the centers of all the spherical surfaces in a spherical system lie on a straight line, this line is the axis of revolution symmetry of the whole system, and it is the optical axis of the system.Such a system is known as a coaxial spherical system. At present, most of the widely-used optical systems are composed of coaxial spherical lens systems, mirrors and prisms.显微镜概述Introduction of Microscopes显微镜的发明和应用大大提高了人的视觉功能，为人们研究与认识微观世界提供了有力的工具。随着生产和科学技术的发展，显微镜与显微技术正在获得日益广泛的应用。经过近400年的发展演变，如今，适用于不同科学领域与研究对象的、各种原理与结构形式的显微镜，已构成了一个规格完备、性能优良的完整体系。The invention and application of the microscopes have improved our visual ability greatly and have provided powerful tools for us to study and realize the micro-world. With the development of the production and the technology, the microscopes and the micro-technology have been used more and more widely.After nearly 400 years development, now, the microscopes based on various principles and structures, which are suitable in different scientific fields and investigated objects, have formed an integrated system with complete specifications and excellent performance.显微镜的品种虽然很多，但其基本作用是一致的，即观察研究微观世界，分辨物体的细节。对工作于可见光波长范围的光学显微镜，按用途区分，最大量使用的有三种类型：生物显微镜（主要用于生物学、医学、农学等方面）、金相显微镜（主要用于冶金和机械制造工业，观察研究金相组织结构）和工具显微镜（主要用于精密机构制造工业等方面，进行精密计量）。在上述显微镜中，根据所观察标本性质的不同（如透明或不透明），可选取不同的照明方式与成像光路。如生物显微镜对透明标本的观察是采用透射式照明；而金相显微镜对不透明标本的研究则采用反射式照明。此外，还可以根据被检验标本的细节与背景的亮暗对比情况，分别选择现场照明或暗视场照明的方式。为了改善观察条件，获得好的观察效果，除了单目显微镜外，还发展了双目体视显微镜。近半个世纪以来，显微技术取得了重大进步，出现了基于光的干涉、衍射、偏振原理的干涉显微镜、相衬显微镜与偏光显微镜。Although there are various kinds of microscopes, they are the same basal effects, such as observing and studying the micro-world, distinguishing the details of the objects. Optical microscopes working in the visible light-wavebands are sorted according to their uses.There are three kinds which are used largely, including biological microscopes (mainly used in the biology, the medical and the agriculture), metallographic microscopes (mainly used in the metallurgy and the mechanical fabrication, observing and studying the metallurgical structure) and tool microscopes (mainly used in the fine machine fabrication industry and fine measure).In the above microscopes, different illuminating models and imaging optical paths can be chosen for different characters of the observed samples (as transparent or non-transparent). For example, the biological microscopes adopt transmitted illumination when they are used to observe transparent samples; the metallographic microscopes adopt reflective illumination when they are used to study opaque samples.Furthermore, bright-field illumination and dark-field illumination should be chosen respectively according to the brightness contrast between the details of the samples and background. Besides monocular microscopes, binocular microscopes have been developed to improve the observing conditions and to get the good observing results.For nearly half a century, the micro-technology has made great progress, and interference microscopes, phase contrast microscopes and polarizing microscopes have been developed which are based on the light interference, the diffraction and the polarization.近代的显微技术普遍要求扩大功能。对应用于实验研究的较高级的显微镜，用常用增加附件的组合式结构来实现多功能，如进行显微摄影、显微投影以及电视显示等。有的显微镜除具有目视观察功能外，还同时具有照相、投影、电视等附件。新的电视显微镜则实现了显微光学系统与闭路电视的一体化。随着新原理、新结构、新辐射源、新接收器以及光电转换技术的发展，现代显微镜已成为光、机、电、微型计算机相结合的现代化精密光学仪器。The modern micro-technology is required to expand the functions of the microscopes generally. For the advanced microscopes used in the experimental study, it is usually needed to add the accessories to realize multifunction, have not only ocular observing function, but also photographic, projective and video accessory functions.The new video microscopes have integrated microscope optical system with wired television. Along with the development of new principles, new structures, new radiant sources, new receivers and photoelectric converting technology, modern microscopes have become modern precise optical instrument that have integrated the optics, the machines, the electricity and the microcomputers.Overview The role of light in our lives is both pervasive and primordial. Ultraviolet light probably had a role in the very origins of life, and light-driven photosynthesis underlies all but the most primitive of living things today. For humans, sight is the most crucial of the senses for perceiving the world around us. Indeed, the highly evolved vertebrate eye is one of the most exquisite light detectors ever created. Yet light is influencing the way we live today in ways we could never have imagined just a few decades ago. As we move into the next century, light will play an even more critical role often the central rolein the ways we communicate, in the practice of medicine, in providing for the nations defense, and in the tools we use to explore the frontiers of science. Optical science and engineeringor, more conveniently, just opticsis the diverse body of technologies, together with their scientific underpinnings, that seek to harness light for these and other tasks. This report addresses a broad range of issues pertinent to this field: its status today, the outlook for tomorrow, and what must be done to ensure its future vitality.在我们的生活中，光的作用具有渗透性和源动性，在原始生命的初期，紫外光线或许起到了重要的作用。光引起的光合作用为今天的生物体打下了最原始的基础。对于人类来说，人类感知周围世界的知觉是视觉，高度进化的脊椎动物最高度探测定期创造最灵敏的探测器之一。光还在影响今天的生活方式，有些是我们数十年前无法想象的。当我们进入21世纪时，光将起到关键重大作用，有决定性作用，在通讯方式、在医疗实践、国防后勤以及我们用于探索科学前的工具。光的科学和工程学总称为光学，与之有关的形形色色的工程的总体，光寻求的是驾驭光完成的各种任务。它涉及光学问题的广泛的领域，光的现状、未来以及我们为了保证光的活力应该做些什么。Optics: A Pervasive Enabler 光学：一位无所不知的促进者 Not surprisingly, then, optics is rapidly becoming an important focus for new businesses in the global economy. In the United States, both large and small businesses are significant players in emerging optics business activity. Optics-related companies number more than 5,000, and their net financial impact amounts to more than $50 billion annually. More significant than this, however, is the role of optics as an enabler. Just as a lens in a pair of glasses enables clear vision, so an investment of a few hundred million dollars in optical-fiber technology has enabled a trillion-dollar worldwide communications revolution. A mere six laser transmitters are used in a transatlantic undersea telephone transmission system that can carry 40 million simultaneous conversations. The cost of the lasers is a tiny fraction of the cost of the system or the revenue it generates, but without them the system would be useless. Indeed, in his report to Congress on July 22, 1997, Federal Reserve chairman Alan Greenspan alluded to this enabling role: “we may be observing a number of key technologies, some even mature, finally interacting to create significant new opportunities for value creation. For example, the applications for the laser were modest until the later development of fiber optics engendered a revolution in telecommunications.”不为惊奇的是，光学正迅速成为光学新商务的一个焦点。在美国，无论大企业还是小企业，都是光学商务活动的重要参与者。和光学相关的公司数目超过5000，它们对竞争财务的影响每年超过500亿美元。然而，更主要的是光学所发挥的促进者的作用，就像在一部眼镜中的一片透镜，它给了我们清晰的视觉，那么在光纤技术中投入了几亿美元，促进了全球万亿美元通信革命的产生。在横跨大西洋海底电话传输系统中，仅仅用了6个激光传输器，即能同时承担4000万个电话同时通话，所用的这些激光器的价值只是传输系统价值或产生的国家所获得的税收的一个极小部分。但是没有这些激光器，我们的电话传输系统将毫无用处。的确如此，美国联邦储备委员会主席在1997年7月22日的国会报告中给出了光的促进者作用，他说：我们可以注意到，有许多关键技术，有些才刚刚成熟，最后都产生出创新价值的重要新机遇。举例来看，激光的作用曾经是并不引人注目的，直到光纤光学引起电信业的重要革命。 As another instance, a compact disk player incorporates hundreds of intricate electronic and mechanical parts, all working together and all absolutely dependent on a single laser costing less than a dollar to illuminate the spinning disk. The following pages contain dozens of additional examples. Often, perhaps even usually, those who developed the enabling optical technologies never imagined their ultimate applications. In this report, the committee has thus sought to address the pivotal question, How does one support and strengthen a field such as optics whose value is primarily enabling?装配紧凑的光盘机可作为另一个例子，它包含了成百个复杂的电子和机械部件。有些部件在一起协同运作，同时又全部依赖于同一个照射在光盘上的激光器，而这个激光器可能连一个美元都不到。本书包含这样的例子可能有好几打。事情往往是，或者可以说总是这样，开发促有潜力的光学技术的人，总是想象不到他们最终会如何被应用。在这篇报道中，委员会试图对这样关键问题寻求答案。对于像光学这样的主要起促进作用的领域，人们应该如何去支持和加强它？ The remarkable breath of optics enabling role is both an indicator of the fields importance and a source of challenges. Virtually every scientific discipline uses optics in some way, so (perhaps unsurprisingly) optics courses in most universities are taught in several science departments, as well as engineering departments and schools of medicine. As a result of such organization structures as thesein spite of, or perhaps because of, its pervasive importanceoptics tends to be an orphan, owned by no one. A second, related question thus emerges: How does one nurture a field that lacks a recognized academic or disciplinary home? 光学促进者的作用，即反映了这个领域的重要性，同时也是挑战的源泉。事实上，每个科学计划都以某种方式在利用光学。所以（不必惊奇），在大多数的大学当中，一些理科都在讲授光学，包括工程系和医学院也在讲授光学。这样的一种结构所造成的后果就是使光学像一个孤儿，尽管它具有非凡的渗透力和重要性，但是不属于任何一个部门。于是出现了第二个有关的问题，应该怎样培育一个没有公认学科归属（或称为成长的家园）的领域？ Optics is such an invaluable means, rarely an end in itselfa field often seamlessly integrated with electronics and materials science (see inset below) and an enabling presence in the university research lab, in our daily lives, and in countless businesses. In the diversity and pervasiveness of optics lies great strength, but these same qualities similarly pose a daunting hurdle to concise assessments and simple prescriptions. The central challenge of this study was to overcome that hurdle in proving a coherent picture of optical science and engineering today and in pointing the way to the fields continuing vitality. 光学是一种宝贵的手段，它向各处延伸而不见终点。光学领域常常与电子科学、材料科学非常紧密地结合在一起。它在大学的研究所里、在人们的日常生活中、在无数的商务活动中都充当着能干的角色。光学的这种变化多端和渗透性包含着巨大的力量，但同时也在对它作出明确估价和简单处置方面造成了困难。对我们这项研究的主要挑战是要克服这种困难，为今天的光科学与工程学描绘一种有条理的图像，指明保持其生命活力的前进方向。 Optics encompasses a broad set of technologies for exploiting the properties of light,