化工专业英语材料.doc

Nomenclature of Inorganic chemistry无机化学命名Cations formed from metal atoms have the same name as the metal.Na+ sodium ion, Zn2+ zinc ionIons formed from a single atom are called monoatomic ions.If a metal can form cations for differing charges the charge number is indicated by a roman numeralFe2+ iron(II) ion, Fe3+ iron(III) ionCu+ copper (I) ion, Cu2+ copper (II) ionMost variable charge ions are in the transition metals.从金属原子形成的阳离子具有相同的名称作为金属。Na +的钠离子，锌离子的锌离子从单个原子形成的离子被称为单原子离子。如果金属能形成阳离子电荷不同的电荷数量由罗马数字表示Fe2 +的铁（II）离子，Fe3 +的铁（III）离子的Cu+铜（I）离子，铜离子的铜（II）离子最可变电荷离子是在过渡金属。Monoatomic anions are named by replacing the ending with ide.H- hydride ion, O2- oxide ionSome polyatomic anions also have an ide ending.OH- hydroxide ion, O22- peroxide ionPolyatomic ions containing oxygen (oxyanions). They in ate and iteNO3- nitrate ion, NO2- nitrite ion 单原子阴离子与-ide更换结束而得名。H-氢离子，O2-氧离子一些多原子阴离子也有-ide结局。OH-氢氧根离子，O22-过氧化物离子含氧（含氧阴离子）多原子离子。他们-ate和-iteNO3-硝酸根离子，NO2-亚硝酸根离子The prefix per- indicates one more O atom than the oxyanion ending ate, the prefix hypo- indicates one less O atom than the oxyanion ending in ite:ClO4- perchlorate ion (one more O atom than chlorate) ClO3- chlorate ionClO2- chlorite ion (one less O atom than chlorate)ClO- hypochlorite ion (one less O atom than chlorite)per-表示多一个氧原子比结束-ate氧离子的前缀，前缀低渗表明少了一个氧原子比-ite结束氧离子：ClO4-高氯酸根离子（多一个氧原子比氯酸盐）ClO3-氯酸根ClO2-绿泥石离子（少一个氧原子比氯酸盐）CLO-次氯酸根离子（少一个氧原子比绿泥石）An acid is any compound whose molecules release an H+ ion when dissolved in water. (For Now)Acids based on anions whose names end in ide have an associated acid that starts with hydro- and end in icCl- (cloride) yields HCl (Hydrocloric acid)Acid based on anions whose names end in ate or ite have acids that end in ic or ous.ClO4- (Perchlorate) yields HClO4 (Perchloric Acid)ClO3- (Chlorate) yields HClO3 (Chloric Acid)ClO2- (Chlorite) yields HClO2 (Chlorous Acid) ClO- (Hypoclorite) yields HClO (Hypochlorous Acid)酸是其分子在水中溶解时释放的H+离子的任何化合物。 （目前）基于阴离子，后缀名为酸-ide有关联的酸与水文和结束-ic开始氯离子（cloride）生成的HCl（Hydrocloric酸）酸基于阴离子，后缀名为-ate或-ite有结束-ic或-ous酸。ClO4-（高氯酸盐）产生高氯酸（高氯酸）ClO3-（氯酸盐）产生HClO3（盐酸溶液）ClO2-（绿泥石）产生HClO2（亚氯酸）CLO-（Hypoclorite）产生的HClO（次氯酸）Name the following acids: HCN, HNO3, H2SO4, and H2SO3Hydrocyanic Acid: Anion has ide ending so you get a hydro- and ic.Nitric Acid: -ate ending is replaced with ic ending.Sulfuric Acid: -ate ending is replaced with ic endingSulfurous Acid: -ite ending is replaced with ous ending. 命名下列酸：HCN，HNO3，H2SO4和H2SO3氢氰酸：负离子有-ide的结局，所以你得到一个水文和-ic。硝酸：-ate结局将被替换为-ic结局。硫酸：-ate结局将被替换为-ic结局硫酸：-ite结局替换-ous结局。The name of the element furthest to the left is written first.If both elements are in the same group the lower one is written first.The name of the second element is given an ide ending.Greek prefixes are used to indicate the number of atoms in each element.该元件最远到左侧的名称首先写入。如果这两个元件都在同一组中的下一个第一写入。第二个元素的名称给予-ide结局。希前缀用来指示原子中的每个元素的数量。A complex is a substance in which a metal atom or ion is associated with a group of neutral molecules or anions called ligands. 一个复杂的是，其中一个金属原子或离子与一组中性分子或阴离子称为配体相关的物质。To name a coordination compound, no matter whether the complex ion is the cation or the anion, always name the cation before the anion. (This is just like naming an ionic compound.)仅举配位化合物，不管复合离子是否是阳离子或阴离子，始终命名阴离子前的阳离子。 （这就像命名的离子化合物）。B. In naming the complex ion: 1. Name the ligands first, in alphabetical order, then the metal atom or ion. Note: The metal atom or ion is written before the ligands in the chemical formula. B.在命名复合离子：1.命名配体第一，按字母顺序排列，然后金属原子或离子。注意：金属原子或离子被前书面配体在化学式。B. In naming the complex ion: 2. The names of some common ligandsB.在命名复合离子：2.一些常见配体的名称For anionic ligands end in -o :anions that end in -ide(e.g. chloride), -ate (e.g. sulfate, nitrate), and -ite (e.g. nirite), change the endings as follows: -ide -o; -ate -ato; -ite -ito 对于阴离子配体结束“-o”：阴离子结尾的“-ide”（例如氯化物），“-ate”（例如硫酸盐，硝酸盐），以及“-ite”（例如nirite），改变的结局如下：-ide-o; -ate-ato; -ite-itoFor neutral ligands, the common name of the molecule is used e.g. H2NCH2CH2NH2 (ethylenediamine). Important exceptions: water is called aqua, ammonia is called ammine, carbon monoxide is called carbonyl, and the N2 and O2 are called dinitrogen and dioxygen 对于中性配体，分子的通用名称使用如H2NCH2CH2NH2（乙二胺）。重要的例外：水被称为“水性”，氨被称为“氨”，一氧化碳被称为“羰基”，以及N2和O2被称为“二氮”和“双氧B. In naming the complex ion:3. Greek prefixes are used to designate the number of each type of ligand in the complex ion, e.g. di-, tri- and tetra-. If the ligand already contains a Greek prefix (e.g. ethylenediamine) or if it is polydentate ligands (ie. can attach at more than one binding site) the prefixes bis-, tris-, tetrakis-, pentakis-, are used instead. B.在命名复合离子：3. 希腊语前缀用于指定在复合离子，例如每种类型配位体的数目二，三和四 - 。如果配体已经包含一个希腊语前缀（例如乙二胺），或者如果它是多齿配体（即，可以附加在一个以上的结合位点）的前缀双 - ，三 - ，四 - ，pentakis-，被用来代替。B. In naming the complex ion:4. After naming the ligands, name the central metal. If the complex ion is a cation(Pt(NH)5Cl3+ ), the metal is named same as the element. For example, Co in a complex cation is call cobalt and Pt is called platinum. If the complex ion is an anion(Fe(CN)63- ), the name of the metal ends with the suffix ate. For example, Co in a complex anion is called cobaltate and Pt is called platinate B.在命名复合离子：4. 命名配体后，命名为中心金属。如果该复合离子是阳离子（铂（NH）5CL 3+），该金属被命名为相同的元素。例如Co在一个复杂的阳离子是呼叫钴和铂称为铂。如果该复合离子是阴离子（铁（CN）63-），金属的名称以后缀-ate结束。例如Co在一个复杂的阴离子被称为钴和Pt称为铂酸盐5. Following the name of the metal, the oxidation state of the metal in the complex is given as a Roman numeral in parentheses 5.在金属的名称，在复杂的金属的氧化态被给定为括号中的罗马数字The complex ion is inside the parentheses, which is a cation. The ammine ligands are named before the aqua ligands according to alphabetical order Since there are three chlorides binding with the complex ion, the charge on the complex ion must be +3 ( since the compound is electrically neutral).From the charge on the complex ion and the charge on the ligands, we can calculate the oxidation number of the metal. In this example, all the ligands are neutral molecules. Therefore, the oxidation number of chromium must be same as the charge of the complex ion, +3.复合离子是括号，它是阳离子的内部。该氨配体按字母顺序旱厕配体命名前由于有三个氯化物与复合离子结合，在复杂的离子的电荷必须为3（因为该化合物是电中性的）。从对复合离子和配体的电荷的电荷，就可以计算出氧化数的金属制成。在本实施例中，所有配体是中性分子。因此，铬的氧化数必须是相同的复合离子，3的电荷。The complex ion is a cation, the counter anion is the 3 bromides. The charge of the complex ion must be +3 since it bonds with 3 bromides The NH3 are neutral molecules while the chloride carries - 1 charge. Therefore, the oxidation number of platinum must be +4 复合离子是阳离子，该抗衡阴离子是3溴化物。复合离子的电荷必须是3，因为它与3-溴粘结该NH3是中性分子，而氯进行 - 1费用。因此，铂的氧化数必须为4ethylenediamine is a bidentate ligand, the bis- prefix is used instead of di- 乙二胺是一个二齿配体，所述双 - 前缀来代替二The sulfate is the counter anion in this molecule. Since it takes 3 sulfates to bond with two complex cations, the charge on each complex cation must be +3. Since ethylenediamine is a neutral molecule, the oxidation number of cobalt in the complex ion must be +3.Again, remember that you never have to indicate the number of cations and anions in the name of an ionic compound.硫酸盐是在该分子的抗衡阴离子。因为它需要3硫酸盐结合与两种复杂阳离子，每个复杂的阳离子电荷必须是+3。自乙二胺是中性分子，钴的复合离子的氧化数必须是3。再次，请记住，你永远不会有指示离子化合物的名称阳离子和阴离子的数量。potassium is the cation and the complex ion is the anion. Since there are 4 K+ binding with a complex ion, the charge on the complex ion must be - 4.Since each ligand carries 1 charge, the oxidation number of Fe must be +2.钾是阳离子和复杂的离子是阴离子。由于有4 K +具有复杂的离子结合，在复杂的离子的电荷必须为 - 4。由于每个配体携带-1电荷，铁的氧化数必须是2。This is a neutral molecule because the charge on Pt+4 equals the negative charges on the four chloro ligands. If the compound is Pt(NH3)2Cl2Cl2, eventhough the number of ions and atoms in the molecule are identical to the example, it should be named: diamminedichloroplatinum(II) chloride, a big difference.这是中性分子，因为在Pt+4的电荷等于在四个氯配位体的负电荷。如果该化合物是铂（NH 3）的碳酸钾氯气沉绵离子和原子在分子中的数目是相同的例子中，它应该被命名为：顺铂（）氯化物，一个很大的区别。The oxalate ion is a bidentate ligand. 所述草酸根离子是一种二齿配位体。You can have a compound where both the cation and the anion are complex ions. Notice how the name of the metal differs even though they are the same metal ions.你可以有一个化合物，其中的阳离子和阴离子是复杂的离子。请注意，金属的名称不同，即使它们是相同的金属离子。IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry有机化学IUPAC命名法Identify the parent hydrocarbon chain (The longest continuous chain of carbon atoms) 识别父烃链（碳原子数为最长连续链）2. Identify the functional group in the chain2. 确定官能团链3. Number the carbon atoms in the parent chain. The functional group should end up the least number possible 3. 数字父链中的碳原子。官能团应该结束了数最少的可能The number (in Arabic numerals, i.e. 1, 2, 3.) is written before the name of the functional group数量（以阿拉伯数字，即1，2，3 .）的官能团的名称之前被写入If there are no functional groups, the number of the side chain should be the least possible 如果没有官能团，所述侧链的数应尽可能少的Identify the side-chains and number them If there is more than one of the same type of side-chain, add the prefix (di-, tri-, etc.) before it If there are two side-chains with the same, the number will be written twice. Example: 2,2,3-trimethyl. 确定侧链和它们编号如果有一个以上的相同类型的侧链的，之前加前缀（二，三，等）如果有两个侧链具有相同的编号将被写入两次。例如：2,2,3-三甲基. Identify double/triple bonds Number them with the number of the carbon atom at the head of the bond. For example a double bond between carbon atoms 3 and 4 is numbered as 3-ene. Multiple bonds of one type (double/triple) are named with a prefix (di-, tri-, etc.). If both types of bonds exist, then use ene before yne e.g. 6,13-diene-19-yneIf all bonds are single, use ane without any numbers or prefixes. 识别双/三键它们编号的碳原子的键合的头数。例如碳原子数3和4之间的双键被编号为3烯。一种类型（双/三）多重键的名称带有前缀（二，三，等）。如果这两种类型的债券存在，然后才用“烯”，“炔”如“6,13二烯19炔”如果所有债券是单一的，用“ANE”没有任何数字或前缀。Straight-chain alkanes take the suffix -ane and are prefixed depending on the number of carbon atoms in the chain, following standard rules. The first few are:直链烷烃取后缀“-ane”，并根据在链中碳原子的数目，按照标准的规则的前缀。前几个是： If there are different groups, they are added in alphabetical order, separated by commas or hyphens如果有不同的群体，他们被添加按字母顺序排列，用逗号或连字符隔开If there are multiple side-branches of the same size alkyl group, their positions are separated by commas and the group prefixed with di-, tri-, tetra-, etc., depending on the number of branches 如果有多个侧分支的大小相同的烷基基团，它们的位置由逗号隔开的组前缀与二，三，四等，这取决于分支数Alkenes are named for their parent alkane chain with the suffix -ene and an prefixed number indicating the position of the double-bonded carbon in the chain 烯烃被命名为其父烷烃链带有后缀“ - 烯”和前缀号码指示的双重键合的碳链中的位置 Multiple double bonds take the form -diene, -triene, etc., with the size prefix of the chain taking an extra a, the spatial relation between the groups are indicated with a prefixed Z-or E-: 多个双键采取的形式 - 二烯，三烯等，与链条的尺寸前缀采取额外的“一”，组与组之间的空间关系以表示一个前缀的Z型或E-：Alkynes are named using the same system, with the suffix -yne indicating a triple bond 炔都使用相同的系统命名，用后缀“-yne”表示三键 Alcohols (R-OH) take the suffix -ol with an prefix numerical bonding position 醇（R-OH）采取后缀“醇”与前缀数字键位置Halogen functional groups are prefixed with the bonding position and take the form fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo-, etc., depending on the halogen. Multiple groups are dichloro-, trichloro-, etc, and dissimilar groups are ordered alphabetically 卤素的官能团的前缀为粘结位置并采取的形式氟 - ，氯 - ，溴，碘等，根据不同的卤素。多组都二氯，三氯等，并不同组按字母顺序排序ketones (R-CO-R) take the suffix -one (pronounced own, not won) with an prefix position number 酮（R-CO-R）采取“一体”（发音为自己，而不是韩元）后缀与前缀位置编号Aldehydes (R-CHO) take the suffix -al. If other functional groups are present, the chain is numbered such that the aldehyde carbon is in the 1 position carboxylic acids are named with the suffix -oic acid carboxylic acids attached to a benzene ring such as Ph-COOH, these are named as benzoic acid or its derivatives醛（R-CHO）采取后缀“-al”。如果其他官能基团时，该链被编号，使得醛碳处于“1”的位置羧酸命名后缀-oic酸附连到苯环如pH-COOH的羧酸，这些被命名为苯甲酸或它的衍生物If there are two carboxyl groups on the same parent chain, the prefix di can be used before “oic acidIf there are more than two carboxyl groups on the same parent chain, the suffix -carboxylic acid can be used , In these cases, the carbon in the carboxyl group does not count as being part of the main alkane chain. 如果有在同一个父链中的两个羧基，前缀“二”可以被“OIC酸”之前使用如果有在同一个父链多于两个羧基，后缀“羧酸”，可以被使用，在这些情况下，羧基的碳不能算作是主要的烷烃链的一部分。 Ethers (R-O-R) consist of an oxygen atom between the two attached carbon chains. The shorter of the two chains becomes the first part of the name with the -ane suffix changed to -oxy, and the longer alkane chain become the suffix of the name of the ether. If the oxygen is not attached to the end of the main alkane chain, then the whole shorter alkyl-plus-ether group is treated as a side-chain and prefixed with its bonding position on the main chain. 醚（ROR）包括两个附连的碳链之间的氧原子。两条链的较短变得与-ane后缀改变为氧基，并且所述长链烷烃的名称的第一部分成为醚的名称的后缀。如果氧没有连接到主烷烃链的末端，那么整个较短的烷基 - 加 - 基醚基团被视为一个侧链和前缀的主链其结合位置。If the alkyl group is not attached at the end of the chain, the bond position to the ester group is prefixed: Amines (R-NH2) are named for the attached alkane chain with the suffix -amine , if necessary, the bonding position is infixed For secondary amines (of the form R-NH-R), the longest carbon chain attached to the nitrogen atom becomes the primary name of the amine; the other chain is prefixed as an alkyl group with location prefix given as an italic N 如果该烷基未附着在链的末端，键合位置向酯基的前缀：胺（R-NH 2）被命名为连接的烷烃链带有后缀“胺”，如果需要的话，接合位置infixed为仲胺（形式的R-NH-R）的，连接到氮原子上的最长碳链变成胺的原始姓名;另一条链的前缀作为烷基的位置前缀给出斜体Tertiary amines (R-NR-R) are treated similarly as the secondary amines Amides (R-CO-NH2) take the suffix -amide. There is no prefix form, and no location number is required since they always terminate a carbon chain Cycloalkanes and aromatic compounds can be treated as the main parent chain of the compound, in which case the position of substituents are numbered around the ring structure叔胺（R-NR-R）是类似的处理作为仲胺酰胺（R-CO-NH 2）取后缀“酰胺”。没有前缀的形式，且没有位置号是必需的，因为它们总是终止的碳链环烷烃和芳族化合物可以被视为该化合物的主链的父，在这种情况下，取代基的位置被编号周围环结构The cyclic structures can also be treated as functional groups themselves, in which case they take the prefix cycloalkyl- (e.g. cyclohexyl-) or for benzene, phenyl-. When compounds contain more than one functional group, the order of precedence determines which groups are named with prefix or suffix forms. The highest precedence group takes the suffix, with all others taking the prefix form. However, double and triple bonds only take suffix form (-en and -yn) and are used with other suffixes.的环状结构也可以被视为官能团本身，在这种情况下，它们取前缀“环烷基 - ”（例如，“环己基”），或为苯，“苯基”。当化合物含有多个官能团，优先的顺序确定哪些群体被命名前缀或后缀的形式。最高优先级组采用的后缀，与所有其他人采取的前缀形式。然而，双和三键只需要后缀的形式（-en和-yn），用于与其它后缀。Use your right handPoint your thumb in the direction of Cw bondCurl your fingers into a half-circleIf the priority of other groups decreases in the direction of your fingers, it is R configuration.用你的右手将您的拇指在C-W键的方向卷曲你的手指变成了半圈如果其它基团的优先次序中的手指的方向减小，这是R构型。Elements of Scientific Papers科技论文的要素Authors goalsTo describe interesting new knowledge in an understandable way.To get published. . .Must describe previously unpublished work (unless survey paper).Note: You can learn a lot from studying other peoples work, but . . . Never, ever, claim somebody elses work as your own. 笔者的目标为了描述在理解的方式有趣的新知识。为了得到发表。 。 。以前必须说明未发表的作品（除非调查纸）。注意：您可以从学习其他人的工作学到了很多，但。 。 。永远，永远，声称别人的工作作为自己的。1. Title 1.标题2. Author/Affiliation 2.作者/所属3. Abstract 3.摘要4. Keywords 4.关键词5. Introduction 5.简介6. Experimental 6.实验7. Results 7结果8. Discussion 8.讨论9. Conclusion 9.结论10. Acknowledgement 10.确认11. References 11.参考1. TitleFunctions a) Generalizing the Text b) Attracting the Reader c) Facilitating the Retrieval Linguistic Features a) Using More Nouns, Noun Phrases and Gerunds b) Using an Incomplete SentenceWriting Requirements a) Be Brief and Concise b) Be Specific c) Being Unified d) Being StandardWhether all the first letter of the principal words in a title should be capitalized or not, may depend upon the specific requirements set forth by the journal to which your manuscript is to be submitted.1.标题功能一）归纳文本二）吸引读者c）促进了恢复语言特点a）使用多个名词，名词短语和动名词b）用一个不完整的句子写作要求一）要简明扼要二）具体化C）为统一d）作为标准无论是在标题的主要字句的第一个字母应该大写与否，可能取决于提出了到您的稿件被提交杂志的具体要求。Tips for titleThe title - Must be informative, clear, and meaningful.Dont be cryptic.Get the attention of your readers immediately.Bad: The effects of stressGood: Is stress killing you?Or: Stress: Is it killing you?Dont use symbols in titles.Imagine someone searching for your paper. 提示标题标题 - 必须翔实，清晰和有意义的。不要神秘。立即让你的读者的关注。不好：应力的影响好：是压力杀了你？或：压力：难道杀了你？不要在标题中使用的符号。想象一下，有人搜索你的论文。2. Author/Affiliation Definitely, the author(s) must perform the entire work of paper and be responsible for the content of the paper. That means if any consequence should arise from the publication of the paper, the author(s) should take it, without affecting the other members of the research team or people other than the author(s).2.作者/所属非也，笔者（S）必须执行纸张的全部工作，并负责该文件的内容。这意味着，如果任何后果应该出现在论文的发表，作者（S），应该把它，而不影响的研究团队或人比作者（S）以外的其他成员。Tips for AbstractSummarizes problem, result, and uses.Between 100250 words.Avoid references and acronyms.Try to “sell” the paper! 提示摘要概括的问题，结果，和用途。100-250之间的话。避免引用和缩略词。尝试“卖”的文件！ 4. Keywords As the name implies, keywords are the