单片机的特点和应用.doc

无 锡 职 业 技 术 学 院毕业设计说明书（英文翻译）英文原文 （一）The characteristics and the application of single chip microcomputer1. A machine of basic constituteThe structure characteristic of a machine is a basic parts that will constitute the calculator to gather on a piece of crystal chip, constitute one set function special, a microcomputer of the integrity.The underneath synopsis introduce each constitute the part. (1)CPUThe CPU CPU within a machine is similar to in general use microprocessor basically, constituting from the operation machine and controller, increasing to establish the processing function of face to the control moreover, if a processing, check the form, variety to jump to turn, multiply by the division operation, the appearance examination and break off to handle the etc., strengthen the solid hour.(2)Saving machineThe saving space of a machine contain two kinds of basic structure.A kind of is the Princeton structure( Princeton), different from a saving machine space of the data suitable for use, namely ROM and RAM addresses assign in a space together address of procedure.When the CPU interview save the machine, an address to should only one of a saving unit, can be a ROM, can also be a RAM, use the interview instruction of the of the same kind.Another is a kind of is to separate saving machine of the procedure saving machine and datas clearly, look for the structure of the address respectively, be called Harvard( Harvard) structure.The CPU visits the different and saving machine space with the different instruction.Because an application with actual machine in the characteristics of face to the control, need the saving machine of bigger procedure generally.Currently, a machine that includes the series of C51 MCS-51 and 80 all adopts the structure of Harvard that saving machine of the procedure saving machine and datas clearly separate.(3)Proceed together the I/ OA machine for the sake of the function of the outstanding control, provided the quantity many, the function is strong and uses vivid abreast I/ O.Not only can vividly the choice importation or output, but also can be the total line of system or control the signal line on the usage, thus for expand the exterior saving the machine and I/ Os connected to provide the convenience.(4)The string goes the I/ O8 machines of the high speed can provide a workses string to go the I/ O, as a result can carry on the string to go the correspondence with some terminal equipmentses, or connect with each other with some machines of special function piece.(5)Settle machine/ count the machineIn actual application, a machine usually need to be settle by the square, or need outward an affairs carries on count, as a result at a machine the inner part established settle machine/ count the machine electric circuit, pass the interruption, carry out to settle/ the auto processing that count.2. The characteristics of a machineA structure with special machine come to a decision it have as follows characteristics.(1)High gather degree, high and dependableA machine gather each function parts on a piece of crystal chip, gather the degree is very high, the physical volume nature also is minimum.The chip is to press industry to measure to control the environment request design of, the internal cloth line is very short, better than general in general use CPU of its anti- industry noise function.A machine procedure instruction, constant and form etc. is solid to turn in the ROM the not easy breakage, many signal passages are all in a chip, the past credibility is high.(2)Control the function strongFor satisfying the condition to the control request of the object, the instruction system of a machine very all have abundantly:The branch transfers the ability, I/ O oscular logic operation and a processing abilities, being applicable to the specialized control function very much.(3)The low electric voltage, low consumeFor satisfying the extensive usage in then the hold type system, the work electric voltage in many machines is the 1.8 V 3.6 Vs only, but work the electric current is only for several hundred tiny Annes.(4)The excellent function price compareThe function of a machine is very high.For the sake of the exaltation speed and the movement efficiencies, a machine has already started use the RISC flowing water line and DSP etc. techniques.A machine looks for the restrict that the address ability have already also broken the 64 KBs, have of have already can attain the 1 MB and 16 MBses, the capacity of ROM in the slice can amount to the 62 MBs, the capacity of RAM then can amount to the 2 MBs.Because of the extensive usage of a machine, as a result sell the quantity biggest, the business of each archduke department the competition even make its price very cheap, its function price compare very high.3. The application of a machineBecause a machine function flies to develop soon, its application is increasingly extensive, have already outrun the realm of the calculator science far and far.Small arrive the toy, credit card, big arrive the aerospace machine, robot, from carry out the data to collect, process control, misty control etc. the intelligence system arrives the mankinds daily life, all canning not get away from a machine everywhere.It is mainly the applied realm is as follows.(1)At measure to control the application in the systemA machine cans used for constituting various industry controls system and control the system, data to collect system etc. from the orientation.For example, the boiler on the industry control, electrical engineering control, the vehicle examine automatic control of system, floodgate, count to control the tool machine and the radar on the military, guided missile system etc.s.(2)The application that is in intelligence turn the instrument appearanceA machine apply in urge the instrument appearance to turn toward numeral in the instrument appearance equipments, the intelligence turn, multi-function turn and synthesize to turn etc. the direction development.The software plait the distance technique of a machine makes measure for long time the processing that the error margin in the appearance correction, line turn etc. the hard nut to crack solve problems with the greatest ease.(3)In machine give or get an electric shock integral whole turn of applicationA machine combines with the traditional machine product the machine product structure of make the tradition to simplify, the control alignment intelligence turn, constituting the machine of the new generation electricity the integral whole turns the product.This is the direction of the machine industry development.(4)Connect the application in in the intelligenceThe calculator system, the especially more large industry measures to control to adopt a machine to carry on connecting the oscular control management in the system, a machine and hosts work abreast, can raise the movement speed of the system consumedly.For example, in large data collect system, use a machine to the mold/ number the conversion connects to carry on the control not only can raise to collect the speed, also can with logarithms according to carry on preparing the processing.Revise such as the numerical wave , error margin, the line turns to handle etc.（二） Bluetooth wireless technology is a short-range communications technology intended to replace the cables connecting portable and fixed devices while maintaining high levels of security. The Bluetooth core system, defined by Bluetooth specification, is a common service layer protocol which covers four lower layers in seven layer protocol. Service Discovery Protocol(SDP) and the overall profile requirements are defined by Generic Access Profile (GAP). The Bluetooth core system protocols are the radio (RF) protocol, link control (LC) protocol, linkmanager (LM) protocol and logical link control and adaptation protocol (L2CAP), all of which are fully defined in subsequent parts of the Bluetooth specification. Although these assumptions may not be required for embedded Bluetooth technology implementations that combine all layers in a single system, the general architectural and QoS models are defined with these assumptions in mind, in effect a lowest common denominator. The technology is now available in its fourth version of the specification and continues to develop, building on its inherent strengths small-form factor radio, low power, low cost, built-in security, robustness, ease-of-use, and ad hoc networking abilities. 1. Bluetooth SIG members are busy developing headsets, mobile phones, cars, and computers with the technology integrated, and many more are also bringing new ideas to life by implementing Bluetooth technology in new use cases and astounding the world with their new designs. 2. Bluetooth enabled hands-free systems in automobiles allow drivers to make calls directly through the speaker systems while keeping their Bluetooth mobile phone anywhere in the vehicle, both hands on the wheel, and both eyes on the road. 3. Symantec said the latest worm attempts to use Bluetooth connections to spread by searching for other Bluetooth-using devices that will accept requests for a connection when the computer is restarted. 4. The link controller is responsible for the encoding and decoding of Bluetooth packets from the data payload and parameters related to the physical channel, logical transport and logical link. 5. These QoS settings may be used to indicate, for example, that the data is isochronous and therefore has a limited lifetime after which it becomes invalid, that the data should be delivered within a given time period, or that the data is reliable and should be delivered without error, however long this takes. 中文翻译（一）单片机的特点和应用1单片机的基本组成单片机的结构特征是将组成计算机的基本部件集成在一块晶体芯片上，构成一台功能独特的、完整的单片微型计算机。下面简要介绍各组成部分。 （1）中央处理器单片机中的中央处理器CPU和通用微处理器基本相同，由运算器和控制器组成，另外增设了“面向控制”的处理功能，如位处理、查表、多种跳转、乘除法运算、状态检测、中断处理等，增强了实时性。（2）存储器单片机的存储空间有两种基本结构。一种是普林斯顿结构（Princeton），将程序和数据合用一个存储器空间，即ROM和RAM的地址同在一个空间里分配不同的地址。CPU访问存储器时，一个地址对应惟一的一个存储单元，可以是ROM，也可以是RAM，用同类的访问指令。另一种是将程序存储器和数据存储器截然分开，分别寻址的结构，称为哈佛（Harvard）结构。CPU用不同的指令访问不同的存储器空间。由于单片机实际应用中“面向控制”的特点，一般需要较大的程序存储器。目前，包括MCS-51和80C51系列的单片机均采用程序存储器和数据存储器截然分开的哈佛结构。（3）并行I/O口单片机为了突出控制的功能，提供了数量多、功能强、使用灵活的并行I/O口。使用上不仅可灵活地选择输入或输出，还可作为系统总线或控制信号线，从而为扩展外部存储器和I/O接口提供了方便。（4）串行I/O口高速的8位单片机都可提供全双工串行I/O口，因而能和某些终端设备进行串行通信，或者和一些特殊功能的器件相连接。（5）定时器/计数器在实际的应用中，单片机往往需要精确地定时，或者需对外部事件进行计数，因而在单片机内部设置了定时器/计数器电路，通过中断，实现定时/计数的自动处理。2单片机的特点单片机独特的结构决定了它具有如下特点。（1）高集成度、高可靠性单片机将各功能部件集成在一块晶体芯片上，集成度很高，体积自然也是最小的。芯片本身是按工业测控环境要求设计的，内部布线很短，其抗工业噪音性能优于一般通用的CPU。单片机程序指令，常数及表格等固化在ROM中不易破坏，许多信号通道均在一个芯片内，故可靠性高。（2）控制功能强为了满足对对象的控制要求，单片机的指令系统均有极丰富的条件：分支转移能力、I/O口的逻辑操作及位处理能力，非常适用于专门的控制功能。（3）低电压、低功耗为了满足广泛使用于便携式系统，许多单片机内的工作电压仅为1.8V3.6V，而工作电流仅为数百微安。（4）优异的性能价格比单片机的性能极高。为了提高速度和运行效率，单片机已开始使用RISC流水线和DSP等技术。单片机的寻址能力也已突破64KB的限制，有的已可达到1MB和16MB，片内的ROM容量可达62MB，RAM容量则可达2MB。由于单片机的广泛使用，因而销量极大，各大公司的商业竞争更使其价格十分低廉，其性能价格比极高