浅析《夜莺与玫瑰》中的几种主要修辞手法.doc

浅析夜莺与玫瑰中的几种主要修辞手法文章介绍：夜莺与玫瑰是一篇童话，故事讲述了一位年轻的学生渴望得到一朵红玫瑰送给教授的女儿，这样她会答应与他跳舞。他因找不到红玫瑰而伤心苦恼，为了使他获得爱情，夜莺唱了整整一夜的歌，用玫瑰刺刺穿自己的心脏，用自己的鲜血染红了一朵最为娇艳的红玫瑰。年轻的学生拿着这朵玫瑰送给心上人，可她却说内廷大臣的侄子的珠宝比鲜花更值钱。失望的学生认清了爱情的无聊本质，扔掉玫瑰，回去读书了。这个故事歌颂了夜莺为了别人的幸福与快乐而牺牲自己的高尚情操，同时也鞭挞了人类社会的庸俗和肮脏。作品最后，作者留下了一句令人感慨的一句话“爱情诚如手中玫瑰，娇艳名贵，但如果你不再需要它时，便是一分不值。”作者是奥斯卡王尔德，他是英国著名的作家、剧作家、散文家和诗人，是19世纪末英国唯美主义代表人物之一，“为艺术而艺术”的倡导者，他坚信美可以拯救社会和人心。夜莺与玫瑰这部作品极为感人，作品语言生动优美，辞藻华丽，诗意浓郁，被认为是诗的散文化，作者运用了大量的修辞手法和写作手法。一、拟人（Personification）Personification is a figure in which inanimate objects or abstractions areendowed with human form. 拟人是把人类的特点、特性加于外界事物之上，使之人格化，使文章的表达更加生动形象，让阅读者更真巧的体会到文章的意境及作者所要表达的思想感情，同时也使文章易懂但不通俗。在夜莺与玫瑰中，作品通篇使用了拟人的手法来修饰文中的树木、花鸟等，作者给它们都赋予了人类的思想感情，它们就像我们身边活生生的各类人群一样说着、笑着、哭着、思考着、行动着，让人倍感熟悉与亲切。如：例1“Here at last is a true lover, said the Nightingale. Night after night have I sung of him, though I knew him not: night after night have I told his story to the stars and now I see him”例2But the Oak-tree understood and felt sad, for he was very fond of the little Nightingale, who had built her nest in his branches. “Sing me one last song,” he whispered; “I shall feel lonely when you are gone.”例3Then she gave one last burst of music. The white Moon heard it, and she forgot the dawn, and lingered on in the sky. 在例1中，作者赋予了夜莺以自己的思想，借夜莺之嘴写出了作者对真爱的追求；例2是夜莺做了以死换红玫瑰的决定后，作者描写了橡树的感受，表现出了橡树对夜莺的疼爱和理解，让人深刻感受到生离死别的无奈与痛苦以及朋友的有力支持。例3写的是夜莺的最后一曲，作者将月亮拟人化，说月亮倾听夜莺的歌唱而沉溺其中忘了天明，依然挂在天空中，深刻的表现出了夜莺是在用真情在歌唱，用真心在创造红玫瑰，同时也渲染了永别的清凉之情。二、比喻 比喻是用具体的、浅显的、熟知的事物去说明或描写抽象的、生疏的事物的修辞手法，是语言信息功能和美学功能的有机结合，既能使文章浅显易懂又能美化文章的语言使枯燥无味的文字充满感情色彩，富有感染力。在夜莺与玫瑰中，作者王尔德运用了明喻、暗喻修辞手法。1. 明喻（Simile）.Simile is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between tow unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristics in common. 明喻要求本体、喻体和比喻词都出现。通常用介词like，连词as, as if, asso, 动词seem等以及句型Ato B as C to D等表示汉语中“好像”的意思。2暗喻（Metaphor）.Metaphor is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. So a metaphor is called “a compressed or condensed simile”.暗喻又叫隐喻，它只出现本体和喻体，有时甚至只出现本体或喻体就可以，它直接把一种事物用在修饰另一种事物之上，没有比喻词的出现，从而更生动、更深刻地说明事物，增强语言的表现力。在作品中，作者巧妙的运用使明喻、暗喻修辞手段，结合两者所表现出的效果，使作品内容表达更生动形象，尤其是在对色彩等抽象事物的描述，给读者的视觉感官造成强烈的刺激，使读者在眼前产生一个个栩栩如生的画面。如：例4. His hair is dark as the hyacinth(风信子)- blossom, and his lips are red as the rose of his desire.例5My roses ale white，as white as the foam of the sea，and whiter than the snow upon the mountain例6My roses are yellowas yellow as the hair of the mermaiden，and yellower than the daffodil that blooms in the meadow例7My roses ale red，as led as the feet of the dove，and redder than the great fans of corm例8and a delicate flush of pink came into the leaves of the rose1ike the flush in the face of the bridegroom when he kissed the lips of the bride例9crimson was the girdle of petals，and crimson as ruby was the heart在例49中，关于“dark, red, white, yellow, pink, crimson”等颜色，作者王尔德就通过明喻、暗喻作了生动、具体的描述。这里，王尔德所选的喻体别具匠心：头发黑如风信子花之色，唇红如红玫瑰之色；白，则是比高山上的白雪更白像海洋里的泡沫般的白；黄, 是比草原上的向日葵更黄如孩子们喜爱的童话世界里美人鱼美丽头发般的黄；红，是比大海里的红珊瑚还红如孩子们特爱的鸽子的脚丫般的红；粉红，是有如新郎亲吻新娘时因激动而脸蛋泛红的红；深红，是犹如红宝石般神秘而高贵的红。风信子、红玫瑰、高山、草原、海洋、童话世界、新郎新娘，既美妙又新颖的比喻，既形象而又贴近生活，而且创造了如此炫丽的色彩美。既便于读者联想，增添文章的美感，又体现了王尔德的现实与幻想相结合的艺术风格。三、重复（Repetition）.Repetition is an important figure of speech. It usually repeats the same word,phrase, and sentence to intensify the mood, emphasize the idea, and show the strong feelings.重复包括词的重复和句子结构的重复。运用“重复”修辞手法能够使作品更加形象生动，真实可信，更富有感染力，还加深了阅读者对作者所阐述的形象的理解。运用间隔反复，即句子结构的重复，也就是在每一事件或每一层次前重复某些句子，能够使作品层次结构鲜明，逻辑性强，不会使复杂的描写和叙述变得混杂而无序。在夜莺与玫瑰中，作者王尔德用了相当多的重复修辞，全文有20余处。如：例10. “Why is he weeping?” asked a little Green Lizard, as he ran past him with his tail in the air. “Why, indeed?” said a Butterfly, who was fluttering about after a sunbeam. “Why, indeed?” whispered a Daisy to his neighbour, in a soft, low voice. 例11. “Give me a red rose,” she cried, “and I will sing you my sweetest song.” But the Tree shook its head.“My roses are white,” it answered; “as white as the foam of the sea, and whiter than the snow upon the mountain. But go to my brother who grows round the old sun-dial, and perhaps he will give you what you want.” So the Nightingale flew over to the Rose-tree that was growing round the old sun-dial. “Give me a red rose, she cried, and I will sing you my sweetest song.” But the Tree shook its head.“My roses are yellow,” it answered; “as yellow as the hair of the mermaiden who sits upon an amber throne, and yellower than the daffodil that blooms in the meadow before the mower comes with his scythe. But go to my brother who grows beneath the Students window, and perhaps he will give you what you want.” So the Nightingale flew over to the Rose-tree that was growing beneath theStudents window. “Give me a red rose,” she cried, “and I will sing you my sweetest song.” But the Tree shook its head. “My roses are red,” it answered, “as red as the feet of the dove, and redder than the great fans of coral that wave and wave in the ocean-cavern. But”例12. “She sang first of the birth of love in the heart of a boy and a girl” “She sang of the birth of passion in the soul of a man and a maid” “She sang of the love that is perfected by death”在例10中学生因没有红玫瑰而哭泣，分别有三种动物Lizard，butterfly，daisy表达他们对其行为的不理解和嘲笑，同时也表现出了现实生活中对真爱不关注不理解的人。例11是夜莺寻找红玫瑰时分别去了白、黄、红三色玫瑰树处，向他们寻求红玫瑰的话语。同样，玫瑰树给她的答复也是用的重复修辞手法。请求与答复句式结构整齐，使作品层次结构鲜明，故事发展有序，而且还使作品的语言产生了诗歌般的韵律，读起来朗朗上口，同时也突显了红玫瑰(真爱)的来之不易。例12是夜莺用歌声赞颂爱情，用真心建筑红玫瑰的情景，用重复的结构形式来描述的，既体现出了夜莺对真爱的坚信与坚持不懈，又将夜莺牺牲自己而建筑红玫瑰的凄美和壮烈之情清楚的展现给了读者。四、排比（Parallelism）.Parallelism is derived from the Greek word “parallelisimos”, meaning “alongside one another”. Parallelism is “the similarity of construction of adjacent word groups equivalent, complementary or antithetic in sense, esp. for rhetorical effect or rhythm.” 与汉语不同，在英语中排比是指使用两个或两个以上结构相同或相似的句子或句子成分表达相近或相关内容的修辞方法,其特点在于句式整齐、节奏分明、语言简练、内容突出。运用排比修辞手法，可增强文章语言的气势，使文章具有感染力，而整齐的句式又为文章增色不少。在夜莺与玫瑰中，作者充分利用了排比的表达效果。如：例13. “But the winter has chilled my veins, and the frost has nipped my buds, and the storm has broken my branches, and I shall have no roses at all this year.”例14. “you must build it out of music by moonlight, and stain it with your own hearts blood. You must sing to me with your breast against a thorn. All night long you must sing to me, and the thorn must pierce your heart, and your life-blood must flow into me veins, and become mine.” 例13是夜莺向红玫瑰树寻求红玫瑰，红玫瑰树所给与的答复中的话。作者分别用“chilled” “nipped” “broken” 连续性动词和“the winter” “the frost” “the storm”一系列的名词形成排比句，既强调了红玫瑰树没有红玫瑰的原因，又让人同情于红玫瑰树的悲惨遭遇而觉得有情可原，不仅使人明白，还令人感动。例14是夜莺苦苦追问寻找红玫瑰的途径，被夜莺的执着与真挚所打动，红玫瑰树婉婉道出了可以获得一支红玫瑰的方法。作者连用三个“must” 形成强烈的排比，渲染了与获得红玫瑰的极大艰难与紧张的氛围，既昭显了真爱的可贵与不易获得，也展示了夜莺为了别人的幸福与快乐而牺牲自己的高尚情操及其对真爱的执着与拥护。五、层递（递进与递降）.1. 递进（Climax）.Climax is derived from the Greek word for “klimax”, meaning “ladder”. Its a figure of speech in which a number of phrases or sentences are arranged in ascending order of rhetorical forcefulness.递进是将一系列词语、句子及故事发展的情节等按照意念的大小、轻重、高低等逐层渐进，最后达到顶点，如同爬楼梯一样，步步高升。递进手法的运用可以增强语势，逐渐加深读者的印象。2. 递降（Anticlimax）.Anticlimax is the opposite of Climax. It is “A sudden drop from the dignified or important in thought or expression to the commonplace or trivial, sometimes for humorous effect.”递降是与递进相反的一种修辞法，将一系列词语、句子、情节由大到小，由强到弱地排列叙述。无论是运用递进还是递降文章在内容上都会有层次感，而且感情的抒发会与来愈强烈，能够使读者更好的体会到事情发展的过程、进度与高潮，为故事情节所感染，为作者所抒发之情所动，而且也有有很强的逻辑性。在夜莺与玫瑰中，存在着大量的递进与递降，并且还与重复等修辞手法交融在一起使用，不仅使文章语言效果达到了艺术美，还将文章的故事情节推向高潮，感情抒发达到了极致，使读者徘徊在作品极美的语言与生动的情节之中。如：例15. And on the topmost spray of the Rose-tree there blossomed a marvelous rose, petal following petal, as song followed song. Pale was it, at first, as the mist that hangs over the riverpale as the feet of the morning, and silver as the wings of the dawn. And a delicate flush of pink came into the leaves of the rose, like the flush in the face of the bridegroom when he kisses the lips of the bride. And the marvelous rose became crimson, like the rose of the eastern sky. Crimson was the girdle of petals, and crimson as a ruby was the heartThe red rose heard it, and it trembled all over with ecstasy, and opened its petals to the cold morning air. “I have never seen any rose like it in all my life. It is so beautiful that I am sure