研究生学习方法及论文发表过程.doc

（转）研究生的四种读书笔记学海无涯 2009-11-14 11:28:52 阅读79 评论0 字号：大中小 研究生读书一定要做读书笔记。这里面有看字、看情节、看问题和看思维的巨大差别。在复印、电脑、网络等现代化手段非常方便的情况下，仍然不可能完全代替笔记，只是手写笔记的补充。 我国著名历史学家顾颉刚先生，一生勤奋读书，做了大量的读书笔记。他说：“不动笔墨不读书”。他从上海调到北京，周总理特意拨了三节火车皮拉他的书。他毕生读书不断，记笔记不断，八九十岁躺在病床上，还在用颤抖着的手记笔记，留下二百多册总计五百万字的读书笔记，其中有很多前人所未发的创见。马克思主义经典作家都非常重视读书和记笔记。马克思留下了卷帙浩繁的资本论手稿笔记、历史学手稿笔记、民族学手稿笔记。列宁留下了著名的哲学笔记、帝国主义论笔记。可见读书笔记对于研究治学的重要性。 笔记大体有四种形式： （1）索引笔记-在浏览、泛读过程中随手记下著作或论文的作者、书名、标题、杂志、出版社、年月、期数、页码以及用简单几个字概括的问题，即在哪本书或哪篇论文上讲了什么问题。研究生记索引笔记对科学研究很重要。记索引笔记的过程就是在读书过程中积累有用信息的过程。平时的积累可以避免使用时的大海捞针的忙乱，和找不到出处的焦虑。 （2）摘要笔记-在索引笔记的基础上，增加记录作者、书名、标题、杂志、出版社、年月、期数、页码外，以及个人认为最重要、最有用、最有感触的观点、材料一字不漏地摘抄（复印）下来。这些观点、材料在写论文引用时可以打上引号，规范引注。写论文的引注材料就是从摘要笔记中来的。 （3）札记笔记-在以上两种笔记的基础上，把自己的认识、看法、联想等，记下来，或者用自己的话概括所读书或论文的基本观点、中心思想，也可以将自己读书的心得体会随手记下来，少则几个字，多则几十个字、几百个字。古人很重视札记，如读书的旁批、批注等。札记笔记对文献综述很有用，对理论创新和写论文也很有用。平时在读书或讨论中闪现的一些思想火花，稍纵即逝，如果不随手记下来，过后再想也想不起来。 （4）文献综述-研究生做论文的一个基本功，也是掌握学科研究动态的基本要求。现在规定研究生开题报告必须有1000字左右的文献综述，硕士学位论文要附有3000字左右的文献综述，博士论文要附有5000字左右的文献综述。没有万能的导师。研究生的选题和研究超出导师的研究范围，是正常的事。导师就凭文献综述，知道学生读了哪些书，论文是从哪里来的。所以必须对研究生开题报告、学位论文提出文献综述的要求。通过文献综述，才能找出前人研究空白和薄弱处在哪里，你的论文选题和研究的基础在哪里，突破口在哪里，创新在哪里，这也是论文的理论根据和价值所在。文献综述是做科学研究的基本功，在科学研究中非常重要。研究工作者申报课题首先要求概述国内外的研究现状，也就是做文献综述。 今天这个时代，很多人认为没必要读书，可是我认为就是在，今天需要大力倡导全社会的读书之风气。读书是使人认识自己，淡定内心，温和不燥的长效机制。转）sci论文发表流程学海无涯 2009-11-14 11:35:40 阅读46 评论0 字号：大中小 2006-10-30 16:02近几个月来，有三篇文章被SCI源期刊接受发表，虽然心里清楚自己的实际水平不咋地，但还是比较高兴的，总结一下过程供大家参考。说的不对的地方望大家拍砖。觉得有帮助的同学就顶一下。 首先，当然是要把文章写出来，这里要注意的是一定要写的规范、流畅、条理清晰，结果的好坏固然是最重要的，但一定要在意写作的水平。 下面是发表的过程1. 上传或写信或发E-mail投递Dear Prof. xxx(Editor): Attached(写信就用Enclosed) please find the latex(或者PDF) version of my paper entitled xxx with the kind request to consider it for publication in the journal xxx. The authors claim that none of the material in the paper has been published or is under consideration for publication elsewhere. Should you receive the paper, please send me a e-mail to confirm receipt of it. Thanks a lot in advance! Sincerely, yours xxx 地址 稍加修改就可以作为一个上传时用的cover letter.2. 收到中期决定一般情况下，收到编辑部的来信，让作者根据审稿人的意见修改，并且在意见中看到审稿人推荐盖文章发表，就成功了一大半。以我收到的信为例：Dear Mr. xxx, Your manuscript, referenced above, has now been reviewed and the reviewer(s) have made suggestions which the Editor feels would improve your manuscript. The Editor encourages you to consider these comments and make an appropriate revision of your manuscript. The reviewer(s) comments are below. Please submit your revision online within 4 weeks by logging onto the Elsevier Editorial System for the Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications: /xxx The manuscript is now listed under Submissions Needing Revisions. Click Revise when you are ready to submit your revision. Please include a cover letter that addresses the issues raised in the below comments, point by point. You should also include a suitable rebuttal to any specific request for change that has not been made. Thank you, and we look forward to receiving your revised manuscript. With kind regards, xxx Associate Editor3. 修改后再次上传我修改后上传，coverletter如下： Ms. No.: xxx Title: xxx Corresponding Author: xxx Authors: xxx Dear Editor: My manuscript, referenced above, has been revised according to the reviewer(s)comments. I list the modifications as follows: (1). (2). (3). We would like to thank the reviewer(s) for introducing the above literature to us. This is very helpful to our future study. If there are other errors or further requests, please contact me by e-mail. Sincerely, yours xxx 地址4. 收到最终决定下面是我收到一例： Ms. No.: xxx Title: xxx Corresponding Author: xxx Authors: xxx Dear Mr. xxx, We are pleased to inform you that your manuscript referenced above has been accepted for publication in the Journal xxx. Many thanks for submitting your fine paper to the xxx. We look forward to receiving additional papers from you in the future. With kind regards, xxx Associate Editor5. 收到版权转让声明以及抽印本订货单. 这封信比较长，不贴了，主要就是让你填好版权转让声明，因为已经赠送好多抽印本，所以不必再多订了，而且抽印本也是很贵的。接着要做的就是：6. 填好版权转让声明、扫描后发送，信如下：Our reference: xxx Editorial reference: xxx Title: xxx To be published in: xxx Dear xxx: Attached please find the scanned copy of the signed TRANSFER OF COPYRIGHT AGREEMENT of xxx. If there are other requests, please contact me by e-mail. I wonder when I can receive the proofs of xxx for correction.（问一句校样何时能收到） Should you receive this letter, please send me an e-mail to confirm receipt of my signed TRANSFER OF COPYRIGHT AGREEMENT. Many thanks in advance! Sincerely, yours xxx 地址7. 收到校样及Author Query8. 认真校对、认真填写Author Query后写信:Dear Editor, Thank you for your careful work. The proof of the article is wonderful. But because of my carelessness, there are some inaccuracies in the proof of the article and I list them as follows. Please correct them before publication. (1).(2).(3). In addition, attached please find the scanned Author Query Form which has been filled in carefully. Should you receive this letter, please send me an e-mail to confirm receipt of it. Many thanks in advance! Kind regards, xxx 地址9. 耐心等待出版10. 看到文章挂到网上，得意中11. 还得继续写文章，痛苦并没有结束。 写好后重复第一条12. 如此循环往复.SCI论文摘要中常用的表达方法SCI论文摘要中常用的表达方法要写好摘要，需要建立一个适合自己需要的句型库（选择的词汇来源于SCI高被引用论文）引言部分（1）回顾研究背景，常用词汇有review, summarize, present, outline, describe等（2）说明写作目的，常用词汇有purpose, attempt, aim等，另外还可以用动词不定式充当目的壮语老表达（3）介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围，常用词汇有study, present, include, focus, emphasize, emphasis, attention等方法部分（1）介绍研究或试验过程，常用词汇有test study, investigate, examine,experiment, discuss, consider, analyze, analysis等（2）说明研究或试验方法，常用词汇有measure, estimate, calculate等（3）介绍应用、用途，常用词汇有use, apply, application等结果部分（1）展示研究结果，常用词汇有show, result, present等（2）介绍结论，常用词汇有summary, introduce,conclude等讨论部分（1）陈述论文的论点和作者的观点，常用词汇有suggest, repot, present, expect, describe等（2）说明论证，常用词汇有support, provide, indicate, identify, find, demonstrate, confirm, clarify等（3）推荐和建议，常用词汇有suggest,suggestion, recommend, recommendation, propose,necessity,necessary,expect等。摘要引言部分案例 词汇review? Author(s): ROBINSON, TE; BERRIDGE, KC? Title: THE NEURAL BASIS OF DRUG CRAVING - AN INCENTIVE-SENSITIZATION THEORY OF ADDICTION? Source: BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS, 18 (3): 247-291 SEP-DEC 1993 脑研究评论荷兰 SCI被引用1774We review evidence for this view of addiction and discuss its implications for understanding the psychology and neurobiology of addiction.回顾研究背景SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例 词汇summarizeAuthor(s): Barnett, RM; Carone, CD; 被引用1571Title: Particles and field .1. Review of particle physicsSource: PHYSICAL REVIEW D, 54 (1): 1-+ Part 1 JUL 1 1996:物理学评论，D辑美国 引言部分 回顾研究背景常用词汇summarizeAbstract: This biennial review summarizes much of Particle Physics. Using data from previous editions, plus 1900 new measurements from 700 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We also summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as Higgs bosons, heavy neutrinos, and supersymmetric particles. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as the Standard Model, particle detectors, probability, and statistics. A booklet is available containing the Summary Tables and abbreviated versions of some of the other sections of this full Review. SCI摘要引言部分案例 attentionSCI摘要方法部分案例considerSCI高被引摘要引言部分案例 词汇outline? Author(s): TIERNEY, L SCI引用728次? Title: MARKOV-CHAINS FOR EXPLORING POSTERIOR DISTRIBUTIONS 引言部分 回顾研究背景，常用词汇outline? Source: ANNALS OF STATISTICS, 22 (4): 1701-1728 DEC 1994? 统计学纪事美国? Abstract: Several Markov chain methods are available for sampling from a posterior distribution. Two important examples are the Gibbs sampler and the Metropolis algorithm. In addition, several strategies are available for constructing hybrid algorithms. This paper outlines some of the basic methods and strategies and discusses some related theoretical and practical issues. On the theoretical side, results from the theory of general state space Markov chains can be used to obtain convergence rates, laws of large numbers and central limit theorems for estimates obtained from Markov chain methods. These theoretical results can be used to guide the construction of more efficient algorithms. For the practical use of Markov chain methods, standard simulation methodology provides several Variance reduction techniques and also gives guidance on the choice of sample size and allocation. SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例 回顾研究背景presentAuthor(s): LYNCH, M; MILLIGAN, BG SC I被引用661Title: ANALYSIS OF POPULATION GENETIC-STRUCTURE WITH RAPD MARKERSSource: MOLECULAR ECOLOGY, 3 (2): 91-99 APR 1994分子生态学英国Abstract: Recent advances in the application of the polymerase chain reaction make it possible to score individuals at a large number of loci. The RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) method is one such technique that has attracted widespread interest. The analysis of population structure with RAPD data is hampered by the lack of complete genotypic information resulting from dominance, since this enhances the sampling variance associated with single loci as well as induces bias in parameter estimation. We present estimators for several population-genetic parameters (gene and genotype frequencies, within- and between-population heterozygosities, degree of inbreeding and population subdivision, and degree of individual relatedness) along with expressions for their sampling variances. Although completely unbiased estimators do not appear to be possible with RAPDs, several steps are suggested that will insure that the bias in parameter estimates is negligible. To achieve the same degree of statistical power, on the order of 2 to 10 times more individuals need to be sampled per locus when dominant markers are relied upon, as compared to codominant (RFLP, isozyme) markers. Moreover, to avoid bias in parameter estimation, the marker alleles for most of these loci should be in relatively low frequency. Due to the need for pruning loci with low-frequency null alleles, more loci also need to be sampled with RAPDs than with more conventional markers, and sole problems of bias cannot be completely eliminated.SCI高被引摘要引言部分案例 词汇describe? Author(s): CLONINGER, CR; SVRAKIC, DM; PRZYBECK, TR? Title: A PSYCHOBIOLOGICAL MODEL OF TEMPERAMENT AND CHARACTER? Source: ARCHIVES OF GENERAL PSYCHIATRY, 50 (12): 975-990 DEC 1993普通精神病学纪要美国? 引言部分 回顾研究背景，常用词汇describe 被引用926? Abstract: In this study, we describe a psychobiological model of the structure and development of personality that accounts for dimensions of both temperament and character. Previous research has confirmed four dimensions of temperament: novelty seeking, harm avoidance, reward dependence, and persistence, which are independently heritable, manifest early in life, and involve preconceptual biases in perceptual memory and habit formation. For the first time, we describe three dimensions of character that mature in adulthood and influence personal and social effectiveness by insight learning about self-concepts. Self-concepts vary according to the extent to which a person identifies the self as (1) an autonomous individual, (2) an integral part of humanity, and (3) an integral part of the universe as a whole. Each aspect of self-concept corresponds to one of three character dimensions called self-directedness, cooperativeness, and self-transcendence, respectively. We also describe the conceptual background and development of a self-report measure of these dimensions, the Temperament and Character Inventory. Data on 300 individuals from the general population support the reliability and structure of these seven personality dimensions. We discuss the implications for studies of information processing, inheritance, development, diagnosis, and treatment. 摘要引言部分案例? （2）说明写作目的，常用词汇有purpose, attempt, aimSCI高被引摘要引言部分案例 attempt说明写作目的? Author(s): Donoho, DL; Johnstone, IM? Title: Adapting to unknown smoothness via wavelet shrinkage? Source: JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION, 90 (432): 1200-1224 DEC 1995 美国统计学会志 被引用429次转帖：研究生如何阅读文献和作读书笔记学海无涯 2009-11-14 11:32:59 阅读153 评论0 字号：大中小 2009-09-11 20又要开题了，在网上偶然发现这样一个文章，王德华教授写的，觉得很好，转来大家一起分享。研究生如何做文献阅读和读书笔记？（王德华 2008.12.12）博文“研究生要注意阅读本领域主流期刊的论文”（/blog/user_content.aspx?id=49842）后，有朋友留言咨询如何做好文献阅读和读书笔记。博友CAASMAN： 有一个问题想请教您，即如何做好文献阅读笔记？曾多次听说过老一辈科学家的文献阅读笔记都做得很好，特别是在复印机未出世、电脑未普及的年代。我感到，即使是在电脑-信息时代，做文献阅读笔记也是很有必要的。几次想这样做，可是做了一阵子，觉得做不好，做不下去，慢慢的，就坚持不下去了。比如说，做比较时，老是觉得这个要记，那个也得抄下来结果老半天也没有看完一篇文献，等到看完做完笔记，恐怕也耽误了做别的事情了；还有，要是记录的多了，很快就忘了记了什么。博友Wagchin: 很多人不会读书，不知道怎么读书，包括我自己。看了很多文章，想做读书笔记，但是做完了之后感觉好像在抄书一样。王老师能不能讲讲做笔记的方法？现在的网络资源表面上看着多，做为初入门的新手，好像有点沦为下载的奴隶了。我的回答： 我自己肚子里没有多少货，没有什么经验可谈，更多的是与学生在一起的体验和个人感想。至于记笔记的事情，时代不同了，要有些改变，但是自己感觉怎么有效就怎么做。. .但一定不能做文献的奴隶，做下载的奴隶。我信奉：好记性不如烂笔头。说实在的，我自己也不是很会读书。读书的速度也不快，只是喜欢读书罢了。阅读文献，对于开题期间的研究生和写论文期间的研究生是很重要的功课，不可忽视，这种能力是需要训练的。关于做读书和文献阅读笔记，这里谈点个人的看法，算是跟年轻朋友们的交流，也希望得到专家们的指教。如何选择和阅读文献？1. 阅读文献，要力求对一个方面或一