《锅炉原理》课件ppt01 绪论brief

Chapter1Introduction第一章绪论 第一节锅炉设备的作用 构造和工作原理1 1TheFunction ConfigurationandworkingprocessofBoiler第二节锅炉的主要特性参数及型号1 2Boilerperformanceparametersandboilertype第三节锅炉分类1 3Boilerclassification第四节锅炉的安全和经济指标1 4Boilersafetyandeconomicindex第五节工业锅炉房设备的组成1 5Industrialboilerroomsystem第六节锅炉发展简史1 6Thegeneraldevelopingsituationofboiler Energysource ElectricpowerIndustry chemical paper Energysaving heatrecoveryEnvironmentalprotection de SO2 de NOx MonticelloSteamElectricStation MartinLakeSteamElectricStation860MW Taxes USAmericanmap 1 1Function ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler 1 1锅炉的作用 结构及工作原理 Energyconversioninapowerplant火电厂中能量转换过程 Steamgenerator Boiler SteamturbineGenerator 锅炉 化学能 热能汽轮机 热能 机械能发电机 机械能 电能 1 火力发电厂生产过程Theworkingprocessofapowerplant 锅炉系统 西交大 Energyconversioninapowerplant火电厂中能量转换过程 Let swatchaflashArizonaStateUniversity 1 火力发电厂生产过程Theworkingprocessofapowerplant 1 1Function ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler 1 1锅炉的作用 结构及工作原理 What stheBoiler Steamgenerators 什么是锅炉 Aboilerisadeviceforheatingwaterandgeneratingsteamaboveatmosphericpressure 生产蒸汽或热水的换热设备Workingfluid waterorotherfluid inaclosedvesselisheated Theheatedorvaporizedfluidexitstheboilerforuseinvariousprocessesorheatingapplications 工质在封闭容器中加热 并供给各种热用户 What stheBoiler Steamgenerators Theboilerconsistsofacompartmentwherethefuelisburnedandacompartmentwherewatercanbeevaporatedintosteamforavarietyofapplication 锅炉包括锅和炉两部分 炉子燃烧 锅用于加热工质Steamerisaclosedvesselwithhightemperature highpressure汽锅是一种高温高压设备Furnaces firingdifferentfuels Fossilfuels coal oil naturalgas biomass etal 可供炉内燃烧的燃料有 化石燃料 煤 油 天然气 生物质等 1 1Function ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler 1 1锅炉的作用 结构及工作原理 1 1Function ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler 1 1锅炉的作用 结构及工作原理 thermodynamics Simplekettleboiler 2 ThefunctionofBoiler锅炉的作用PrimaryfunctionistoconvertchemicalornuclearenergyboundinthefueltoheatandproduceHigh T High Psteam 使燃料在炉内燃烧放热 并将锅内工质由水加热成具有足够数量和质量 T P 纯净度 的过热蒸汽 供汽轮机使用 Primaryamongtheseareelectricpowergenerationandindustrialprocessheating主要用途发电和工业加热 Energysource electricpower能源 电力Industry chemical paper工业 化学 造纸Energysaving heatrecovery节能 余热利用Environmentalprotection De SO2 De NOx环保 1 1Function ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler 1 1锅炉的作用 结构及工作原理 3 Boilershape锅炉的型式Inordertoaccomplishthesedifferenttasks differenttypesofboilersweredeveloped 开发了不同型式的锅炉Smallpackageboiler fig 1 1 factory assembled fullyautomatedgas firedboiler whichcansupplysaturatedsteamforahospital 快装锅炉750t dmass firedrefusepowerboiler fig 1 4 废物锅炉Highcapacityutilityboilertogenerate1300MWofelectricity fig 1 2 高参数发电锅炉Thelargefield erectedutilityboiler Fig 3 散装锅炉Circulatingfluidized bedcombustionboiler fig 1 5 循环流化床锅炉 PC Stocker CFBC 1 1Function ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler 1 1锅炉的作用 结构及工作原理 Fig 1 1Smallpackageboiler快装锅炉factory assembled fullyautomatedgas firedboiler whichcansupplysaturatedsteamforahospital Fig 1 2Highcapacityutilityboilertogenerate1300MWofelectricity电站锅炉 Fig 1 2Highcapacityutilityboilertogenerate1300MWofelectricity电站锅炉 Fig 1 3Largefield erectedcoal firedutilityboiler Fig 1 4750t dmass firedrefusepowerboiler Fig 1 5Circulatingfluidized bedcombustionboiler循环流化床锅炉 Fig 6Bubbledfluidized bedcombustionboiler鼓泡流化床锅炉 LurgiCFBboiler鲁奇型循环流化床 1 炉膛furnace2 旋风分离器cyclone3 过热器superheater4 外置式换热器externalexchanger5 煤仓coalsilo6 返料装置Ashrecycle7 石灰石进料口limestoneinlet8 灰冷却器ashcooler9 省煤器economizer10 空气预热airheater11 除尘器dustcollector12 引风机IDfan13 尾部烟道gasduct14 汽包steamdrum 4 Boilerconfiguration锅炉基本结构1 Boilerproper锅炉本体Vesselswithwaterandsteam whichincluding 汽锅 盛水及蒸汽的容器 包括 SteamDrum汽包 锅筒 Downcomer下降管Header联箱Water cooledWall水冷壁Superheater过热器Reheater再热器Economizer省煤器 Boiler4pipes锅炉四管 1 1Function ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler 1 1锅炉的作用 结构及工作原理 1 1Function ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler 1 1锅炉的作用 结构及工作原理 4 Boilerconfiguration锅炉基本结构1 Boilerproper锅炉本体Furnace Combustionsystem fuelcombustionandreleaseheat whichincluding 炉子 提供燃料燃烧 同时放出大量热的设备Burners燃烧器Furnace炉膛Airducts风道Airheaters空气预热器 4 Boilerconfiguration锅炉基本结构1 Boilerproper锅炉本体Safeauxiliary安全附件Waterlevelindicators toshowtheoperatortheleveloffluidintheboiler awatergaugeorwatercolumnisprovided 水位计 测量汽包中水位Pressuregauge toshowthepressureinvessels 压力表 测量压力Safetyvalve usedtorelievepressureandpreventpossibleexplosionofaboiler 安全阀 释放压力 保证安全 1 1Function ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler 1 1锅炉的作用 结构及工作原理 4 Boilerconfiguration锅炉基本结构2 BoilerAuxiliarysystem锅炉辅助系统Fuelsupplyingsystem燃料供应系统Coalpulverizationsystem煤粉制备系统Feedwatersystem给水系统Draftsystem通风系统Ashhandlingandcollectingsystem除灰除尘系统Water steampipelinesystem汽水管道系统Measurementandcontrollingsystem测量和控制系统 1 1Function ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler 1 1锅炉的作用 结构及工作原理 4 Boilerconfiguration3 BoilerAuxiliary辅助装置Boilerenclosures casing insulationandstairs金属钢架及平台扶梯Boilersetting锅炉炉墙Boilerenclosures外壳Casing护板Insulation绝热保温Stairs楼梯Platform平台Buckstay金属钢架Support支承 SHL10型链条锅炉外观 1 1Function ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler 1 1锅炉的作用 结构及工作原理 1 1Function ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler 1 1锅炉的作用 结构及工作原理 5 Boilerworkingprocess锅炉的工作过程Processoffuelcombustion whichproduceshightemperaturefluegas dischargeashes BAandFA 燃料的燃烧过程 燃料在炉内燃烧生成高温烟气 并排出灰渣的过程Processofheatreleasefromfuelgastoworkingmedia waterorsteam 烟气向工质的放热过程Processofwaterheatedandevaporated水的加热与汽化过程 A和B 燃烧系统的工作过程 C 汽水系统的工作过程 5 Boilerworkingprocess锅炉的工作过程Combustionprocessoffuels燃料的燃烧过程Thecombinationofthecombustiblefuelelementsandcompoundsinthefuelwithalloxygenrequires Temperatureshighenoughtoignitetheconstituents Mixingorturbulencetoprovideintimateoxygen fuelcontact Sufficienttimetocompletetheprocess 在一定的燃烧烧设备内 良好燃烧应具备的条件 高温环境空气与燃料的良好混合足够的停留时间 3T 1 1Function ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler 1 1锅炉的作用 结构及工作原理 1 1锅炉的基本结构及工作原理1 1BoilerConfigurationandworkingprocess 6 Systemarrangement燃煤电站系统布置Productionofelectricity发电Thesupplyofprocesssteam供热Fig 1 9showsamoderncoal firedpowergeneratingfacility现代燃煤电厂系统布置Fig 1 10identifiesthemajorsubsystem whichincluding 燃煤电厂子系统包括 Fuelreceivingandpreparation燃料处理系统Steamgeneratorandcombustion蒸汽锅炉和燃烧Environmentalprotection环境保护Turbine generator蒸汽轮机Heatrejectionincludingcoolingtower排热 含冷却塔 热电联产 pp 1 5 Fig 1 9showsamoderncoal firedpowergeneratingfacility现代燃煤电厂系统布置 Fuelreceivingandpreparation燃料处理系统Steamgeneratorandcombustion蒸汽锅炉和燃烧系统Turbine generator蒸汽轮机Watertreatment水处理Environmentalprotection环境保护DeNOx LowNOxburner fuelreburning SCR etc FlueGasDesulphurization FGD脱硫Particulatecollector ElectroStaticPrecipitorsESP Baghouse fabricfilter etc 除尘Heatrejectionincludingcoolingtower排热 含冷却塔 Substationtransformer电力传输 pp 1 5 Fig 1 10Themajorsubsystemofcoal firedpowerplant燃煤电厂子系统 图1 2themajorsubsystemofaPCboiler煤粉锅炉及其辅助系统示意图 Notshow Turbine generator 1 1Function ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler 1 1锅炉的作用 结构及工作原理 7 schematicofboilersubsystems锅炉各子系统流程Coalcombustionsubsystem燃煤系统 7 schematicofboilersubsystems锅炉各子系统流程Airsupplyingsubsystem送风系统 1 1Function ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler 1 1锅炉的作用 结构及工作原理 7 schematicofboilersubsystems锅炉各子系统流程Fluegasflowsubsystem引风系统 radiation radiation convection convection convection Water cooledwall 1 1Function ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler 1 1锅炉的作用 结构及工作原理 7 schematicofboilersubsystems锅炉各子系统流程Water steamsubsystem水汽系统 1 1 1Function ConfigurationandWorkingprocessofBoiler 1 1锅炉的作用 结构及工作原理 1 1锅炉的基本结构及工作原理1 1Boilerconfigurationandworkingprocess 7 schematicofboilersubsystems锅炉各子系统流程Water steamsubsystem水汽系统 2 Make upwater Nextpage 1 1锅炉的基本结构及工作原理1 1Boilerconfigurationandworkingprocess Water steamsubsystem水汽系统 2 1 Boilercapacity锅炉容量 出力 De t h kg s Boilercapacity steamflowrateperhourproducedbysteamboiler t h 蒸发量 蒸汽锅炉每小时所生产的蒸汽流量 Nominalcapacity Boilerratedload BRL t h 额定蒸发量 蒸汽锅炉在额定蒸汽压力 额定蒸汽温度 额定给水温度 燃用设计燃料和保证的锅炉效率条件下所规定的蒸发量 Boilerspecifiesevaporatingcapacityattheconditionofnominalsteampressure nominalsteamtemperature nominalfeedwatertemperature burningdesignfuelandguaranteeofboilerefficiency 1 2Boilerperformanceparameters boilertype 1 2锅炉的主要特性参数及型号 1 Boilercapacity锅炉容量 出力 De t h kg s Boilermaximumcontinuousrating BMCR 锅炉最大连续蒸发量 在额定蒸汽参数 额定给水温度和燃用设计煤种时 长期连续运行时所能达到的最大连续蒸发量 t h Boilermaximumcontinuousrating Boilerevaporatingcapacityattheconditionofnominalsteamparameter nominalfeedwatertemperatureandburningdesignfuelandlong termcontinuousoperation 1 2Boilerperformanceparameters boilertype 1 2锅炉的主要特性参数及型号 1 2Boilerperformanceparameters boilertype 1 2锅炉的主要特性参数及型号 2 Nominalsteamparameters锅炉额定蒸汽参数额定蒸汽压力和额定蒸汽温度的总称 额定蒸汽压力Nominalsteampressure P MPa Psi 蒸汽锅炉在规定的给水压力和负荷范围内 长期连续运行时 应保证的锅炉主汽阀出口处的蒸汽压力 absolutepressure绝对压力 Boilersshouldguaranteethemainsteamvalvepressureattherangeofspecifiedfeedwaterpressureandload 额定蒸汽温度Nominalsteamtemperature T F 蒸汽锅炉在规定的负荷范围内 额定蒸汽压力和额定给水温度下 长期连续运行时应保证的锅炉主汽阀出口处的蒸汽温度 1 2Boilerperformanceparametersandboilertype 1 2锅炉的主要特性参数及型号 Industrialboilerswhichproducesaturatedsteam andjustindicatethesaturatedsteampressure 工业锅炉 生产饱和蒸汽 参数只标锅炉出口的饱和蒸汽压力 Powerstationboilerswhichproducesuperheatedsteam andshowthetemperatureandpressureofsuperheatedsteam 电站锅炉 过热器出口的过热蒸汽压力和过热蒸汽温度 1 2Boilerperformanceparametersandboilertype 1 2锅炉的主要特性参数及型号 3 Feedwatertemperature给水温度Thetemperatureattheeconomizerinlet给水在省煤器入口处的温度tgs F 表1 1我国电站锅炉蒸汽参数及容量系列 1 2Boilerperformanceparametersandboilertype 1 2锅炉的主要特性参数及型号 4 Boilertypes锅炉型号的表示方法1 Industrialboiler工业锅炉由三部分组成 Boilerproper combustionequipment capacity本体 燃烧设备 蒸发量Steamparameters蒸汽参数Fuel designnumber燃料 设计次数Forexample SHL10 1 3 350 W2型锅炉2 Powerstationboiler电站锅炉至今没有标准化 同一型号 结构可能不同 由三部分组成 Manufacturer生产厂家Steamparameters蒸汽参数Designnumber设计次数Forexample BG 75 3 8 1 SG 670 13 7 540 540 2型锅炉 1 2Boilerperformanceparametersandboilertype 1 2锅炉的主要特性参数及型号 1 Industrialboiler工业锅炉型号的表示方法 SHL10 1 25 350 WII SHL10 1 3 350 W2型锅炉 2 Hotwaterboiler热水锅炉型号的表示方法 QXW2 8 1 25 90 70 AII 1 2Boilerperformanceparametersandboilertype 1 2锅炉的主要特性参数及型号 1 2Boilerperformanceparametersandboilertype 1 2锅炉的主要特性参数及型号 3 powerstationboiler电站锅炉型号的表示方法 DG 670 13 7 540 540 5SG 670 13 7 540 540 2 HG 1021 18 2 540 540 YM4 1 2Boilerperformanceparametersandboilertype 1 2锅炉的主要特性参数及型号 1 2Boilerperformanceparametersandboilertype 1 2锅炉的主要特性参数及型号 1 3BoilerClassification 1 3锅炉的分类 1 bycombustionmethod按燃烧方式分类Gratefiringboiler层燃炉Travelinggrateboiler链条炉排炉Spreaderstokerfiredboiler抛煤机链条炉排炉Shakinggrateboiler振动炉排炉Suspensionfiringboiler室燃炉Pulverizedcoalfiredboiler煤粉锅炉Coal waterslurryfiredboiler水煤浆锅炉Oilfiredboiler燃油锅炉Gasfiredboiler燃气锅炉Fluidizedbedcombustionboiler流化床Bubbledfluidizedbedcombustionboiler鼓泡流化床锅炉Circulatingfluidizedbedcombustionboiler循环流化床锅炉Pressurizefluidizedbedcombustionboiler增压流化床锅炉 1 3BoilerClassification 1 3锅炉的分类 2 Bysteamparameter按蒸汽参数Atmosphericpressurehotwaterboiler常压热水锅炉 P 0Lowpressureboiler低压锅炉 P22 1MPa 常用的蒸汽参数为23 5 26 5MPa 538 543 538 566 Ultrasupercriticalboiler超超临界锅炉 P 24 2 28MPa 过热汽温和再热汽温 580 600 3 byapplicationfieldIndustrialboiler工业锅炉Powerstationboiler电站锅炉Hotwaterboiler热水锅炉Domesticboiler生活锅炉Marineboiler船用锅炉4 ByassembledtypePackageboiler快装锅炉Shop assembledboiler组装锅炉Field assembledboiler散装锅炉 220吨高压电站煤粉锅炉 1 3BoilerClassification 1 3锅炉的分类 5 ByWatercirculationNaturalcirculationboiler自然循环锅炉Forcedcirculationboiler强制循环锅炉Once throughboiler直流锅炉Combinedcirculationboiler复合循环锅炉Lowcirculationboiler低倍率循环锅炉6 ByheattransfermethodShellboiler锅壳式锅炉Firetubeboiler火管锅炉Water firetubeshellboiler水火管锅壳式锅炉Watertubeboiler水管锅炉 1 3BoilerClassification 1 3锅炉的分类 7 ByfueltypesSolid fuelfiredboiler固体燃料锅炉Liquid fuelfiredboiler液体燃料锅炉Gas fuelfiredboiler气体燃料锅炉Exhaustheatboiler heatrecoveryboiler 余热锅炉Electricboiler电热锅炉Solarboiler太阳能锅炉Nuclearboiler核能锅炉Biomassfiredboiler生物质锅炉 1 3BoilerClassification 1 3锅炉的分类 8 BypressureofcombustionchamberPressurefiredboiler微正压锅炉Superchargedboiler增压锅炉9 Byash dischargemethodBoilerwithdry ashfurnace固态排渣锅炉Boilerwithslag tapfurnace液态排渣锅炉 1 3BoilerClassification 1 3锅炉的分类 10 OthertypesMultifunctionboiler steamandhotwater 汽水两用锅炉Coiltubeboiler盘管式锅炉Vacuumphase changeboiler真空相变锅炉Organicheattransfermaterialheater有机载热体炉Horizontalinternal combustionboiler卧式内燃锅炉Cornertubeboiler角管式锅炉Verticalboiler立式锅炉Low capacityboiler小型锅炉Cast ironboiler铸铁锅炉Universal pressureboiler通用压力锅炉 1 3BoilerClassification 1 3锅炉的分类 1 4Boilersafetyandeconomicindex 1 4锅炉的安全和经济指标 经济技术指标Economictechnicaltargetsofboiler锅炉的效率 指锅炉输出热量 即有效利用热量 占输入锅炉热量的百分数 Boilerefficiency thepercentageofboileroutputheat theeffectiveheat tothetotalinputheat 锅炉耗电率 生成一吨蒸汽所耗用的电量 kW h tBoilerelectricalconsumptionrate Boilersconsumeelectricalpowerforproducingonetonofsteam 锅炉钢材耗用率 锅炉单位蒸发量所耗用的钢材吨数 t hBoilersteelconsumptionrate tonofsteelforunitcapacity 锅炉容量越小 参数越高 钢材耗用率大 1 4Boilersafetyandeconomicindex 1 4锅炉的安全和经济指标 安全技术指标Safetytechnicaltargetsofboiler连续运行小时数continuousoperatinghours事故率accidentrate可用率availabilityrate利用率utilizationrate额定容量利用率nominalcapacityutilizationrate 1 4Boilersafetyandeconomicindex 1 4锅炉的安全和经济指标 1 Boilerefficiency锅炉效率Thepercentageofboilerheatoutput effectivequantityofheat tothetotalheatinput 现代大型电站锅炉的热效率都在90 以上 工业锅炉热效率为50 80 1 4Boilersafetyandeconomicindex 1 4锅炉的安全和经济指标 2 Boilerefficiency netefficiency 锅炉净效率Boilernetefficiency thepercentageofeffectivequantityofheatdeductingtheheatforsteamandelectricityusedbyitselftototalinputheatoffuels 锅炉净热效率 锅炉输出有效利用热量扣除锅炉自耗汽和自用电后与输入锅炉总热量的百分比 B 燃料消耗量Qzy 锅炉自用热b 电厂发电标准煤耗量 P 电厂辅助设备实际消耗功率 1 4Boilersafetyandeconomicindex 1 4锅炉的安全和经济指标 3 Boilersafetyindex锅炉安全性指标1 Boilercontinuousoperatinghour锅炉连续运行小时数两次被迫停炉进行检修之间的运行小时数 2 Boileravailabilityrate锅炉可用率锅炉总运行小时数及总备用小时数之和 与该统计期间总小时数的百分比 1 4Boilersafetyandeconomicindex 1 4锅炉的安全和经济指标 3 Boilersafetyindex锅炉安全性指标3 Boileraccidentrate锅炉事故率在统计期间 锅炉总停炉小时数与总运行小时数和总事故停炉小时数之和的百分比 目前 我国大中型电站的连续运行小时数在5000h以上 事故率为1 平均可用率90 1 5工业锅炉房设备的组成1 5Industrialboilerroomsystem HeatsourcesBoilerroom锅炉房热源 BoilerproperAuxiliaryequipments 1 5工业锅炉房设备的组成1 5Industrialboilerroomsystem Boilerproper锅炉本体Steamdrum汽锅Superheater蒸汽过热器Economizer省煤器Airheater空气预热器Furnace炉子Auxiliaryequipments辅助设备Fuelsupplying ashdischarged燃料供应 排渣及除尘设备Draftequipments通风设备Watertreatmentandsupplyingsystem给水设备MeasurementandControlsystem仪表控制设备 Theearlyuseofsteam200B C 古希腊叫Hero的人发明了一种供宫廷欣赏的设备 后来成为最早使用蒸汽产生动力的装置 In200BC aGreeknamedHerodesignedasimplemachinethatusedsteamasapowersource Hebeganwithacauldronofwater placedaboveanopenair Asthefireheatedthecauldron thecauldronshelltransferredtheheattothewater Whenthewaterreachedtheboilingpointof212F itchangedformandturnedintosteam 1 6Briefdevelopingsituationofboiler 1 6锅炉发展简史 Theearlyuseofsteam ThomasSavery sengine thefirstcommerciallysuccessfullysteamturbine ThomasNewcomen sbeanengine 1 6Briefdevelopingsituationofboiler 1 6锅炉发展简史 1 6Briefdevelopingsituationofboiler 1 6锅炉发展简史 锅炉技术的发展与工业生产的需要和科学技术的进步紧密相关 锅炉沿着两个方向发展 Fire tubeboiler 在圆筒形锅炉的基础上 在锅筒内部增加受热面 形成烟管锅炉系列Water tubeboiler 在圆筒形锅筒外部增加受热面 形成水管锅炉系列水管锅炉是锅炉发展的一大飞跃 1 6Briefdevelopingsituationofboiler 1 6锅炉发展简史 Fire tubeboiler 1 6Briefdevelopingsituationofboiler 1 6锅炉发展简史 Water tubeboiler IncreaseheattransferareaoutsidethedrumStraighttubeInclinedstraighttubeBenttube 1 6Briefdevelopingsituationofboiler 1 6锅炉发展简史 Water tubeboiler 1 6Briefdevelopingsituationofboiler 1 6锅炉发展简史 当时产生蒸汽的锅炉为圆筒形 筒外加热 1 6Briefdevelopingsituationofboiler 1 6锅炉发展简史 ThefirstrealadvancementinboilerdesigncameaboutwiththeinventionofthePlainCylinderBoiler Itwasasimpledesignandeasilyconstructed Asitsnameimplies thePlainCylinderBoilerisalongmetalcylinderwithconical round endssethorizontallyinabrickwork Someoftheseboilerswere40feetlong Thecylinderwashalffilledwithwaterandafireignitedinfurnaceatoneend 1 6Briefdevelopingsituationofboiler 1 6锅炉发展简史 TheCornishBoilermadeseveraldesignchanges First thefurnacewasplacedinsideametaltubemeasuringthreefeetormoreindiameter fromsidetoside Andthistubewasplacedinsidetheboiler Havingallthathotmetalinsidetheboilergreatlyincreasedtheamountofheattransferredtothewater Atthefrontoftheboilerthehotgassesweredirecteddownwardintoflue 3andtraveledaftbeneaththeboilertothechimney 1 6Briefdevelopingsituationofboiler 1 6锅炉发展简史 Engineersanddesignersofsteamboilershadlongunderstoodtherelationshipbetweentheamountofheatgeneratedinafurnaceandtheabilityofwatertoabsorbthatheat Basically thelargerwatersurfaceexposedtotheheatthemoreheatistransferredtothewater Anumberofrelativelysmall 31 2inchdiameter metaltubespasshorizontallythroughthewatercylinderandactflues These firetubes werearrangedabovethefurnaces butbelowthewatersurface 1 6Briefdevelopingsituationofboiler 1 6锅炉发展简史 Sofarinthisshorthistoryofthesteamboilerwehavelookedathowthehorizontalboilerdeveloped ButhereImusttakeasidetrackandexplainsomethingaboutthevertical upright boilersworked Thewatertankorboilerisaverticaltanknotahorizontalcylinderasintheotherboilersalreadydescribed Thesetubesallowtheproductsofcombustion flame hotgassesandsmoke topassdirectlythroughtheboilerallowinga