冠词名词和主谓一致详解.doc

冠词、名词和主谓一致【考点分析】冠词1.不定冠词a/an表示个别或泛指的用法; 定冠词the特指某一个人或事物的用法; 2.考查冠词在固定搭配中的用法 ，包括零冠词(即不用冠词)表示泛指及其习惯搭配用法 ;3.考查不定冠词在具体化抽象名词前的用法 ;4.考查冠词在比较级前的用法 ;5.考查冠词在其他特殊结构中的用法 ;6.考查用不用冠词意义大不相同的短语 。名词和主谓一致1.对名词的可数与不可数性的考查：最常见的形式是主谓一致的考查;分数和百分数作主语、数量词作主语仍将是考查重点(as well as; together with; along with; not onlybut also; rather than; neithernor; eitheror; the number of与a number of等要特别关注);有些名词的复数形式可以表示特别的意义;有些名词通常用作不可数名词;有些名词用作不可数名词时，表示抽象概念，与不定冠词连用或用作可数名词时表示个体事物;有些名词，既可以作可数名词，也可以用作不可数名词，但意思不一样;某些集体名词，如果把它们所表示的人或事物当作整体来看待，谓语动词用单数形式;如果把它们表示的人或事物当作若干个体来看，谓语动词用复数形式。2.对名词词义及词义辨析的考查;3.对名词与介词固定搭配的考查;4.对名词句法功能的考查：重在考查名词作定语的用法。【知识点归纳】(一)冠词冠词分为不定冠词(a, an)，定冠词(the)，和零冠词。I.不定冠词的用法1.指一类人或事，相当于a kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly.2.第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.有个男孩在等你。3.表示“每一”相当于every，oneWe study eight hours a day.4.用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事Hello, could I speak to Mr. Smith?Sorry, wrong number. There isnt _B_ Mr. Smith here.A. 不填 B. a C. the D. one5.用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.6.用于抽象名词具体化的名词前success(抽象名词)a success(具体化) 成功的人或事a failure 失败的人或事 a shame 带来耻辱的人或事7.与序数词连用，表示“又一，再一”。In order to find a better job, he decided to study a second foreign language.为了找到一个更好的工作，他决定再学习另外一门外语。II.定冠词的用法1.表示某一类人或物In many places in China, _C_ bicycle is still _ popular means of transportation.A. a; the B. /; a C. the; a D. the; the2.用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean3.表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind opening the door?4.用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach, the living, the wounded5.表示“一家人”或“夫妇”(对比上文的不定冠词用法5)Could you tell me the way to _B_ Johnson, please?Sorry, we dont have _ Johnson here in the village.A. the; the B. the; a C. /; the D. the; /6.用于表示发明物的单数名词前The compass was invented in China.7.在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代in the 1990s(二十世纪九十年代)8.与比较级和最高级连用比较级+ and +比较级表示越来越The harder he works, the happier he feels.三者或三者以上相比，表示最高程度时，用“the + 最高级”的结构表示。这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语。Zhang Hua is the tallest of the three.III.不用冠词(又名零冠词)的情况1.专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air2.名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this?3.季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spring4.表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前Lincoln was made President of America.5.与by连用表示交通方式的名词前We went right round to the west coast by _B_ sea instead of driving across _ continent.A. the; the B.不填;the C. the; 不填 D. 不填;不填6.以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night（二）名词和主谓一致I.名词的分类及相互转换名词可分为专有名词和普通名词，其中普通名词又可分为可数名词和不可数名词。抽象名词与个体名词的转换具有动作意义的抽象名词加用与某些动词（如：have等）连用，表示某一次短暂的动作Id like _A_ _information about the management of your hotel, please.Well, you could have _word with the manager. He might be helpfulA. some, a B. an ,some C. some, some D. an, a类例：have a dream/a rest/a smoke/a swim/a trip/a wash/a discussion/a look表示知识和时间的抽象名词转换为普通名词时可以用来表示其中的一部分Many people agree that _A _knowledge of English is a must in _international trade today.A. a , / B. the, an C. the, the D. /, thegive a fuller knowledge of China(提供关于中国更为翔实的知识)have a knowledge of shorthand(有速记的知识) If there were no examination, we should have _D _at school.A. the happiest time B. a more happier time C. much happiest time D. a much happier time抽象名词转换为普通名词可用来表示“一次、一阵、一种”具体的行为、事件、现象或结果。这时名词前往往有形容词修饰Oh, John. _C _you gave me!A. How a pleasant surprise B. How pleasant surprise C. What a pleasant surprise D. What pleasant surpriseIt is _C_ _work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it.A. so unusual B. such unusual C. such an unusual D. so an unusualII.名词的数1.规则变化单数名词词尾直接加-s。如：boy boys, pen pens。以s、x 、ch 、sh结尾的单词一般加es 。glass glasses(box, watch, brush)以“辅音字母 + y”结尾的变“y”为“i”再加“-es”。如：babybabies lady ladies以“o”结尾的多数加-es。tomato tomatoes, potato potatoes, hero heroes。注意：有些名词的复数有其特殊的意义：papers报纸，文件考卷 goods货物looks容貌,外表 times时代，次数、倍数 irons脚镣，手铐,熨斗 customs海关airs气派，架子,姿态 damages赔偿金 compasses圆规woods树林 ruins废墟物质名词有形或数的相应物体，有单、复数。some coffee一些咖啡 a coffee一杯咖啡 three coffees三杯咖啡2.不规则变化改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice单复数相同sheep, deer, means, works合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches 将两部分都变为复数（性别+职业）women singers, men servantsIII.名词的所有格1.名词的所有格的构成方法名词的所有格一般用于有生命的名词，如果该名词为单数，在词尾上加上“s”，即构成其所有格。“s”含有“的”字之意。如：Toms bike。以s结尾的复数名词，在词尾加“ ”构成其所有格，如：a works school建筑工程学校不以s结尾的复数名词，在词尾加“s ”构成其所有格， 如：Womens Day复合名词在末一个词的词尾上加“s”构成其所有格，如：the editor-in-chiefs office总编辑室2.名词的所有格特殊用法一般情况下名词的所有格在句中表示所有关系，作定语用。但要特别注意下列情况：如果一个事物为两个人所有，在后一个名词的词尾加“s”如果不是共有，在两个名词的词尾都要加“s”。如：Tom and Mikes room汤姆和麦克的房间(共有);Toms and Mikes books汤姆的书和麦克的书(不共有)。表示店铺或某人的家时，常在名词所有格之后省去shop ;house或home等词。如：the tailors成衣店;the barbers理发店;at my aunts在我姑姑家。表示有生命的名词也可以用of短语表示所有关系，而且当该名词带有较长的定语时，就只能用of短语来表示所有关系。如：the teacher of the boys who are playing football on the playground.其他情况：在某些固定词组或习惯用法中的所有格不可随意推断其意思at arms length保持一定距离 at his fingers ends对某事熟知within a stones throw离得很近 out of harms way安全的地方IV.名词做定语1.表示用什么原料stone figures(石像)，castor oil(蓖麻油)，silk books(丝绸书)，paper money(纸币)，2.表示部分与整体的关系river banks(河岸)，cabbage seed(卷心菜种子)，animal bones(动物骨头)，如果谈到某特定的东西时，我们要用of结构来表示：the windows of the classroom3.表示用途性质coffee cups(咖啡杯)，book stores(书店)，sports shoes(运动鞋)，food factory(食品工厂)，4.表示泛指的时间名词summer holidays(暑假)，winter weather(冬天的天气)，time zone(时区)，但表具体的时间名词作定语，则要用所有格结构来表达。如：yesterdays news(昨天的消息)，an hours drive(开车一小时)V.主谓一致1.语法一致原则以单数名词或代词动词不定式短语，动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式;主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。His father is working on the farm由连接词and或bothand连接起来的主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。但若所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语就用单数形式。由and 连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every 或more than a (an)/one, many a (an) 修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。either, neither, each, every 或no+单数名词和由some, any no, every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。The writer and artist has come.Many a boy and many a girl likes itSomebody is speaking in class. Everything around us is matter若none of 后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数。若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。None of the sugar was left.None of us has (have) been to America.在定语从句里，关系代词that, who, which 等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。Those who want to go please write their names on the blackboard.He is one of my friends who are working hard.He is the (only) one of my friends who is working hard.在强调句型中应与被强调部分一致。It is I who am going to the cinema tonight.It is we who are going to the cinema tonight.如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数形式; 如果它指的集体的成员，其谓语动词用复数形式。His family has moved to the south (他的一家)His family are watching TV.(他的家人)在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致There comes the bus.On the wall are many pictures.2.就近(远)一致原则当两个主语由either or, neither nor, not only but also ,whether or 连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语保持一致,即就近一致。Either the teacher or the students are our friends.Neither they nor he is wholly right.there be 句型中be 动词的单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and 连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致，即就近一致。There are two chairs and a desk in the room.There is a desk and two chairs in the room.主语后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, no less than, rather than, more than, besides, along with, including, in addition to 等引起的短语， 谓语动词要跟主语一致，即就远一致。Mr. Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China.A woman with a baby was on the bus习题自测1. Being able to speak another language well is a great _ when youre looking for a job.A. advantage B. chance C. assistant D. importance2. I think _ good knowledge of English is _ great help when you are traveling around the world.A.不填;a B. a; a C. a; the D. a; 不填3. In some places in the South of China, _car has already become_ popular means of transportation.A. a; the B.不填; a C. the; a D. the; the4. If there were no hungry problem, the people of the world should have _ in their daily life.A. a much happier time B. a more happier time C. the happier time D .much happiest time5. The party was _ success. We sang and danced until it came to _ end at midnight.A. a; an B. a; the C. the; an D. /; an6. What the remot