新概念3第二周.doc

Lesson 3 An Unknown Goddess 无名女神课文注释1、Some time ago, an interesting discovery was made by archaeologists on the Aegean island of Kea.翻译：不久前，考古工作者在爱琴海的基亚岛上有了一个很有趣的发现用法：(1) some time ago意为“不久前”等于a long time ago。Some time指“一段时间”，sometimes指“某个时候”，sometime指“有时”。Eg I will need some time to finish my homework. 我需要一段时间来完成我的作业 After the explosion it was some time before the town resumed its everyday routines.爆炸后经过相当一段时间，这个城镇才恢复了正常的生活秩序。These ideas have been in circulation for some time.这些想法已经流行了一段时间。I saw him sometime in April. 我曾在四月份见到过他 It is reported that the car accident took place sometime yesterday.据报导，那场车祸是在昨天某个时候发生的。I sometimes have letters from him. 我有时收到他的来信。 注意：ago与before的区别：ago是指现在以前，常常与过去时连用；before是指过去以前，常常与过去完成时连用。(2) make a discovery(=discover) 意为“发现”。An interesting discovery was made意为：discovered something interesting. Make a close study of对作仔细研究 Make a detailed analysis of 对作详尽分析 Make a comprehensive summary of 对作详细总结 Make an exhaustive（彻底的） investigation of 对作深入调查2、An American team explored a temple which stands in an ancient city on the promontory of Ayia Irini.翻译：一个美国考古队在阿伊亚.依里尼海角的一座古城里考察了一座庙宇用法：a temple which stands in an ancient city中stand表示“位于，坐落在”。Eg The house stands next to the river. 那房子坐落在河边 A row of willows stands on the riverside. 沿河长着一行柳树 The school stands on a hill. 那个学校坐落在小山上。 Stand 矗立（常指较高物体） lie 位于（海拔较低的物体，像河流） Be situated in 坐落于 be located in 坐落于 Be sited in 坐落于（指人为因素）3、The city at one time must have been prosperous,翻译：这座古城肯定一度很繁荣，.用法：at one time意为“曾经，一度”，特别应当注意此短语中要使用数次one。不可使用不定冠词a。at a time表示“每次”之意。At one time仅可用于过去时态中。Eg The two continents were connected by a land mass at one time. 这两个大洲曾经有一个时期由一大片陆地连接着 Im away a couple of weeks at a time. 我每次外出总要两星期不回家。4、The city was even equipped with a drainage system, for a great many clay pipes were found beneath the narrow street.翻译：城里甚至还铺设了排水系统，因为在狭窄的街道下面发现了许多陶制的管道。用法：(1) equip用作动词 表示“装备，配备”。Eg They cant afford to equip their army properly. 他们无力给军队以适当的装备 Now all fishing boats are radio-equipped. 如今，所有渔船上都装有无线电通讯设备。 表示“（智力上）装备，训练，使具备条件”，后跟带to的不定式做补语。Eg Your education will equip you to earn a good living. 你受的教育将使你过上富裕生活。 Education and travel have equipped him to deal with all sorts of people.教育和旅行使他善于与各种各样的人打交道。Her training equipped her to cope with the new job.她所受的训练使她有能力去对付这项新的工作。 equip somebody with something. for a certain purpose,注意equip的宾语必须是人或机构，with后接“用以装备的工具”，for后接“目的”。Eg They equipped the soldiers with the latest weapons (for the coming war). 他们给士兵装备最新式的武器（以迎接即将爆发的战争）。 注意:equip的名词形式是equipment，是不可数名词(2 ) for在此引导原因状语从句。a great many意为“许多”；beneath指“在正下方”，可以是接触的，也可以是不接触的。它的同义词是below和under。Below的反义词是above，两者既不垂直也不接触；under与over是一对反义词，表示垂直但不接触。5、The body of one statue was found among remains dating from the fifteenth century B.C.翻译：其中一具雕像的躯体是在公元前15世纪的历史文物中发现的用法：(1) date from意为“追溯；始于”，此动词短语无被动形式。Eg This technology dated from ancient times. 这项技术从古代就有了 My interest in stamp collecting dated from my schooldays.我从学生时代就开始爱好集邮。 The history of public education in the United States dates from the society of the early pioneers. 美国的公共教育史起源于早期拓荒者的社会。 remains意为“废墟；遗迹；遗体”，此词必须用复数形式，但是动词有时可用单数形式。Eg Here is the remains of a temple. 这里是一所寺院的废墟 The remains of the supper were taken away. 晚餐吃剩的东西被收去了。Among remains是介词短语作主语补足语，修饰The body of one statue；而dating from the fifteenth century B.C.则是现在分词短语做定语，修饰remains the fifteenth century B.C.意为“公元前15世纪”，还可以写作：15th century B.C.。B.C（abbrev）是Before Christ的缩写；A.D.公元后是Anno Domini的缩写，如225B.C.；2009A.D.6、Its missing head happened to be翻译：她身首异处的脑袋碰巧在用法：happen to意为“恰巧，碰巧”，后跟动词不定式，强调事件的偶发性。Eg I happened to know the news. 我碰巧知道那消息。 如果happen to后面为人或物，往往指某人或某物发生了不测或意外。Eg If anything happens to her, inform us as soon as possible.如果她发生了什么意外，尽快通知我们7、They were amazed to find that the goddess turned out to be a very modern-looking women.翻译：他们惊奇的发现原来那位无头女神是位相貌十分摩登的女郎。用法：(1) 在本句中，that引导宾语从句作动词find的宾语；而不定式to find是原因状语。(2) Turn out to be与prove (to be)同义，表示“结果是，原来是”，但前者中的to be不可省，而后者中的to be可省。其反义表达为：seem (to be),appear (to be),似乎是，看起来是。该短语是系动词，它的句型有三种： turn out （to be）+ 形容词/名词Eg The rumours of a petrol shortage turned out to be a false alarm.汽油短缺的谣传原来是一场虚惊. The party turned out to be a failure. 社交聚会结果失败了 The enemys proposal turned out to be a fraud. 敌人的建议原来是个骗局 He seems to be very generous, but turns out to be quite stingy 他看似大方，实则非常吝啬 It + turn out + that 从句或其他从句。Eg It turned out that the book had been in the shelf.原来书一直放在书架上 It may well turn out that we lack the experience to do that job. 结果可能是，我们缺乏做项工作的经验 It turned out that his statement was true. 原来他的话是真的。 It turned out that the accident was a good thing because he was slowly dying of cancer. 原来这件事故是件好事，因为他正慢慢死于癌症。(3) a very modern-looking women等于a women who looks very modern. modern-looking为复 合词，其构成为：形容词 + 分词。又如：good-looking (漂亮的)；plain-looking (相貌平平的)；earthy-looking (相貌土气的)；interesting-looking (相貌丑陋的委婉表达)；soft-sounding (声音柔和的)；ready-made (现成的)；soft-touching (质感柔软的)。8、She stood three feet high and her hands rested on her hips.翻译：她身高三英尺，双手叉腰用法：rest on/upon (=lean on; depend on)意为“搁在，停留在，信赖”。Eg His hand rested on the table. 他的手放在桌子上。 His eyes rested on me. 他的目光落在我的身上。 Our policy should rest on the basis of self-reliance. 我们的政策要放在自力更生的基点上 Our hopes rest on you. 我们的希望寄托在你身上.9、,the archaeologists have been unable to discover her identify.翻译：, 考古工作者至今未能确定她的身份。用法：unable，disable，enable的区分。这三个词的中心词都是able，但由于每个词使用的前缀不同，其含义和用法也就不同。Unable为补语形容词，其后应使用带to的动词不定式补语，表示“不能，无法”之意；disable: 使失去能力；enable v. 使.能够Eg Im unable to go to school today, so you must go alone. 我今天不能去学校了，你只好自己去了 The accident disabled him and now he has an artificial arm. 一次意外使他成了残废，现在他的一条胳膊是假肢。 Old age disabled him for hard labour. 年迈使他不能干繁重的工作。 Enable是动词，气候常跟人加动词不定式短语，表示“使能够”之意。Eg The training will enable her to finish the job well. 这次培训能使她很好的完成工作 I gave him full directions to enable him to find the house. 我向他作了详细说明, 好让他能找到那房子.语法分析：情态动词+动词完成式 情态动词must，should, may (might), ought to, can (could), need, would等都可以与动词完成式连用作谓语，其模式为：modal verb + have +动词完成式。这类结构表示对过去所发生动作的推测或判断。但是，不同的情态动词所表示的意义又有所不同。1、must + have +动词过去分词和cant/couldnt + have + 动词过去分词 must + have +动词过去分词表示对过去事情较有把握的，肯定性的推测，常译为“一定，准是，肯定”。当must用于推测意义是，琦否定形式通常不是must not，而是cant/could not。“cant/couldnt + have +动词过去分词”表示对过去事情的否定性推测，常译为“绝不可能，不太可能”。Eg Since the ditch is full of water, it must have rained last night. 既然水沟里积满了水，可见昨天夜里一定是下雨了。2、“should/ought to + have +动词过去分词”和“shouldnt/ought not to + have +动词过去分词”“should/ought to + have +动词过去分词”表示过去应该做的事情却没有做，常含有后悔，责备，埋怨的口吻，常译作“本应当,要是就好了”。“shouldnt/ought not to + have +动词过去分词”表示过去不该做的事却做了，也含有责备，不满的意思，常译为“本不应该”。Eg With all the work finished, I should have gone to the party last night. 昨晚所有工作完成之后，我本来应该去参加聚会的。You should not have gone back to work yesterday without the doctors permission. 你昨天没有得到医生的允许，不应该回去工作的。3、may/might + have + 动词过去分词 “may/might + have + 动词过去分词”表达对过去事情的推测，但不十分肯定。Might比may语气缓和，口气更委婉；常译为“可能（或许）已经”。Eg A traffic accident happened yesterday and a driver may have been hurt. 昨天发生了一场交通事故，可能有个司机受了伤。 He seems very indolent indlnt this morning. He may/might have stayed up last night. 今早他显得很懒散，可能昨晚熬夜了。4、could + have + 动词过去分词 “could + have + 动词过去分词”表示过去有可能或有能力做某事，但实际未做、未能实现的事；有时也表示轻度批评，可译为“本来可以”。Eg The gas leaks could have been avoided if the gas company took immediate measures after the warning call. 如果煤气公司接到报警后采取紧急措施，煤气泄露本来是可以避免的。5、neednt + have + 动词过去分词 “neednt + have + 动词过去分词” 表示过去做了某事，但没有做的必要，即表达“本没必要”。Eg You neednt have done the washing up. I would have done it for you. 你本可不必洗那些餐具，我会替你洗的。 I neednt have bought all that wine-only three people came. 我本没必要买那么多酒的，因为只来了三个人。Lesson 4 The double life of Alfred Bloggs 阿尔弗雷德的双重生活1. These days, people who do manual work often receive far more money than people who work in offices.译文：如今，从事体力劳动的人的收入一般要比坐办公室的人高出许多。用法：far是副词，在这里修饰比较级morethan，等于much morethan（比更多）；manual work（体力工作，即physical labor）与脑力工作（mental work）相对。2. People who work in offices are frequently referred to as “white-collar workers” for the simple reason that they usually wear a collar and tie to go to work.译文：坐办公室的人之所以常常被称作“白领工人”，原因很简单，就是因为他们通常穿着硬领衬衫，打着领带去上班。用法： refer to (somebody/something) as = regardas ; call 意为“把叫做”。Eg We always refer to the teacher as a gardener.我们总是把老师称为园丁。 I always refer to him as a bookworm. 我总是把他当作书呆子。 white-collar workers 意为“白领工人”，往往指脑力工作者，与其相对的是blue-collar workers（蓝领工人），即体力劳动者。pink-collar e粉领族的定义pink-collar worker 是一个外来的生活型态类别用词。意谓著女性的上班族，很可能是传统类型的工作职务，与男性的专业没有重叠，与白领族也不同。 粉领族在社会学者的定义上，通常是指执行次要工作的女性，例如最具代表的粉领族工作之一，就是秘书，此外，亦有资料输入员、卖场销售员、教书或是其他教育类的工作；其他则包括了护理、清洁等职务。 Gold-collar worker金领阶层是社会精英高度集中的阶层，年龄在25岁至45岁之间，受过良好的教育，有一定的工作经验、经营策划能力、专业技能和一定社会关系资源，收入年薪在15万到40万之间。 for the simple reason that 意为“只是因为”，等于simply because ; that 引导同位语从句； reason 后面的同位语从句既可以用that也可以用why引导，或者把连词省去。Eg The reason that he was absent was that he was ill.他缺席的原因是他病了。本句如用because引导，应为：It was because he was ill that he was absent. 或 because he was ill, he was absent.3. such is human nature, that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay fro the privilege of becoming white-collar workers.译文：许多人常常情愿放弃较高的薪水以换取做白领工人的殊荣，此乃人之常情。用法： such 用于句首时起强调作用，其后面常常使用倒装语序。Eg Such was the result. 结果就是这样。If such is the case, we will not need to go there.如果情况就是这样，我们就不必去那儿了。 sacrifice 可以作动词、名词n. 牺牲,供俸,祭品v. 牺牲,祭祀,贱卖Eg Love is forgiveness and sacrifice. 爱是对别人的宽容和牺牲。 I never expected you to make such sacrifice.我决没想过要你做出这样的牺牲。 An ant will sacrifice himself for his friends.每只蚂蚁都愿意为了朋友牺牲自己. be willing to do 乐于做 be glad to do 高兴做 be voluntary to do 愿意做 be ready to do 愿意做 be prepared to do愿意做 sacrifice A for B 为B舍弃A do B at the cost of A 以A为代价做B do B at the price of A 以A为代价做B do B at the expense of A 以A为代价做B4、this can give rise to curious situations, as it did in the case of Alfred who worked as a dustman for the Ellesmere Corporation.译文：这常常会引起种种奇怪现象，在艾尔斯米尔公司当清洁工的阿尔弗雷德布罗格斯就是一例。用法：1)、give rise to 意为“引起，使发生；导致”。Eg Social practice gives rise to human knowledge.社会实践能使人产生知识。 There bad condition have give rise to a lot of crime.在那里，恶劣的环境导致了大量的犯罪活动。Her disappearance gave rise to the wildest rumours.她失踪一事引起了各种流言蜚语.There are a couple of factors that give rise to this problem.有很多因素导致了这个问题。2)、as it did 意为“正如（过去曾）造成的怪现象那样”，其中的it 指前文中this 所指内容，即上一句中that 从句所述情况，而did 用来替代 gave rise to curious situations.辨析：in case, in case of, in the case of1、in case 可用来引导从句，相当于if (如果) 或 (免得、以防)，但如果主句是一般将来时或祈使句，从句中的谓语动词要用一般现在时代替将来时（口语体）或should 加动词原形（虚拟语气）。Eg The meeting will be put off, in case it rains.如果下雨，会议就会延期。（口语）The meeting will be put off, in case it should rain. 如果下雨，会议就会延期。（书面语）What to do in case of an emergency. 在紧急情况下该怎么处理。注意 in case 也可单独使用，位于句末，前面通常加上just，有时也可不加，可译为“以防万一”。Eg It may rain; youd better take an umbrella (just) in case.可能会下雨。你最好带把伞，以防万一。in case 引出的条件句表示的一种“预防某种情况的出现”。如果条件句指的是一般的假设或条件的话，不用in case, 须用连词if。Eg Ill tell him about the matter, if I happen with him. in case of 表示“倘遇到的时候；以防，防备”，常与其搭配的词有：fire, rain, danger, difficulty, failure, absence, war, doubt 等。Eg Take an umbrella with you in case of rain.带把伞吧，以防下雨。 I have kept a reserve fund in case of accidents.我已筹备了一笔准备基金以防不测。Press this button in case of fire.遇火灾时按下此钮。 in the case of 表示“就而言，至于”。Eg In the case of the entrance exam, I do not feel satisfactory.就入学考试而言，我感到不满意。 Stealing is no shame in the case of him. 偷窃对于他来说不羞耻。In the case of physical change,no new substance is formed.就物理变化来说，没有新的物质产生 。5、every morning, he left home dressed in a smart black suit.译文：每天早晨，他穿上一身漂亮的黑色西装离家上班。用法：dressed in a smart suit 是过去分词短语作伴随状语，我们还可以说：when he left home, he was in a smart black suit. Dress 作不及物动词意为“穿衣”，作及物动词是“给穿衣”。Eg Dress yourself more neatly.穿得整齐一点。My mother is dressing my little brother. 妈妈正在给弟弟穿衣服。Lets dress the kids or well never be on time.让我们替孩子们穿衣服吧，否则我们决不会按时到达。We dress simply by preference.我们仅凭个人偏爱选择穿着。Be dressed in 相当于wear.Eg He is always dressed in blue.他总是穿着蓝色的衣服。6、and spent the next eight hours as a dustman.译文：当8个小时的清洁工。用法：spend表示“花费时间或精力做某事”，在spend time后面一般需要接in或on加一个名词或动名词来表示用途。当用途为表示动作的名词时，前面多用介词in,但当用途并非为表示动作的名词时，则介词多用on.当用途是动名词时，用介词in, 不用on, 但现代英语中in通常省略。因此其句型为spend time in(on)something. 与 spend time (in) v.-ing.Eg We spent many hours in a pleasant conversation.我们畅谈了好几个小时。He doesnt spend much time on his homework.在家庭作业上他花的时间不多。He spent his life writing his book. 他花了一生时间写这本书。注意：当表示“为了某个目的而花费时间和精力”时，后面的动词短语表示目的，所以用to+动词原形，而不用(in) v.-ing。Eg He spent much time to catch up with his classmates.他为了赶上同学们花了很多时间。Spend还可表示“消耗，用完（力气）”。Eg He has spent his strength without doing anything useful.他把精力都耗费完了，却没有做什么有用的事。7、he will soon be working in an office.译文：他不久就要坐在办公室里工作了。用法：将来进行时除可用来表示谓语动词动作会在将来某一特定时间进行和作为一种礼貌地询问某人计划、安排的方式外，也可用来表示现已确定或决定的将来的某件事情。Eg I will be staying here.我将留在这儿。8、he will be earning only half as much as he used to, but he feels that his rise in status is well worth the loss of money.译文：他将来挣的钱只有现在的一半，不过，他变得地位提高了，损失点儿钱也值得。用法： half as much as 意为“是的一半”，“X times + as + 形容词或副词原级+as”表示“是多少倍”。Eg Our room is three times as big as theirs.我们的房间是他们的三倍（比他们的大两倍）。 Twice + 名词： 是