英语句子成分.doc

此文档收集于网络，如有侵权请联系网站删除英语句子成分句子成分由词或词组充当英语的基本成分有七种：主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、表语(predicative)、宾语(object)、定语(attribute)、状语(adverbial) 补语(complement) 主语(Subject)：一.主语 主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首,通常由名词性的词来充当。可由1.名词、2.代词、3.数词、4.名词化的形容词（如the rich）5.不定式、6.动名词、7.主语从句等表示。练习1. 在下面句子的主语下面划横线，并说出由什么充当1. During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2. We often speak English in class.3. One-third of the students in this class are girls.4. To swim in the river is a great pleasure.5. Smoking does harm to the health.6. The rich should help the poor.7. When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.8. It is necessary to master a foreign language.9. That he isnt at home is not true二. 谓语(Predicate)：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。1) 简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。 He practices running every morning.2) 复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。 You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。 We are students.注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。练习3 .填入动词的适当形式。1).Fifty miles _ ( be ) not a great distance . 2). He _ ( marry ) for three years . 3). A lot of trees _ ( must , plant ) on the hills . 4). The woman did _ ( stay ) at home last Sunday . 5). So fast _ light _ ( travel ) that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed . 三.表语表语多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。练习4. 划出下列句中的表语, 并说明有什么充当。1) Our teacher of English is an American. 2) Is it yours? 3) The weather has turned cold. 4) The speech is exciting. 5) Three times seven is twenty one? 6) His job is to teach English.7) His hobby（爱好）is playing football. 8) The machine must be under repairs. 9) The truth is that he has never been abroad.注意：系动词（Linking verb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如： He is a teacher. 2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：He always kept silent at meeting.3）表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：He seems (to be) very sad.注意：系动词（Linking verb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。4）感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft. 5）变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.例如：He became mad after that.6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表示证明，变成之意，例如：The rumor proved false. His plan turned out a success.练习5 .用所给词的正确形式填空1).The news sounds _ ( inspire )2).We are _ ( interest ) in the story . 3). My work is _ ( clean ) the classroom tomorrow morning 4).The people in the city are very _ . ( happiness)5).That is his book . The one on the desk is _ ( my ) .四. 宾语(Object)：宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。练习6. 划出下列句中的宾语, 并说明有什么充当。1) They planed many trees yesterday. 2) The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.3) (How many dictionaries do you have?) I have five. 4) They helped the old with their housework yesterday. 5) I wanted to buy a car. 6) I enjoy listening to popular music.7) I think（that）he is fit for his office.8) He found it hard to solve the problem. 练习7. 完成下列各句.1. I remember _ ( 去过那里).2.Please remember _ ( 锁上门)when you leave the room . 3.I like _ ( 唱流行歌曲).4. I like _ ( 唱一首英文歌曲) this time . 五. 宾语补足语(Object Complement)英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。练习8.用 线划出下列句中的宾语补足语，并指出是什么词充当，同时体会宾补和宾语之间的逻辑关系。1) His father named him Dongming. 2) They painted their boat white. 3) Let the fresh air in. 4) You mustnt force him to lend his money to you. 5) We saw her enter the room.6) We saw him playing the piano when we entered his house.7) We found everything in the lab in good order.8) I want your homework done on time.【注意】如果把主动语态该成被动语态，宾语补足语就成了主语补足语。例如：He was acknowledged to be the best player.练习9 .用所给词的适当形式填空1). I saw the man _ ( knock ) down and the driver _ ( drive) away .2). Happiness lies in making others _ ( happiness )3). The little child cannot be made _ (do) such a difficult thing.六. 定语(Attribute)：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。 考点1. 若修饰some, any, every, no构成的复合不定代词时，（如：something、nothing）,定语通常后置。 I have something important to tell you.(important修饰something,却放在后面)There is nothing interesting in the book.（ interesting 修饰 nothing）考点2. 副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。 People there are very friendly. (那儿的人们)He went up to a policeman downstairs. （楼下的警察）考点3. 单个形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前，形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后The next man is a scientist.The man next to me is a scientist.（我旁边的那个人）The shop closest to my house is about one kilometer away.（距我家最近的那个商店）考点4. 介词短语作定语时要后置The boy under the tree is Tom.（树下的那个男孩）The tallest boy in our class is John.（我们班最高的那个男孩）考点5. 名词作定语一般用单数，但当woman, man作定语且后面名词为复数时，woman man 也要用复数boy students, apple trees, men doctors, women nurses考点6. 动词不定式、现在分词短语、过去分词短语作定语要后置I have something to say. (直译：我有要说的话)The boy crying over there is my classmate.（在那边哭的那个男孩）The house built last year is impressive.（去年建的那座房子）考点7. 动名词、现在分词作定语时的区别 This is a swimming pool.(动名词作定语，表功能)The sleeping boy is only five.（现在分词作定语， 表正在进行）考点8. else(别的，其它的)通常放在不定代词和疑问词后作后置定语Who else do you know?Somebody else might have taken it away.You can see these signs in a hospital. _ can you see them?A. Where else B. Where place else C. Where else place D. Else where考点9. enough修饰名词可前置或后置, enough修饰形容词、副词时,必须后置。Nearby可作形容词、副词，因此修饰名词时也可前置或后置1) I havent got enough money. I cant afford it.（形容词作定语）2) We have time enough to do the work. （形容词短语作定语）3) You cant be careful enough. (副词作状语)3) If you are in trouble, ask a policeman nearby for help. （副词作定语）= If you are in trouble, ask a nearby policeman for help. （形容词作定语）七. 状语。 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子, 说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫作状语。练习10：指出下列划线部分属于什么状语1. How about meeting again at six? 2. Mr Smith lives on the third floor. 3. Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain. 4. She put the eggs into the basket with great care. 5. She came in with a dictionary in her hand. 6. In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. 7. To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business. 8. The boy needs a pen very much. 9. The boy really needs a pen. 10. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 11. She works very hard though she is old. 12. I am taller than he is. 13. I shall go there if it doesnt rain. 14. On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. 15. Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen. 练习11 .用所给词的正确形式填空1).Weve won the game ! shouted the students _. ( excited )2).It is a _ good place to visit . ( pretty ) 3).We _ come to see him . ( usual)4).As we didnt know the way , we stopped _ the way . ( ask ) 5)._ in the country , I used to carry water for an old man . ( live ) 6). _ in a famous college , Tom is admired by his former classmates .( educate ) 7). He went to bed ,_ and _. ( cold ,hungry )8).They crowded around , _ to do something to help . ( eager ) 八.同位语（appositive） ：一个名词或其它形式，跟在另一个名词或代词后并对其进行解释、说明或限定，这个名词或其它形式就是同位语。同位关系紧密时不用逗点隔开;同位语只作补充解释时可用逗点隔开。在英语中，同位语是一种很常见的语言现象，它们能使句子结构显得更加生动活泼。（一）、名词、代词作同位语上海中国最大的城市之一，是最发达的。Shanghai，one of the biggest cities in China，is the most developed .They each have a computer.（二）、不定式、动名词作同位语He has a plan to rebuild this old house.他计划重建这座老房子。（三）、从句作同位语同位语从句通常跟在某些抽象名词(fact，plan，view，idea，belief，opinion，possibility，thought等)后，用来说明所修饰词的内容。常用句型有：The fact that.is. 的事实是Some people hold the opinion that.一些人持有的观点A saying goes that . 有一句谚语说英语六种基本句型基本句型一： SV（主语+谓语）注：在这种句型中，谓语动词大多是不及物动词（Vi.）。不及物动词后不能直接跟宾语，如要跟宾语，其后要加上介词（如：of, to, at, in 等）。另外，不及物动词后可跟有副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等状语修饰语。不及物动词，没有被动语态。常用不及物动词：常 用 动 词例 句arrive, appear, apologize, belong, consist, complain, die, dream, disappear, fall, flee, happen, laugh, lie, live, listen, look, rise, sleep, succeed, smile, stay, sink, sit, talk, work, walk, break out（爆发）, come out（出版）, take place（发生）等。The rain stopped. 雨停了。The machine works smoothly.这机器运转正常。The factory lies to the west of town.该工厂位于城西。He succeeded in the examination. 他考试成功了。My dreams have at last come true.我的梦想终于实现了。When does Johns book come out?约翰的书何时出版？温馨提示：有的动词既可作不及物动词又可作及物动词。如：We stood outside the shop.我们站在商店外面。(vi.)I cant stand what you said.我受不了你说的话。(vt.) The plane took off on time.飞机准时起飞。(vi.)He was ordered to take off his coat.他被命令脱掉外衣。(vt.) 练习12. 句子翻译。1.你应当努力学习。_2. 她昨天回家很晚。 _3. 那天早上我们谈了很多。_4. 五年前我住在北京。_基本句型二：SVP（主语+系动词+表语）注：表语是用来说明主语的身份、性质、品质、特征和状态的，表语大多由名词、形容词、副词、分词、介词短语、不定式、从句等充当。常用的系动词有： 状态系动词beThe doctors are very patient.这些医生很有耐心。持续系动词keep, remain, stay, standHe always kept silent.他总是沉默不语。表像系动词seem, appear, lookHe seems（to be）very sad. 他看起来很伤心。感官系动词feel, smell, sound, tasteThis kind of cloth feels very soft.这布手感很软。变化系动词become, grow, turn, get, go, come, run，fallShe grew rich within a short time.她没过多久就富了。终止系动词prove, turn outHis plan turned out a success.他的计划终于成功。温馨提示：(1)有的系表结构较为固定，需特别记忆。如：get ready准备好，get dark天变黑，turn red/yellow变红黄，go bad/mad变坏/变疯，go wrong出错，keep silent保持沉默， come true实现，fall asleep睡着，fall ill生病，等。练习13.翻译句子。1.污染问题越来越严重了。 2. 我很容易相处， 有很好的合作精神。 3. 得知你在北京期间将住在我家， 我很高兴。 4.尽管他很累， 但他仍然保持清醒。 基本句型三：SVO（主语+谓语+宾语）注：在这个句型中，及物动词需要一个动作的接受者即宾语，才可以表达一个完整的意思。因此，其后必须要接宾语。作宾语的通常由名词、代词、不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）等。可以有被动语态。1. 常接不定式作宾语的动词有want, hope, wish, agree, promise, refuse, help, arrange, dare, determine, fail, manage, offer, prepare, pretend, ask, choose, expect等。如：He determined to learn medicine.2. 在tell, know, advise, show, teach, decide, learn等动词后常跟带连接词的不定式作宾语。如：I didnt know whether to laugh or to cry.3. 常接动名词作宾语的动词有advise, admit, avoid, consider, delay, enjoy, excuse, finish, deny, allow, escape, forgive, imagine, mind, keep, miss, practice, prevent, risk, suggest, appreciate, cant help, put off, give up等。如：Youd better put off having the meeting.3. 既可接不定式又可接动名词作宾语的动词有：(1)remember, forget, regret等动词后接不定式表动作未发生，接动名词则表动作已发生。Ill remember to give the letter to him. I remember giving the letter to him. (2)want, need, require, deserve等动词后接动名词的主动形式相当于不定式的被动形式。The radio needs repairing (=to be repaired).(3)start, begin, continue等动词后接不定式或动名词区别不大。They usually begin to work (working) at nine in the morning.练习14.翻译句子。1.上周， 我们就每天的睡眠时间对全校学生进行了调查。 2. 他们设法扑灭了那场大火. 3.我认为看太多的电视对你的健康不利。 4.我打算过一个有意义的暑假。(不定式作宾语) 基本句型四：SVoO（主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语）=主语+谓语+直接宾语+to间接宾语此结构由主语+及物谓语动词+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（事物）组成。如，He brings me cookies every day.She made me a beautiful dress.但若要先说出直接宾语（事物），后说间接宾语（人），则要借助于介词to或for,如，He brings cookies to me every day. She made a beautiful dress for me.用to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。用for 侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助to的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等。（需借助for 的）buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare,等。练习15.翻译句子。1我真诚地希望你给我一次机会，我确信我会成为一个好主席。 2. 希望你在方便的时候给我发个邮件。 3.他用他的第一个月工资给他妈妈买了一件毛衣。 基本句型五：SVOC（主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语）注：在这种句型中，宾语补足语大多由名词、形容词、副词、现在分词、过去分词、不定式、介词短语等充当，但动词have, make, let, hear, notice, feel, observe, watch等后面跟动词不定式时，要省略to。1.常接形容词作宾语补足语的动词有drive(迫使), find, get, keep, leave, make, paint, set, think等。They found the story very interesting.他们发现这个故事很有趣。He kept the window open. 她让窗户开着。2. 常接名词做宾语补足语的动词有name, think, make, find, elect, choose, consider, call, appoint等。如：People call me Lao Wang. 人们叫我老王。We elected/made him our monitor. 我们选他当班长。3. 常接分词或省略“to”的不定式做宾语补足语的动词有使役动词let, make, have和感官动词see, hear, watch, feel, listen to, look at, notice等。如：I heard someone call my name.我听到有人叫了我的名字。I heard someone calling my name.我我听到有人在叫我的名字。I heard my name called.我听到有人叫了我的名字。4. 当作宾语的是不定式、动名词或从句时，要用it作形式宾语。如：I find it important to learn English. 我发现学英语很重要。练习16.翻译句子。1. 我们大家都认为他是个聪明的男孩。 2. 他每个月理一次发。 3. 那噪音快要使我发疯了。 4.作为一名中学生，我认为英语是一门非常重要的科目。 5.我认为有必要参加一些英语课程来提高我的英语口语。(从句作宾语) 基本句型六：There + be + 主语 + 状语此句型是由 there + be + 主语 + 状语 构成，用以表达存在有，一种无主语的有。 它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际语。be 与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致，有时态和情态的变化。如， 现在有 there is/are 过去有 there was/were 将来有 there will be/there is /are going to be.现在已经有 there has/have been 可能有 there might be. 肯定有 there must be /there must have been.过去一直有 there used to be 似乎有 there seems/seem/seemed to be 碰巧有 there happen/happens/happened to be 此句型有时不用be动词，而用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive,等。1. There + be + 主语+(for sb) to doThere are still many things for us to do. 我们还有很多的事情要做。There was a meeting to attend the next day. 第二天有场会议要参加。2. There + be + 主语+ 现在分词There were many students holding an opposite view. 有很多学生持相反意见。3. There + be + 主语+ 过去分词There were trees planted by students all over the mountain. 满山都是学生们种的树。4. There + be + 主语+ 定语从句/同位语从句There are many people who dont agree. 有很多人不同意。There exists a rule that all teachers should stay at school during working hours. 有条规定要求教师在工作时间里呆在学校。不得不背的There be高级句型：1. There is no denying the fact that不容否认；这一事实是不容否认的There is no denying the fact that Japan invaded China日本侵华历史不容否定。2. There is no doubt that毫无疑问There is no doubt that they will ask you for help. 毫无疑问，他们会请你帮忙的。3. There is no sense/point in doing做是没有意义的/道理的There is no sense/point in arguing with him.和他争论没有意义。There is no point in doing so.这样做是没有意义的。4. There is no use in doing没有必要做There is no use in denying the fact that she had an affair.没有必要否认她恋爱的事实。5. There is no need to do没有必要做There is no need to cry if you really try.如果你真想尝试，就没有必要哭泣。6. There is no telling不知道There was no telling what the next assignment would be.不晓得下一个任务将是什么。练习17.翻译句子。1 毫无疑问, 在网络上学生可以得到很多的学习资源。 2.我做出这个决定有两个原因。 disco n. 迪斯科舞会；迪斯科舞厅3.我和我的好朋友John之间曾经出现误会。shade n. 荫；阴凉处 overboard adv. 越过船舷进入水中参考答案：Laotian n. 老挝人部分答案略respect vt. & n. 尊敬；尊重；敬意练习3 1.is 2. has been married 3. must be planted 4. staydawn n. 黎明；拂晓；破晓练习5 1. inspiring