高中英语 Grammar不定式（2）课件 重大版必修4.ppt

重庆大学版高一 4 unit4 unit4threegorges grammar infinitive ii lookatthefollowingpictures payingattentiontothedifferentpartofspeechof tofly ineachsentence a whatwasyourdreaminchildhood b toflywasmydream a whatdoyouwanttodo b iwanttoflyinthesky a whatisyourplanthisweekend b myplanistoflyacrosstheatlanticocean a whyareyouwearingapairofwings b iwearwingstoflylikeabird a whatisourmissiontoday b wehavealotoffoodandmedicinetoflytothearea puttheexamplesentenceinthecharttomatchitspartofspeech thenfindmoreexamplesfromsentencebanktosupportyourchoice toflywasmydream iwanttoflyinthesky wehavealotoffoodandmedicinetoflytothearea myplanistoflyacrosstheatlanticocean iwearwingstoflylikeabird tolearnenglishwellisquitenecessary whentostarthasnotyetbeendecided iwanttoborrowabookfromthelibrary ishowedthestudentshowtodothework youstillhavealotofworktodotoday jeff swishistovisitthemoononeday themostdifficultpartiswheretostart sentencebank youstillhavealotofworktodotoday heistoofrightenedtomove jeff swishistovisitthemoononeday tolearnenglishwellisquitenecessary iwanttoborrowabookfromthelibrary whentostarthasnotyetbeendecided themostdifficultpartiswheretostart ishowedthestudentshowtodothework itisnoteasytobeanenglishteacher ifounditeasytolearnenglishwell telltheusagesoftheinfinitivesinthefollowingsentences 1 dr bushwantstohaveasoundsleep 2 toclimbthehighmountainseemsanimpossibletasktomygrandparents 3 itispossibletofinishtheworkinaweek stime object subject subject 4 whatdoyouthinkistherightthingtodo 5 mywishistobecomeaphysicist 6 tomfounditeasytomasteraforeignlanguage 7 heoftengoestothecybercafetochatwithhisno linefriends object attributive predicative adverbialofpurpose translatethefollowingsentencesintoenglishbyusinginfinitive 1 itisunbelievable 一年之内要修好这座桥 2 heisalways 第一个到学校 3 wefinditinteresting 通过这种方式学英语 tobuildthisbridgewithinoneyear thefirstonetogettoschool tolearnenglish inthisway 4 wedecided 把计划做点改动 5 itisapleasure 和他谈话 6 sheissure 通过考试 7 iamnotsofoolishas 相信他所说的话 tochangetheplanalittlebit totalktohim topasstheexam tobelievewhathesaid completetheconversationwiththeproperformsofthegivenwordsandphrases someofthemmightbeusedtwice maketellstaystartinvitecelebrateknowtravelbegotakepartinintroduce leo cindy youseemnothappytoday what swrongwithyou cindy ithinkidon tknowhow friendswithmychineseclassmates tomake leo don tworry isuggestit sagoodidea anewfriendwhohassimilarinterestswithyou maybeheorsheisglad you someinterestingactivities cindy whatafantasticsuggestion but aconversationisdifficultforme youknow idon tspeakchinesewell tomake toinvite totakepartin tostart leo youcanaskhimorher youaboutsomechinesefestivalsorplacesofinterests forexample lethimorher toyouhow thedragonboatfestivalorhowthethreegorgesgetthename totell introduce tocelebrate cindy soundsinteresting ihopeafriendcanalsoadvisemewhen carefulaboutwhatisayinsomeoccasions likeaformalmeetingorafamilyreunion tobe leo yes inthebeginning itisnoteasy thelanguageandthecustoms aslongasyoustayhereandmakemanynewfriends anexpertinchineseandthecultureisaneasyjob toknow tobe cindy great idecide backtoenglandthissummervacation idecide inchina myplanis acoupleofnewfriendsand aroundchinaintwomonths nottogo tostay tomake totravel summary 动词不定式infinitive 一 不定式结构作主语 toseeonetimeisbetterthantohearahundredtimes toperseveremeansvictory 注 在很多情况下 特别是在口语中 常采用先行it代替主语 而把不定式后置 it sagreatpleasuretobehere itisnotaneasythingtomasteralanguage 注 这种后置不定式的结构也适用于某些谓语动词不是系动词的句子 如 ittookusfivehourstogetthere itmadeusveryangrytohearhimtalklikethat 注 不定式结构的逻辑主语通常可在特定的上下文或情景中看出 也可以由 for 名词词组 来表示 如 itisnothardforonetodoabitofgood itwasdifficultformetodothework 注 某些形容词在上述结构中作表语时 常在不定式之前加上 of 名词词组 来说明不定式所指的是谁的情况 如 it skindofyoutothinksomuchofus it sveryniceofyoutobesoconsiderate it sunwiseofthemtoturndowntheproposal itwascarelessofhertomakesuchamistake 二 不定式结构作表语 主语和表语都是不定式 其含义往往一是条件 一是结果 如 tobekindtotheenemyistobecrueltothepeople todothatwouldbetocutthefoottofittheshoe 2 主语是以aim duty hope idea intention mistake plan proposal job suggestion等为中心词的名词词组 或以what引导的名词性从句表示 后面的不定式说明其内容 如 myideaistoclimbthemountainfromthenorth yourmistakewasnottowritethatletter mysuggestionistostartworkatonce whatiwouldsuggestistostartworkatonce 注 在某些句型中 当主语部分有动作动词do时 作表语的不定式可以省略符号 to 如 allwehavetodoispushthebutton theonlythingicandonowisgoonbymyself allicoulddowassendhimatelegram 三 不定式结构作动词宾语 1 动词 带to的不定式结构 这类动词常见的有 afford agree arrange ask choose decide demand desire expect hope learn manage offer pretend promise refuse want wish like hate prefer continue try start forget mean intend begin 等 例如 i vearrangedtomeethimatteno clock ididn tthink expecttofindyouhere 2 动词 疑问词 带to的不定式结构 这种不定式结构接近一个名词从句 这类动词常见的有 tell advise show teach findout decide discuss learn forget inquire know explain remember see understand wonder等 疑问词 也称连接代 副词 有 what where who m when how whether which why除外 如 idon tknowwhattodo wheretogo who m toask whentostop howtogetthere ihaven tdecidedwhethertosellitornot wemustfindoutwhattodonext wheretoputit 注 如果作宾语的不定式结构有自己的补语 则应使用先行it 把不定式后置 例如 ifinditdifficulttounderstandhim wethoughtitwrongnottohelpher theyfounditimpossibletogeteverythingreadyintime 注 不定式结构一般不可作介词宾语 只有在个别场合 即在含有否定意义的带有介词except或but except 的结构中才能这样用 例如 heseldomcomesexcepttolookatmypictures thechilddidnothingexceptweep shecandoanythingbutsing hewilldoanythingforyouexceptlendyoumoney theycoulddonothingbutwaitforthedoctorstoarrive 注意不定式符号的省略问题 四 不定式结构作定语 1 不定式作定语通常只能放在被修饰的名词之后 如 it stimetogotobed heisnotamantobowbeforedifficulties haveyouanythingtodeclare sheusuallyhasalotofmeetingstoattendintheevening iwanttogetsomethingtoreadduringthevocation 2 能带不定式结构作宾语的动词 转化成名词时往往也能带不定式结构作定语 如 idon twishtoquarrelwithyou ihavenowishtoquarrelwithyou theywillattempttocrosstherivertonight theywillmakeanotherattempttocrosstherivertonight shepromisednottodothatagain shemadeapromisenottodothatagain 3 某些能带不定式结构作状语的形容词 转化成名词时 也能带不定式结构作定语 如 hewasobviouslyanxioustogo hisanxietytogowasobvious 4 不定式结构与所修饰的名词 有时意义上有着主谓关系或动宾关系 如 hehasalargefamilytosupport thathemustsupport 注 处于动宾关系的情况下 如果不定式是不及物动词 它后面应加上必要的介词 如 shehasalotofthingstoattendto thenursehasfivechildrentolookafter let sfirstfindaroomtoputthethingsin 5 有时为了明确不定式结构的逻辑关系 可以在不定式之前加上for 名词词组 如 here sabookforyoutoread hegaveordersforthevisitorstobeshownin 五 不定式结构作状语 不定式结构可以作状语 修饰动词 形容词 副词等 表示目的 原因 结果 条件等 1 表示目的 theyranovertowelcomethedelegates heboughtabicycletogototownmorequickly hewenthometoseehismother 注 不定式结构表示目的时 通常句子的主语就是它的逻辑主语 参见以上三句 但也有例外的情况 例如 istoppedforhimtospeaktome heopenedthedoorforthechildrentocomein hebroughtaportertocarrytheboxes bags theysentamantomendthewindow hestooduptobeseenbetter 注 为了强调表示目的的不定式结构 特别是在不定式结构前有否定词not时 通常可以在不定式符号to之前加上inorder或soas 如 hecamehereinordertoseecharlie heshoutedandwavedsoastobenoticed hewentearlyinordernottomissthetrain iturnedtheradiodownsoasnottodisturbhim 注 表示目的的不定式可以置于句首 这也是区别于其他功能的标志之一 但是 置于句首表示目的的不定式之前可以加上inorder 但却不可以加上soas 如 todrawmapsproperly youneedaspecialpen inordertodrawmapsproperly youneedaspecialpen togetthebestresults usecleanwater 2 表示结果 whathaveisaidtomakeyousoangry hecameroundtofindhimselfinhospital 不定式结构表示结果更常见于下列句型 so asto wouldyoubesokindastolendmeyourbicycle tellmethetime such asto i mnotsuchafoolastobelievethat enoughto theboyisoldenoughtogotoschool too to hiseyesightistoopoortoreadsuchsmallletters 注意 下列句子中的不表示结果 也无否定含义 i monlytoogladtogo i mverygladtogo ishallbeonlytoopleasedtogethome ishallbeverypleasedtogethome onlytoo adv 极 非常 太 很 有时 不定式结构还能表示一个随后发生的动作 相当于一个并列限定动词词组 这种不定式结构也表示结果 如 shewokeearlytofinditwasraining hegothometolearnthathisfatherwasill 这种表示结果的不定式结构具有下列几个特点 不定式所表示的动作是随后发生的 相当于一个限定动词词组 如 hearrivedlatetofindtheothershadgonehome hearrivedlateandfoundtheothershadgonehome 不定式根据是否需要停顿而决定与主句是否用逗号隔开 helefthisnativecountry nevertoreturn hereturnedhome tofindhisfatherlyingsickinbed 不定式所表示的结果往往含有 令人意想不到 的意味 其中以 使人不愉快的结果 较为常见 有时也可以表示令人愉快 惊喜的结果 如 hewenthometofindhisoldfriendgeorgewaitingforhim 不定式之前有时可以加上only或butonly 以加强语气 如 hegottothestationonlytobetoldthetrainhadgone theyliftedarockonlytodropitontheirownfeet 注 不定式结构表示结果或表示目的 往往形式相似 这时 须根据词汇意义认真加以区别 试比较 hearrivedlatetofindtheothershadgonehome hearrivedlateandfoundtheothershadgonehome hearrivedlatetoavoidmeetingrobert hearrivedlateinordertoavoidmeetingrobert hegottothestationonlytobetoldthetrainhadgone hewenttothestationtoinquireaboutthetimesoftrains hewenttothestationinordertoinquireaboutthetimesoftrains 3 表示原因 不定式所表示的动作先于谓语动词的动作 shewepttohearthenews ipretendtobehappytoknowhim helaughedtoseesuchfun sheseemedsurprisedtomeetus 六 不定式结构作宾语补足语 don tforceyourselftowritewhenyouhavenothingtosay hebelievedtheearthtobeaglobe didyouseeayoungmanenterthehouse 1 只能用不定式结构作宾语补足语的动词 表示 希望 愿望 等心理状态的动词 如 wish desire expect love prefer encourage trust等 whatdoyoudesiremetodo thedirectorpreferredhertoacttheoldlady 含有 让 允许 促使 致使 等祈使意义的动词 如 let allow permit decide mean lead bring put hurry cause 等 hisfatherputhimtomindthesheep 带有 请求 恳求 等感情色彩的动词 如 ask desire invite beg request worry等 hebeggedmenottotellhisfatheraboutit shewasalwaysworryingherfathertotakehertoparis 含有 建议 劝告 等意义的动词 如 advise persuade callon urge等 heurgedustoacceptthecompromise thedentistadvisedmetohavethebadtoothpulledout 含有 命令 强迫 禁止 等意义的动词 如 order command require charge tell make oblige force drive forbid warn等 herequiredustokeepitasecret thedoctororderedhimtostayinbedforafewdays iwarnyounottodothatagain 其他还有 help teach show assist report bear waitfor train dependon等 hepromisedtoteachmetoswim weshouldtrainthemtomakeuseofreferencebooks wearewaitingforthetraintostop 2 既能用不定式结构又能用现在分词作宾语补足语的动词 see watch notice lookat hear listento observe feel have imagine find discover like want understand hate bring get leave set didyouseeanyoneenterthehouse don timagineyourselftobealwayscorrect wefindhimtobedishonest hesettheboystocarrywater i llleavehimtosolvetheproblemforhimself 注 有些动词用不定式与用现在分词作宾语补足语 所表达的意义是有差别的 一般说来 用不定式表示一次性动作或动作的完成 即全过程 而用现在分词则表示动作正在进行 即 谓语动词所表示的动作发生时 现在分词所表示的动作正在进行 如 didyouseeanyoneenterthehouse hesawhisfathertalkingwithhisteacher ionceheardhimsingthissong sheheardmr whitesinginginthenextroom 注 使用不定式作宾语补足语时 在有些动词后面 不定式符号to应当省略 下列动词用不定式作宾语补足语时 必须省去不定式符号to let make have see watch notice lookat observe hear listentoheobservedsomeoneopenthedoor iwatchedthemgetintothecar didyounoticehimleavetheroom feel一词在使用todo型不定式作宾语补足语时 不带to 在使用tobe型不定式时 要带to 如 hefeltthemtoberight didyoufeeltheearthshake help一词在使用不定式作宾语补足语时 可以带to 也可以不带to 如 doyouoftenhelpyourmother to dothehousework 使用不定式作宾语补足语的句子 改为被动结构以后 宾语补足语就成了主语补足语 这时 to 不可以省略 如 thebossmadethemworkfrommorningtillnight theyweremadetoworkfrommorningtillnight 不定式的一般式所表示的动作 通常与主要谓语所表示的动作 或状态 同时 或几乎同时 发生 或者是在它之后发生 例如 whoheardhimsaythat theyinvitedustogotherethissummer 如果不定式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生 这个不定式就要用完成式 如 i mgladtohaveseenyourmother cf i mgladtoseeyou 七 不定式的完成式有下列用法 1 构成复合谓语 如 heissaidtohavewrittenanewbookaboutworkers itissaidthathehaswrittenanewbookaboutworkers theenemywasreportedtohavesurrendered itwasreportedthattheenemyhadsurrendered sheseemedtohaveheardaboutitalready itseemedthatshehadalreadyheardaboutit 2 在某些作表语用的形容词后作状语 如 youareluckytohavegotticketstotheconcert youareluckythatyouhavegotticketstotheconcert i msorrytohavegivenyousomuchtrouble i msorryihavegivenyousomuchtrouble shewasverygladtohavedonesomethingforthepeople 3 在某些动词后作宾语 如 hepretendednottohaveseenme imeanttohavetoldyouaboutit butiforgottodoso 4 有时还可以作主语 定语或构成复合宾语 如 itwasagreatsatisfactiontohaverevisitedournativevillage 主语 soyouaretheonetohavecleanedalltheserooms 定语 theythoughtitapitynottohaveinvitedher 复合宾语 shefeltitanhonourtohavetakenpartinthework 复合宾语 如果主要谓语所表示的动作 或情况 发生时 不定式所表示的动作正在进行 这时 不定式就要用进行式 八 不定式的进行式主要有下列几种用法 1 构成复合谓语 如 theyaresaidtobebuildinganotherbridgeacrosstheriver theyseemtobegettingalongquitewell ihappenedtobegoingthatwaytoo 2 在某些动词后构成复合宾语 如 wedidn texpectyoutobewaitingforushere 3 在某些动词后作宾语 如 hepretendedtobelisteningattentively 4 有时可以作主语或状语 如 iamgladtobeworkingwithyou 状语 it sniceofyoutobethinkingofus 主语 九 如果不定式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的时间之前一直在进行 就需要用完成进行式 如 theyaresaidtohavebeencollectingfolksongsinyunnan shewishedtohavebeentrainingashardastheothers it sagreatpleasuretohavebeenworkingwithyou 当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时 不定式一般要采用被动形式 十 不定式的被动形式有下列用法 1 作主语 itisanhonourformetobeaskedtospeakhere 2 作宾语 sheaskedtobesenttoworkinxinjiang 3 构成复合宾语 hewantedthelettertobetypedatonce shedidn tlikeherselftobepraisedlikethat 4 构成复合谓语 thebooksarenotallowedtobetakenoutoftheroom 5 作定语 areyougoingtothemeetingtobeheldintheteachers office 6 作状语 shewastooyoungtobeassignedsuchwork 十一 不定式有时还可以有完成式的被动式 在句中作主语 宾语 定语 或者构成复合宾语 复合谓语等 如 itisagoodthingforhimtohavebeencriticized 主语 shepreferredtohavebeengivenheavierworktodo 宾语 hethoughtitanhonourtohavebeeninvitedtotheparty 复合宾语 t