英语高考时态与语态专讲专练.doc

高中英语语法专讲专练英语高考时态与语态专讲专练解法技巧l 近年来，时态与语态题大都是在对话中考查，一般都是没有明确的时间状语，时间都是情景暗示。做题时必须吃透语境，把握题干的全部信息，弄清动作发生的时间以及与句子主语是主动或被动关系。然后根据自己所掌握的有关知识，发现命题者的意图，“对症下药”，选出最佳答案。熟练掌握每种时态与语态的形式和基本用法是做好此类试题的关键。英语时态知识回顾l 汉语的时态大多是通过副词来表达的，而英语的时态是靠动词的变化和时间状语来表达的。英语中的时态共有十六种，但是常考的或较常用的只有9种，而且重点测试完成时态。 要掌握英语的时态和语态，必须掌握好英语中的助动词(do, be, have)和时间状语这两个核心问题。1、一般现在时 主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表示经常或习惯性的动作，句子中常有often, always, from time to time 等时间状语； 表示客观规律和永恒真理等。l He usually goes to work at 7 oclock every morning.l She has a brother who lives in New York.l The earth goes around the sun.l Guangzhou is situated in the south of China.l 考点一：表示永恒的真理，即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。For example:l I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school.l 考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时；常用的引导词有：l 时间：when, until, after, before, as soon as, once, the moment/the minute, the day; 条件：if, unless, provided.l If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon.l 考点三：在make sure (certain), see to it, mind, care, matter 宾语从句， 从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。For example:So long as he works hard, I dont mind when he finishes the experiment. 只要他努力工作， 我不介意他什么时候做完试验。l 考点四：在the more the more (越越) 句型中, 若主句是一般将来时, 从句通常用一般现在时。For example: The harder you study, the better results you will get.2、现在进行时l 表说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动：或表感情色彩，加强语气。与频度副词，如always，constantly，continually，again等连用表示说话人的某种感情色彩（赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等）。l We are having English class.l The house is being built these days.l The little boy is always making trouble. l 考点一：在时间状语或条件状语从句中表示将来正在进行的动作。l Look out when you are crossing the street. l Dont wake him up if he is still sleeping at 7 tomorrow morning.l 考点二： 表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作（这时多有表示将来的时间状语）。l Mary is leaving on Friday.3、现在完成时l 表示动作发生在过去，完成在过去，但强调与现在情况仍有联系，其结果或影响仍存在。现在完成时有一些标志性的时间状语：l 考点一：for + 时间段；since + 时间点l They have lived in Beijing for five years.l They have lived in Beijing since 1995.l I have learned English for ten years.l 考点二：常见的不确定的时间状语：lately; recently, just, already, yet, up to now; till now; so far, these days, Has it stopped raining yet ? l 考点三：在表示“最近几世纪/ 年/ 月以来”时间状语中，谓语动词用现在完成时。l in the past few years/months/weeks/days；over the past few years; during the last three months; for the last few centuries, through centuries; throughout history 等 l 考点四：表示“第几次做某事，”或在 “It is the best (worst, most interesting ) +名词 that” 后面跟现在完成时。This is my first time that I have visited China. l This is the most interesting film I have ever seen.l That is the only book that he has written. 4一般过去时l 表在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作，或过去习惯性动作，不强调对现在的影响，只说明过去。常跟明确的过去时间连用，如：yesterday; last week; in 1945, at that time; once; during the war; before; a few days ago; when, 注意：l 考点一：used to + do，表示过去经常但现在已不再维持的习惯动作。to为不定式，后接动词原形。be/become/get used to + doing，表示习惯于l He used to smoke a lot.l He has got used to getting up early.l 考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替过去将来时。He promised to buy me a computer if he got a raise .5. 过去进行时l 表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。For example:l The boy was doing his homework when his father came back from work.l He was taking a walk leisurely by the lake when he heard someone shouted for help.l What were you doing at nine last night?l The radio was being repaired when you called me.6. 过去完成时l 表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，即过去完成时的动作发生在“过去的过去”，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语，这种时态从来不孤立使用 ( before, after, by, up till ) For example:l There had been 25 parks in our city up till 2000.l By the end of last term we had finished the book.l They finished earlier than we had expected.l 考点一：用于hardly/scarcely.when; no sooner .than 句型中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。l I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me.l I had no sooner got into the room than it began to snow.l No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang. （注意主谓倒装）l 考点二：表示“第几次做某事”，主句用过去时，从句用过去完成时。For example:l That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather.It was 3 years since we had parted。 l 考点三：动词hope, expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan 用过去完成时，表示未实现的愿望、打算和意图。For example:l I had hoped that I could do the job.l I had intended to see you but I was too busy.7. 一般将来时表在将来某个时间会发生的动作或情况。常和tomorrow, next year, in 2008等表示将来的时间状语连用，其表现形式多达5种。l Beijing will host the 29th Olympic Games in 2008.l 考点一：一般将来时总是用在一些时间状语从句或条件状语从句的主句中：l We will begin our class as soon as the teacher comes.l （主句用一般将来时，从句中一定要用一般现在时替代一般将来时。）l 考点二：某些表示短暂性动作的动词如arrive, come, go, leave, start等，用现在进行时形式表示将来。I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow.l 考点三：“祈使句 + and/or + 句子”，这种结构中and后面的句子谓语用一般将来时。l Use your head and you will find a way.l 考点四：“am (is, are) going to + 动词原形”，表示打算要做的事或可能要发生的事。l “am (is, are) about to + 动词原形”表示按照预定计划或打算准备着手进行的动作。l “am (is, are) to + 动词原形”表示必须、必然或计划将要做的事。l They are to be married in this May.8、将来进行时表将来某个时间正在发生的动作，或按计划一定会发生的事情。l Ill be doing my homework this time tomorrow. 明天这会我正在写作业。l The President will be meeting the foreign delegation at the airport. 9、将来完成时l 表在将来某时刻之前业已完成的事情，时间状语非常明显。l 考点一：常用的时间状语一般用by+将来的时间。如：by the end of this year, by 8 oclock this evening, by March next year以及由by the time, before或when等引导的副词从句。l By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot.l By the time you reach the station, the train will have left.l By next Tuesday, I will have got ready for the exams.l 考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，将来完成时则由现在完成时表示。l The children will do their homework the moment(as soon as) they have arrived back from school.英语动词语态知识回顾一般用于强调受者， 做题时谓语动词不再有名词或宾语。动词的语态一般不单独考，而是和时态、语气和非谓语动词一起考，只是需要注意以下考点。l 考点一：不能用于被动语态的动词和词组l come true, consist of, take place, happen, become, rise, occur, belong, break out, appear, arrive, die, fall, last, exist, fail, succeedl It took place before liberation. l 考点二：下列动词的主动语态表示被动意义, 而且常与well, quite, easily, badly等副词连用。l lock ( 锁 ) ; wash ( 洗 ); sell ( 卖 ); read ( 读 ); wear ( 穿 ); blame (责备)；ride (乘坐)； write ( 写 )； Glass breaks easily. 玻璃容易破碎。 The car rides smoothly. 这车走起来很稳。l The case locks easily. 这箱子很好锁。The book sells well. 这本书很畅销。l 考点三：一些常用经典被动句型：l It is said, It is reported, It is widely believed， It is expected, It is estimated, 这些句子一般翻译为“据说”，“人们认为”，而 “以前人们认为” 则应该说：It was believed, It was thought高考试题回放1、 2006全国卷John, a friend of mine,who got married only last week, spent $3000 more than he_for the wedding.A. will plan B. has plannedC. would plan D. had planned2、全国卷If city noises _ from increasing, people _ shout to be heard even at the dinner table 20 years from now.A. are not kept, will have to B. are not kept, have toC. do not keep, will have to D. do not keep, have to解析：keep sb. from doing sth. 当宾语sb.放在 keep之前作主语时keep为被动式。3、北京卷A new cinema_here. They hope to finish it next month.A. will be built B. is builtC. has been built D. is being built4.全国卷In some parts of the world, tea_with milk and sugar.A. is serving B. is served C. serves D.served5、全国卷-_the sports meet might be put off.-Yes, it all depends on the weather.A. Ive been told B.Ive toldC. Im told C.I told 6、全国卷-Youve left the light on.-Oh, so I have._and turn it off. A. Ill go B. Ive gone C. I go D. Im going7、全国卷Helen_her keys in the office, so she had to wait until her husband_home.A. has left; come B. left; had comeC.had left; came D. had left; would come8、全国卷-Hey, look where you are going!-Oh, Im terribly sorry. _. A. Im noticing B. I wasnt noticing C. I havent noticed D. I dont notice9、上海卷Books of this kind_well.A. sell B. sells C. are sold D. is sold10、全国卷The price _,but I doubt whether it will remain so.A. went down B. will go downC. has gone down D. was going down11、全国卷-Alice, why didnt you come yesterday?-I _,but I had an unexpected visitor.A. had B. would C. was going to D. did12、全国卷-Hi,Francy, you look tired.Im tired. I _ the living room all day.A. painted B. had paintedC. have been painted D. have paintedl I have written a letter.(写完了) I have been writing a letter.(未写完)高考练兵场1. - Oh, dear. I forgot the air tickets. - You _ something. A. have left B. are always leaving C. are leaving D. always left点睛： 进行时态与always, all the time等连用，表示习惯性行为，且带有浓厚的感情色彩。此处可理解为“你总是丢三落四的”。 2. - I _ so busily recently that I _ no time to help you with your math.- Thats OK. I can manage it by myself.A. have been working; have B. have worked; hadC. am working; will have D. had been working; had had点睛： recently常与现在完成时或一般过去时连用。第二空应用一般现在时。 3. Remember to send me a photo of us next time you _ to me.l are writing B. will writeC. has written D. write点睛： next time引导时间状语从句，而且其谓语动词常用一般现在时表示将来。 4. He _ at the meeting, but his heart attack prevented him.A. will speak B. is going to speak C. had to speak D. was going to speak点睛：由题意“他本来打算在会上发言，但”可知应选项。 5. - I beg your pardon, but I didnt quite catch you. - Oh, I _ myself.A. am talking to B. talked aboutC. have talked to D. was talking to点睛：Oh, I was talking to myself.意为“噢， 我（刚才）只是在自言自语”。 6. I _ ping-pong quite well, but I havent had time to play since the New Year.A. will play B. have playedC. played D. play点睛：“乒乓球打得好”是一般情况，故用一般现在时。 7. - Excuse me, sir. Would you do me a favour?- Of course. What is it?- I _ if you could take me to the station.A. would wonder B. did wonderC. was wondering D. had wondered点睛：某些动词（如：wonder, hope, think等）常用过去进行时表示委婉的语气。 8. She _ to the office than she got down to writing the report.A. has no sooner got B. had hardly gotC. no sooner got D. had no sooner got点睛：在no sooner.than.（刚就）句型中，主句常用过去完成时态。 9. - Have you finished the report?- No. I _ it all this week.A. will do B. had doneC. have done D. have been doing点睛：现在完成进行时可用于表示动作或状态从过去某一时间开始，一直持续到现在，有可能继续延续下去，也可能刚刚结束。本题使用现在完成进行时强调了动作的持续性和未完成性。 10. I can guess you were in a hurry. You _ your sweater inside out.A. had worn B. woreC. were wearing D. are wearing点睛：此处用现在进行时来解释前面所说的话，意为“我猜你刚才一定很匆忙，毛衫都穿反了”。 11. - We _ that you would fix the TV set this week. - Im sorry. I _ to fix it this week, but Ive been too busy.A. had expected; had intendedB. are expecting; had intendedC. expect; intendD. expected; intend点睛：由宾语从句中的would f