美国总统制简介（英文）ppt课件

PRESIDENCY ConstitutionalOrigins ConstitutionalConvention Debatearoseover Qualifications FormalqualificationsArticleIIoftheConstitution Clause5 Section1 NoPersonexceptanaturalbornCitizen oraCitizenoftheUnitedStates atthetimeoftheAdoptionofthisConstitution shallbeeligibletotheOfficeofPresident neithershallanypersonbeeligibletothatOfficewhoshallnothaveattainedtotheAgeofthirtyfiveYears andbeenfourteenYearsaResidentwithintheUnitedStates Historically manycandidateswhohaverunfortheofficeofthepresidenthavealsosharedseveralcharacteristics politicalormilitaryexperiencepoliticalacceptabilitymarriedwhitemaleprotestantnorthernEuropeanancestry 22ndAmendmentin1951 Section1 NopersonshallbeelectedtotheofficeofthePresidentmorethantwice andnopersonwhohasheldtheofficeofPresident oractedasPresident formorethantwoyearsofatermtowhichsomeotherpersonwaselectedPresidentshallbeelectedtotheofficeofthePresidentmorethanonce ButthisarticleshallnotapplytoanypersonholdingtheofficeofPresidentwhenthisarticlewasproposedbytheCongress andshallnotpreventanypersonwhomaybeholdingtheofficeofPresident oractingasPresident duringthetermwithinwhichthisarticlebecomesoperativefromholdingtheofficeofPresidentoractingasPresidentduringtheremainderofsuchterm Section2 ThisarticleshallbeinoperativeunlessitshallhavebeenratifiedasanamendmenttotheConstitutionbythelegislaturesofthree fourthsoftheseveralStateswithinsevenyearsfromthedateofitssubmissiontotheStatesbytheCongress SuccessionandDisability TheConstitutionprovidesthatifthepresidentcannolongerserveinoffice thevicepresidentwillcarryoutthepowersanddutiesoftheoffice TheConstitutiondoesnotstatethatthevicepresidentshallactuallybecomepresident ThattraditionbeganwiththedeathofW H Harrison Theninthpresident Diedonhis32nddayinofficeofcomplicationsfrompneumonia servingtheshortesttenureinUnitedStatespresidentialhistoryHissuccessor thenVice president JohnTyler WilliamHenryHarrison February9 1773 April4 1841 AftertheassassinationofJohnF Kennedy the25thAmendment adoptedonFebruary23 1967 wasaddedtotheConstitution stating1thevicepresidentbecomespresidentiftheofficeofpresidentbecomesvacant 2amendmentalsoprovidesforthenewpresidenttonominateanewvicepresident withtheapprovalofamajorityofbothhousesofCongress ThefirstuseoftheTwenty FifthAmendmentoccurredwhenSpiroAgnewresignedthevicepresidencyandwasreplacedbyGeraldFordin1973 ThefollowingyearitwasusedagainwhenPresidentRichardNixonresigned VicePresidentGeraldFordbecamepresident andFordnominated andCongressconfirmed NelsonRockefellerashisnewvicepresident 38thpresident August9 1974 January20 1977 precededbyRichardNixonsucceededbyJimmyCarter Presidentialdisability the25thAmendment Ifthepresidentisunabletoperformthedutiesofhisoffice thevicepresidentmaybecome actingpresident underoneofthefollowingconditions 1ThepresidentinformsCongressoftheinabilitytoperformthedutiesofpresident 2ThevicepresidentandamajorityofthecabinetinformCongress inwriting thatthepresidentisdisabledandunabletoperformthoseduties ThepresidentmayresumethedutiesofofficeuponinformingCongressthatnodisabilityexists Ifthevicepresidentandamajorityofthecabinetdisagree Congresshas21daystodecidetheissueofpresidentialdisabilitybyatwo thirdsvoteofbothhouses ImpeachmentandRemoval ConstitutiongivestheHouseofRepresentativestheauthoritytoimpeachthepresidentorvicepresidentfor Treason BriberyorotherHighCrimesandMisdemeanors ImpeachmentProcess FloorproceedingsoftheU S SenateduringtheimpeachmenttrialofPresidentBillClintonin1999 ChiefJusticeWilliamH Rehnquistpresiding Housemanagersareseatedbesidethequarter circulartablesontheleftandthepresident spersonalcounselontheright TheRoadtotheWhiteHouse 2basicmethods SucceedtotheofficeOrwinelectiontotheoffice tobetalkedaboutinnextclass PoliticalExperienceisneeded Manynomineesseekingtheofficehavegainedpoliticalexperiencethroughelectedorappointedoffices inCongress mostlytheSenate asstategovernors asvicepresident orasacabinetmember Severalnomineesgainedrecognitionasmilitaryleaders TheVicePresidency Theofficeofthevicepresidenthasbeenseenasonetobeavoidedbyambitiouspoliticians Constitutionally 2duties presideovertheSenate castingtie breakingvotesifnecessaryhelpdeterminepresidentialdisabilityunderthe25thAmendmentandtakeoverthepresidencyifnecessary JoeBiden incumbentVice President sinceJanuary20 2009 Formalqualifications thesameasthoseforthepresidentServesafour yeartermNumberofterms notlimitedTheselectionofthenomineeforvicepresident 1Atthenationalconvention2Selectedasa runningmate bythepresidentialnominee Today thevicepresidentisoftengivenalargerroleingovernment takingpartincabinetmeetings servingontheNationalSecurityCouncil andactingasthepresident srepresentativeondiplomaticmissions JoeBiden incumbentVice President sinceJanuary20 2009 PresidentialPowers 6specified Presidentialpowerscanbecategorizedasexecutive legislative diplomatic military judicial andpartypowers ExecutivePowersenforceslaws treaties andcourtdecisionsissuesexecutiveorderstocarryoutpoliciesappointsofficials removesofficialsassumesemergencypowerspresidesoverthecabinetandexecutivebranch LegislativePowersGivesannualStateoftheUnionmessage constitutionallyrequired identifyingproblems recommendingpolicies andsubmittingspecificproposals president slegislativeagenda Expectationsarethatthepresidentwillproposeacomprehensivelegislativeprogramtodealwithnationalproblems theBudgetandAccountingActof1921requiresthepresidenttoprepareandproposeafederalbudget BarackObamadeliveringthe2010StateoftheUnion Issuesannualbudgetandeconomicreports Signsorvetoesbills Proposeslegislationandusesinfluencetogetitpassed CallsforspecialsessionsofCongress DiplomaticPowersappointsambassadorsandotherdiplomatsnegotiatestreatiesandexecutiveagreementsmeetswithforeignleadersininternationalconferencesaccordsdiplomaticrecognitiontoforeigngovernmentsreceivesforeigndignitaries BlairHouse theofficialstateguesthouseforthePresidentoftheUnitedStates MilitaryPowersservesascommander in chiefofthearmedforceshasfinaldecision makingauthorityinmattersofnationalandforeigndefenseprovidesfordomesticorder PresidentBarackObamaandVicePresidentJoeBiden alongwithmembersofthenationalsecurityteam receiveanupdateonthemissionagainstOsamabinLadenintheSituationRoomoftheWhiteHouse May1 2011 JudicialPowersappointsmembersofthefederaljudiciarygrantsreprieves 缓刑 pardons andamnesty TheUSSupremeCourtin2009 PresidenthasthepowertonominatejudgeswiththeadviceandconsentoftheSenate PartyPowersistherecognizedleaderofthepartychoosesvice presidentialnomineestrengthensthepartybyhelpingmembersgetelected coattails appointspartymemberstogovernmentpositions patronage influencespoliciesandplatformoftheparty coattails基于政治声望的竞选实力 强有力的总统候选人有能力带领别人在竞选中取胜 LimitationsonPresidentialPowersCongressionalchecks overridepresidentialvetoes requiresatwo thirdsvoteofbothhousesofCongress powerofthepurse agencybudgetsmustbeauthorizedandappropriatedbyCongress In1974CongresspassedtheCongressionalBudgetandImpoundmentControlAct whichdeniedthepresidenttherighttorefusetospendmoneyappropriatedbyCongressandgaveCongressagreaterroleinthebudgetprocess powerofimpeachment approvalpowersoverappointments legislationthatlimitsthepresident spowers forexample theWarPowersActlimitedthepresident sabilitytousemilitaryforce LegislativevetoestorejecttheactionsofthepresidentorexecutiveagencybyavoteofoneorbothhousesofCongresswithouttheconsentofthepresident declaredunconstitutionalbytheSupremeCourtin1983 Judicialchecks JudicialreviewofexecutiveactionsPoliticalchecks publicopinion mediaattention popularity TheBureaucracy Abureaucracyisasystematicwayoforganizingacomplexandlargeadministrativestructure Thebureaucracyisresponsibleforcarryingouttheday to daytasksoftheorganization ThebureaucracyofthefederalgovernmentisthesinglelargestintheUnitedStates with2 8millionemployees Bureaucraciesgenerallyfollowthreebasicprinciples hierarchicalauthority similartoapyramid withthoseatthetophavingauthorityoverthosebelowjobspecialization eachworkerhasdefineddutiesandresponsibilities adivisionoflaboramongworkersmalrules establishedregulationsandproceduresthatmustbefollowed HistoryandGrowthbeginnings standardsforofficeincludedqualificationsandpoliticalacceptabilityspoilssystem practiceofgivingofficesandgovernmentfavorstopoliticalsupportersandfriends 政党分肥制 分赃制 reformmovement competitiveexamsweretriedbutfailedduetoinadequatefundingfromCongress PendletonAct CivilServiceActof1883 passedaftertheassassinationofGarfieldbyadisappointedoffice seeker replacedthespoilssystemwithameritsystem 考绩制 文官录用制度 asthebasisforhiringandpromotion HatchActof1939 amendedin1993 prohibitsgovernmentemployeesfromengaginginpoliticalactivitieswhileonduty runningforofficeorseekingpoliticalfundingwhileoffduty orifinsensitivepositions maynotbeinvolvedwithpoliticalactivitiesonoroffduty CivilServiceReformActof1978 createdtheOfficeofPersonnelManagement replacedtheCivilServiceCommission torecruit trainandestablishclassificationsandsalariesforfederalemployees OrganizationThefederalbureaucracyisgenerallydividedinto4basictypes 1cabinetdepartments 15executivedepartmentscreatedtoadvisethepresidentandoperateaspecificpolicyareaofgovernmentalactivity DepartmentofState DepartmentofLabor DepartmentoftheInterior eachdepartmentisheadedbyasecretary excepttheDepartmentofJustice whichisheadedbytheattorneygeneral 2independentexecutiveagencies similartodepartmentsbutwithoutcabinetstatus NASA SmallBusinessAdministration 3independentregulatoryagencies independentfromtheexecutive createdtoregulateorpolice SecuritiesandExchangeCommission NuclearRegulatoryCommission FederalReserveBoard 4governmentcorporations createdbyCongresstocarryoutbusiness likeactivities generallychargeforservices TennesseeValleyAuthority NationalRailroadPassengerCorporation AMTRAK 美国铁路公司 UnitedStatesPostalService InfluencesontheFederalBureaucracyexecutiveinfluences appointingtherightpeople issuingexecutiveorders affectingtheagency sbudget reorganizationoftheagency Congressionalinfluences influencingappointments affectingtheagency sbudget holdinghearings rewritinglegislationormakinglegislationmoredetailed irontriangles subgovernments影子政府 irontrianglesarealliancesthatdevelopbetweenbureaucraticagencies interestgroups andcongressionalcommitteesorsubcommittees Becauseofacommongoal thesealliancesmayworktohelpeachotherachievetheirgoals withCongressandthepresidentoftendeferringtotheirinfluence issuenetworks individualsinWashington locatedwithininterestgroups Congressionalstaff thinktanks universities andthemedia whoregularlydiscussandadvocatepublicpolicies Unlikeirontriangles issuenetworkscontinuallyformanddisbandaccordingtothepolicyissues TheExecutiveOfficeofthePresident EOP includestheclosestadvisorstothepresidentitwasestablishedin1939 everypresidenthasreorganizedtheEOPaccordingtohisstyleofleadershipWithintheexecutiveofficeareseveralseparateagencies WhiteHouseOffice personalandpoliticalstaffmemberswhohelpwiththeday to daymanagementoftheexecutivebranch includesthechiefofstaff counseltothepresident presssecretaryNationalSecurityCouncil establishedbytheNationalSecurityActof1947 advisesthepresidentonmattersofdomesticandforeignnationalsecurity OfficeofManagementandBudget helpsthepresidentpreparetheannualfederalbudgetOfficeofFaith BasedandCommunityInitiatives createdbyGeorgeW BushtoencourageandexpandprivateeffortstodealwithsocialproblemsOfficeofNationalDrugControlPolicy advisoryandplanningagencytocombatthenation sdrugproblems OfficeofPolicyDevelopment givesthepresidentdomesticpolicyadviceCouncilofEconomicAdvisors informsthepresidentabouteconomicdevelopmentsandproblemsOfficeofU S TradeRepresentative advisesthepresidentaboutforeigntradeandhelpsnegotiateforeigntradeagreements OfficeofAdministration providesadministrativeservicestopersonneloftheEOCandgivesdirectsupportservicestothepresidentCouncilonEnvironmentalQuality coordinatesfederalenvironmentaleffortsandanalyzesenvironmentalpoliciesandinitiatives OfficeofScienceandTechnologyPolicy advisesthepresidentontheeffectsofscienceandtechnologyondomesticandinternationalaffairs italsoworkswiththeprivatesectorandstateandlocalgovernmentstoimplementeffectivescienceandtechnologypoliciesOfficeoftheVicePresident consistsofthevicepresident sstaff ExecutiveDepartments State 1789 advisesthepresidentonforeignpolicy negotiatestreaties representstheUnitedStatesininternationalorganizationsTreasury 1789 collectsfederalrevenues paysfederalbills mintscoinsandprintspapermoney enforcesalcohol tobaccoandfirearmlaws Defense 1789 formedfromtheDepartmentofWarandtheDepartmentoftheNavy 1789 butchangedtotheDepartmentofDefensein1947 managesthearmedforces operatesmilitarybasesInterior 1849 managesfederallands refuges and