英语本科毕业论文-中国慈善事业任重道远.doc

此文档收集于网络，如有侵权，请联系网站删除 本科毕业论文 中国慈善事业任重道远学生姓名： 学生学号： 200320207109 院（系）： 外国语学院 年级专业： 2003级英语本科5班 指导教师： 二七年五月A Long Way to Go for Chinese CharitiesHua JuanUnder the Supervision ofJiang TainingSchool of Foreign Languages and CulturesPanzhihua UniversityMay 2007精品文档ContentsAbstract.IKey Words.I摘要.II关键词.IIIntroduction.1I. Comparison of the Present Situation of Chinese Philanthropy with American Philanthropy.2 A. A Few Charitable Organizations.2 B. The Organization of Social Assistance and Welfare.2 C. The Charitable Organization and the Activities.3II. The Reasons for the Difference Between American and Chinese Philanthropy.4A. Different Factors Contributing to American Charities.4 1. Historical, Religious and Cultural Factors.4 2. Economic and Educational Factors.6 3. Benefits and Perfect Legal System7B. Different Factors Contributing to Chinese Charities.8 1. Historical, Religious and Cultural Factors8 2. Few Organizations and Participators.9 3. Lack of Public Sense.10 4. Imperfect Legal System.11. Promotion of the Chinese Charity.11 A. Much Propaganda of Philanthropy.11 B. More Charitable Actions.12 C. Voluntary Service.13 D. Laws to Regulate Charities 13Conclusion.15Acknowledgements.16Bibliography17AbstractPhilanthropy is defined in different ways. The origin of the word philanthropy is Greek, meaning love for mankind. Today, philanthropy includes the concept of voluntary giving by an individual or group to promote the common good. Philanthropy also commonly refers to grants of money given by foundations to nonprofit organizations. Philanthropy addresses the contributions of an individual or group to other organizations that, in turn, work for the causes of poverty or social problems, improving the quality of life for all citizens. Philanthropic giving supports a variety of activities, including research, health, education, arts and culture, and alleviating poverty. In view of the important of philanthropy in our society, it is surprising that so little attention has been give to it by social. In our society, especially, the subject is almost ignored. This article seeks to remedy a small part of that ignorance. Through a comparison between the Chinese and American philanthropy we can know that the Chinese present philanthropy is in its seedtime. For example, it has a few organizations and only a few people participate in it. The people lack in the public spirits. The legal system is imperfect and so on. However, the present American has a perfect system in philanthropy. The goal of the research reported here was to learn some essences from American and increase the understanding of the Chinese philanthropy has a long way to go! Key WordsChinese philanthropy; American philanthropy; undeveloped; improve摘要慈善事业一词起源希腊语，意谓仁慈善良。慈善事业在社会中起着重要的作用，如缩小贫富差距、缓解社会矛盾、缓和贫穷等等。但是有着这么重要的作用的慈善事业却没有得到大家的应该给与的关注，甚至一部分人都忘了它的存在。而本文这就通过将中国和美国慈善事业相比较得出中国的慈善事业发展还处于初级阶段，如目前为止中国的慈善组织的量很少而且也因为这个原因导致很少的人参与到慈善事业之中； 现在的人们都缺少公众意识；慈善体制不完善等等。而在同时美国的慈善事业有着较完美的体制。 这篇文章也就是在这一系列的研究之后作出分析并提出一些建议，希望能引起跟多的人来关注中国的慈善事业。因为中国慈善事业还有很长的路要走这需要我们大家共同的努力。关键词中国慈善事业；美国慈善事业；不发达；改善IntroductionPhilanthropy is a moral and worthy matter, and the philanthropy is an inalienable part of civilized society functioning. We now live in complex societies where quite often one finds it difficult to separate state responsibilities from those of other sectors of society. It no longer makes good sense for each sector of society to go alone. The thesis is to provide some input on issues relating to philanthropy in America and China. As a beginning, the present situation of the Chinese and American philanthropy will be specifically discussed. The thesis has offered a range of analysis, case studies to know the philanthropy. For example, the Chinese have a few charitable organizations. According to the survey of Chinese official media, at present registration enterprises have surpassed 10 million in China. However, in the donation list there are not more than 100,000. So we can know that 99% of Chinese enterprises have not participated in any charitable donation! What is more, in the planned economy time, the charitable organizations were managed by the government. The Chinese government required that the fund-raising activities for disaster relief should only be assumed by the China Red Cross and the departments of civil affairs of the government. The Chinese government hinders the development of philanthropy to some extent. A conclusion can be drawn that the Chinese philanthropy is at the initial stage. Then the reasons such as historical, religious, cultural, economic and educational factors, and legal system between the American and Chinese philanthropy will be analyzed in this paper. Some suggestions will be made to promote the Chinese philanthropy, for example, to enlarge the propaganda of philanthropy and to perfect the laws and so on. Although the Chinese philanthropy has a long way to go we would like to believe that the overall outlook remains optimistic. . Comparison of the Present Situation of Chinese Philanthropy with American PhilanthropyA. A Few Charitable OrganizationsComparing with the American philanthropy, the Chinese philanthropy has a quite short history. The Chinese philanthropy has already developed for 20 years. We have a few charitable organizations. Now we have about 100 public charitable welfare organizations. But the American has more than 1.2million in 1998. And our charitable donation doesnt occupy more than 0.1% of GDP in Our country. However, in the sometimes the American charitable donation has occupied more than 9% of American GDP. As we know, the American had a population of 296.4million in 2005; the American charity received about 260.3 billion US dollars. So that means each person donates 878.2 US dollars. But in the same time the Chinese personal donation is only 1.7 billion Yuan. Chinese population is 1.3 billion. So each person only donates 1.3 Yuan, which is equal to 0.16 US dollar. Its worth pointing out that in China about 75% of charitable donation comes from overseas, 10% comes from the common people, only some 15% comes from the domestic rich persons. The Chinese per person charitable donation amount is only 1/5500 of the American. If the Chinese rich people have no interest in the charitable donation, comparing with them the Chinese enterprise is stingier. According to survey of the Chinese official media, at present registration enterprises have surpassed 10 million in china. However, in the donation list there are not more than 100,000. So we can know that 99% of Chinese enterprises have not participated in any charitable donation! B. The Organization of Social Assistance and Welfare In the planned economy time, the organization of society relief and welfare are managed by the government. In fact, Chinese philanthropy formed a kind of mechanism which has coordinated by the bureau of civil administration and other department who concern it. And it plays an important role in rescuing people from the difficult position. But, because the bureau of civil administration undertakes charitably donations directly, so it lacks of voluntary independence and spontaneity which the philanthropy originally should have. The charitable organization is always operated by government. Then the development of the civilian charitable organization receives the restriction. A researcher from Chinese Academy in Social Sciences sociology analyzed. In recent years, although the quantity of charitable organizations became more and more, but the majority belong to the government service department or attaches to the operation of the governmental agency. Unavoidably, it will receive more intervention from the government. Even some charitable organization becomes the second governments .So many citizens think they have nothing to do with the philanthropy. Therefore they have paid little attention to the charitable donation. Sometimes Chinese people are used to donating time and money in charity, but they are not accustomed to giving it to strangers. The matter relates essentially to the Chinese system of guanxi or personal connections. The guanxi connections extend to those who share a certain identity (village, town, province, or alma mater). In 1998, Chinese charitably donates only has 1 U.S dollar per person. In 2000, it drops to1 Yuan. But in America, about 70% of families all have the donation, and each family donates about 900 US dollars every year, accounts for 2.2% of the families gross income. Many of American donors give something to organizations to help people they dont know, often people far away. And they usually like the idea that their contributions can sustain groups that continue to help people beyond our lifetimessuch groups as the Red Cross, Human Rights and Community Service Programs and so on.C. The Charitable Organization and the ActivitiesThe charitable organization and the activity are lack of the legal standard. We have no standard laws and administrative documents on charitable public welfare organization. Like the system of the charitable public welfare organization and the system of financial organization. These rescue relief all lack of the corresponding laws and regulations. Because the law is incomplete even have some flaws so it is so difficult for the development of charitable organization. If the charitable culture is the soul of the American philanthropy, then the system constituted its huge stature. In the United States, charitable activities is a great industry, if you can say what kind of person are in need of aid or what kind of things are very unfair you can find an organization to help. The United States has perfect system of fund control. We can see the legislation, the public service, the society supervisor and the internal operation is quite mature. These causes the enterprise and individual feel relieved when giving money to these organizations, and trust that charitable organization can use the money where it is truly needed. The American government and the society have also carried on various supervising and managing for the charitable organization. Charitable organizations will give a report to the Internal Revenue Service annually. This report contains where the funds come from and how to use these funds. Then the government inspector know whether the activity conform to the laws.So we can know from it that the present Chinese philanthropy is at the initial stage. And now we should try our best to do it better. So it is so important for us to learn the beneficial experience from the America and bring honor to our transitional outstanding culture, to speed up the reform of the management organization, to activate the innovation ability of the Chinese charitable organization, to consummate the legal system and the tax system which are beneficial to our philanthropy, to form the charitable rescue pattern of “the localization” and the path which conforms to the Chinese national condition. II. The Reasons for the Difference Between American and Chinese PhilanthropyA. Different Factors Contributing to American Charities 1. Historical, Religious and Cultural FactorsAs a country of immigrants, the American philanthropy may trace back to the tradition to the west. The philanthropy of the western originates from the Christianity church, because in the Christianity religious doctrine there is the thought of the Pu world, rescuing the poor is continuously an important duty for the church. The church has some charitable way like scene donations which deeply affect the modern philanthropy. As early as in the Middle Ages, the organization of philanthropy appeared in Europe. Besides the religious charities appeared charitable organization at the beginning of 17th century. Whats more, the Americas philanthropy has adopted Europes tradition. In addition, Peter Rogge who is an expert of American history studies in the American Boston University also believes that American philanthropy originates with the American itself. When the Mayflower arrived in America mainland, all the people on the ship did not have their own private property, each kind of appliance was public, and once a person had the difficulty there would be so many people to come to help. So it formed the first charitable work. In Americans Philanthropy, the historian Mr. Robert has also clarified a fact, namely indigenous American treat the first group of immigrants more goodness which reveals “the Christian” than these immigrants who immigrate to America now. The religion and the history are dually interlocked, so the Americans pay more enthusiasm to the philanthropy. The American philanthropy has a great cultural background. It derived from Christian tradition. Early Christians condemned the worldly wealth. They thought the trader buys cheap and sells dear are crime behaviors. So they hold extremely negative attitude for commercial activity. Commercial trade will encourage people to become greedy and give up following the God, so Christians should not do business. Thus, in the Christian tradition that the rich born to evil persons. So if the rich want to go to heaven, the only way is contribute their own wealth to the poor. The other is mutual aids . It is well known that the Americans had no social security in the United States during the British colonial rule. Because until the federal Constitution was adopted, the government had not been given any function, they couldnt give citizens any social security. This situation forced people to organize autonomy, and mutual relief is widespread. For example, the early American philanthropist Benjamin Franklin improves the condition of poor places through substantial private donation. Just as Mr. Tucker said about Americans Democracy, In France, every organizes the new enterprise, all acts on behalf of by the government; In England, local powerful official will take the lead; In US, you can see the people organize the mass organization certainly.2. Economic and Educational FactorsAmerican economic condition is quiet good, but many Americans do not bequeath the inheritance to the descendants. The young people have no interest to inherit the inheritance. They advocate start from scratch and realize their own “American dream. Warren Buffet said that, I hoped my three children have the enough energy to do which they want to do, I dont want them have nothing except money. The Americana think if the parents spoil the child and let the child enjoy themselves only, which will possibly be the worst matter in the life. Because it can make the child lose of the experience of success. They do not want to children to be the wealthy man who sits idle and enjoys the fruits. They are worried that if the child easily obtains the large amount of property the childs ability will be suppressed. They also worry about their childrens becoming a person who has no ability to acquire wealth. They believe it may push them to the abyss. So donation is advantageous to childrens growth and social development. The Americans believe that their family member have already lived very well, and the wealth should not concentrate in the minority manpower. Bill Gates father old William write to President Bush, The cancellation inheritance tax will cause the children of the American millionaires or billionaires wealthy to attain without effort, causes the rich person forever to be rich , the poor person forever will be poor, this will injure the poor person family. Buffet once worked as childs surface said at the company general meeting of shareholders: That kind thought as long as to find the right mother and father may have enough food and clothing, has harmed fair idea in my heart. He announced that he who will donate 99% of personal properties which surpasses 30 billion US dollars to the philanthropy; he wants to use it to provide the scholarship for poor student and provides the fund for the birth control aspect medical research. These behaviors have truly manifested equality consciousness of the wealth help poverty.The American early philanthropists believed that, the poor man had less opportunity to be educated. The poorer but have less opportunity to educate. And we know the education level affects its enhancement living standard, thus causes the vicious circle. The Carnegie foundation has donated 5.6 million US dollars to initiate education. Harvard University foundation has the strongest economic potentiality in the world, existing about 5 billion US dollars reserves. In addition, American education specially broadcasts the education program, which does not need the advertisement support, because it obtained the Ford foundation vigorously to subsidize. Until today, in American elementary and middle schools, teachers frequently talk about some philanthropists and their organizations.3. Benefits and Perfect Legal SystemIf the charitable culture is the soul of American modern philanthropy, then the system constitutes the strong physique which has supported its huge stature. On the one hand, in American the inheritance tax system has quite consummated. When inheritance sur