英语本科毕业论文-攀枝花生态旅游的发展.doc

此文档收集于网络，如有侵权，请联系网站删除本科毕业论文 攀枝花生态旅游的发展学生姓名： 学生学号： 200320207115 院（系）： 外国语学院 年级专业： 2003级英语本科4班 指导教师： 二七年五月The Development of Ecotourism in PanzhihuaYin YingUnder the Supervision ofDeng XingyiSchool of Foreign Languages and CulturesPanzhihua UniversityMay 2007精品文档ContentsAbstract.IKey Words.I摘要.II关键词.IIIntroduction.1I. Panzhihua and Its Natural Resources.3A. The City of Panzhihua.3B. Natural Resources.3II. Rich Ecotourism in Panzhihua.4A. Ideal Climate Conditions .5B. Rich Biological Ecotourism Resources.6C. Water Ecotourist Resources .6D. Cultural Ecotourist Resources.7III. Plans for Construction of Ecological Scenic Spots.7A. The Pastoral Ecotourism.8B. The Natural Ecotourism.9C. The Leisure Ecotourism.9D. The Magical Fairyland Ecotourism .10. Development of Ecotourism in Panzhihua.10A. Various forms of Ecotourism Development.111. Exploitation of Rural Ecotourism.112. Exploitation of Agricultural Ecotourism.113. Exploitation of Forest Ecotourism .134. Exploitation of Circumjacent Traveling.13B. Development of Ecotourism Routes.14C. Measures for Promotion of Ecotourism Development.151. More Understanding of Ecological Tourism.152. Construction of Ecotourism Zones.163. More funds for Ecotourism.164. Making Exquisite Tourist Products.175. Raising Peoples Consciousness of Environmental Protection.17Conclusion.19Acknowledgements.20Bibliography.21AbstractWith the progress of civilizations of human beings and the construction of the ecological surroundings, ecotourism is responsible for environments, and it can realize the harmonious development among the economy, society and environments to bring the maximum economic benefits. So it is considered as the best mode of tourism to promote the sustainable development of tourism. Panzhihua is rich not only in iron and steel, vanadium-titanium and hydropower resources, but also in ecological tourist resources of ideal climate, natural and cultural landscape. All of them are the basis of the ecotourism development. However, due to the 42 years construction, the ecological environment in Panzhihua has been destroyed to some degrees. Developing ecological tourism should not sacrifice environments at a price. Its necessary to learn the good experience of developing ecotourism from abroad. In this paper some suggestions for construction of ecological scenic spots are made, namely the pastoral, natural, leisure and magical fairyland ecotourism. In order to develop ecotourism successfully in Panzhiuha, the following main points should be paid attention to. Firstly, various forms of ecological tourism should be exploited. Secondly, the development of ecotourism routes can be designed carefully. Thirdly, measures for the promotion of ecotourism development must be taken seriously. Only in this way, can the harmonious development among the ecological environment, society and economy be realized in Panzhihua.Key WordsNatural resources; ecological tourism; resource exploitation; environmental protection摘要随着人类文明进步以及生态环境的构建,生态旅游作为旅游的发展方向，它对环境负责，使经济社会与环境协调发展，最终带来最大经济效益，是实现旅游可持续发展的一种主导旅游形式。攀枝花拥有矿产资源和水能资源，还有非常丰富的生态旅游资源，包括自然资源，气候资源和人文景观。由于42年的城市建设使其生态环境遭受较为严重的破坏。开展生态旅游不应牺牲环境为代价。有必要借鉴国外发展生态旅游的先进经验，制定合理的规划。本文提出发展田园观光生态游、自然体验生态游、休闲互动生态游以及梦幻仙境生态游等形式作为建设生态风景区的规划。为了更好地发展攀枝花的生态旅游，本文提出从开发多种生态旅游；开辟多条生态旅游线路；开发高质量的旅游产品；建设生态区；增加旅游专项资金；增强对生态旅游的理解以及提高环境保护意识等方面来发展攀枝花的生态旅游业。以实现攀枝花的生态、社会、经济三者的和谐发展。关键词自然资源; 生态旅游; 资源开发; 环境保护IntroductionEcotourism is a new type of tourism nowadays, and it comes into being in the international background that the ecological problem has become the global focus.The word of ecotourism was first used in the documents in 1983 by HCeballosLascurain who is a Mexico expert and special adviser of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN). The term of ecotourism was recognized on the seminar of the world environment in 1986, and then it quickly attracted the global attention. People have no unified definition about ecotourism. The Ecotourism Society in 1992 gave the definition of ecotourism, and this definition is more representative. It means that with the aim to understand the natural and cultural knowledge of nature, ecotourism takes care not to break the harmony of the ecological system, and takes the economic effect and welfare to local residents. This definition includes the following meanings: first, ecotourism is a kind of tourism with a special purpose; second, ecotourism just not only contains the unique landscape (such as mountains, water, biological resources, etc.), but also includes the unique social and cultural environment of the human heritage and cultural landscape (such as nature reserves, forest parks. scenic areas, etc.). Ecotourism is based on the traditional and natural tourism. Compared with them, ecotourism attaches great importance to the coherent and organic connection with the natural landscape. It can be said that ecotourism is a spiritual enjoyment, and is sought by the advanced human civilization. Panzhihua is a young industrial city, which was constructed in 1960s, and the municipal government followed the provincial strategy to develop the local tourism in 1990s. The miscellaneous cultures have not only recorded the citys history, but also created the very distinctive modern civilization.Panzhihua lies in the southwest of Sichuan, bordering on Yunnan Province. The Jinsha River and the Yalong River flow through and meet in the city. It is the only city which is named after a flower in China. Because there are abundant natural resources, Panzhihua has a great potentiality of the ecotourism exploitation. As a new form of tourism, ecotourism has developed very rapidly, attached much beauty to environments in Panzhihua, and the heavy environmental burdens of the city have been relieved to a degree.Moreover, the development of the international tourism industry has created a good external environment for the ecotourism in Panzhihua. In the aspect of funds and policies, the western development has also provided necessary support for the ecotourism development, and the abundant tourist resources are the precondition and basis for the ecotourism development in Panzhihua. But on the other hand, the industrialization and modernization of the city have also brought great damage to the vegetation and environment.So this paper talks about the ecotourism resources in Panzhihua, problems and countermeasures. The article focuses on discussion of the development of ecotourism in Panzhihua. It is certain that ecotourism can not only promote the development of the local economy, but also prevent the logical environment from damage.I. Panzhihua and Its Natural ResourcesPanzhihua, the only city named after a flower in China, is an important communication hub and the collecting and distributing center in the “Great Passage of Southwest China”. A. The City of PanzhihuaPanzhihua, the exclusive city named with a flower in China, covers an area of 7,440.4(攀枝花市旅游局,2002) square kilometers. At the juncture of the Jinsha and Yalong rivers in the southwest of Sichuan, Panzhihua is famous for the iron and steel with rich vanadium and titanium, and the water power, and is the main tourist city in the southwest of Sichuan and the northwest of Yunnan. Panzhihua borders the Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture in the east and north, and Lijiang and Chuxiong of Yunnan Province in the west and south. The Chengdu-Kunming Railway and the No.108 State Highway pass through the city. It is also the important concentration and distribution center of goods on the “South China Silk Road”, and the city has the best and shortest traveling passage from Chengdu and Kunming to Lugu Lake and Lijiang. The city has good transport facilities as well as great vertical changes of its weather; and unique natural scenes. Panzhihua has population of 1.08 million (攀枝花市旅游局,2002) with three districts and town counties under its jurisdiction. It is a newly-developing immigrant city with 90% (.ibid)of the citizens coming from all over the country; and also a multinational area with 34 minorities (.ibid)such as Yi, Lisu, Hui, Miao, Naxi, Bai and Dai ethnic groups.B. Natural Resources Panzhihua is endowed with plentiful mineral resources and there are nearly 50 kinds of proved minerals(攀枝花市人民政府新闻办公室,2003). The reserve of vanadium and titanium magnetite accounts for about 10 billion (.ibid) tons, the second largest mine next to Anshan-Benxi area in China. The reserves of titanium dioxide are 870 (.ibid) million tons, accounting for 90.54% (.ibid) of the countrys total and 35.2% (.ibid) of the worlds total, ranking the first in the world. The reserves of vanadium pentoxide are 15.788 million (.ibid) tons, accounting for 62.2% (.ibid) of the countrys total, and 11.6% (.ibid) of the worlds total, ranking the third in the world. Meanwhile, there are so many other associated rare metals such as chromium, nickel, scandium, gallium, etc. Furthermore, Panzhihua-Xichang Area is very rich in metallurgical fuel, auxiliary materials and hydroelectric energy, which are very favorable for the development of the vanadium and titanium industry.In addition, there are abundant gems such as crystal, agate and emerald, and the wonderful inkstone, Juque inkstone. It is very convenient for tourists to do some shopping of characteristic decorations.The Yalung River and the Jinsha River meet in Panzhihua with deep valleys, forming the huge resource of hydro electrical energy. The exploitable water power in Panzhihua and its neighboring areas is 33.24(攀枝花市旅游局,2002) million kw with an annual generated energy amounting to 200 billion kwh(.ibid). The hydro electrical resource makes up 67 %(.ibid) of the provinces total and 18%(.ibid) of the countrys total.The completed Ertan Hydropower Station holds a great dam that is the second highest one in China and the third highest one in the world, and its underground workshop takes the first place in Asia, which has great attraction to tourists. The station has an installed capacity of 3.3 million kw(.ibid) with an annual generated energy of 17 billion kwh(.ibid). The capacity of a single turbine-generator set, the total capacity and the annual generated energy rank the first among the completed power stations in China. It is a perfect water power base with the excellent condition for the cascade development, superior kinetic index and small loss of flooding and resettlement.II. Rich Ecotourism in PanzhihuaThere is the Great Rift Valley in Africa, and in China, there is a great rift valley in the Panzhihua-Xichang Area. There are lots of high mountains and primeval forests, rivers, water falls around the area. There is a lake of 101 square kilometers(攀枝花市旅游局,2002) in the Er-tan national forest park. The “first drifting in the Changjiang River” is very breathtaking and exciting. The Hong-ge hot spring washes ones worries, and the unique geological structure and various living things make tourists surprise. Cycads, one of the “three treasures in Sichuan”, blooms every year, which makes one admires its beautiful looks. The marvelous geological spectacle, mystical scenery of the rift valley, rare animals and various plants make one forget to return. Panzhihua is a city with rich resources including mineral resources, water resources, climate resources, biological resources and so on. The tourism resources are very rich and colorful, which are mentioned in the first part. All of these are the base and precondition of exploiting ecotourism in Panzhihua. The entire forest coverage rate of Panzhihua is 58.42%(攀枝花市旅游局,2002), and compared with the average forest coverage rate of Sichuan Province, it has exceeded in 12%(.ibid). The forest coverage rate of the Ertan National Forest Park can reach as high as 90 %(.ibid). Panzhihua has a vast area of rivers and lakes, and the most of the comprehensive scenes are composed by mountains, forests, springs and caves. Compare with the same latitudes and similar climate in Western United States, India Dequin Plateau, Afghanistan and Iran, Panzhihua has its own feature A. Ideal Climate ConditionsThe low latitude and high longitude in geography make Panzhihua have the ideal climate conditions. Panzhihua has the south subtropical climate with favorable weather conditions. The annual average temperature is about 20(攀枝花市旅游局,2002), and there are 300 frostless days(.ibid) per year, and 2754 hours of sunshine(.ibid) each year, so the city is also called the “sunny city”. The weather of four seasons in Panzhihua is not distinct, and there are only rainy and dry seasons here. The frost and snow here can only be seen on mountains above 2,500 meters (.ibid) high. Accordingly, some people comment that Panzhihua possesses the sunshine of the North, the temperature of the South and the climate of the Indian Ocean. The average of daily temperature of Panzhihua is above 0 (.ibid). Due to the atmospheric circulation, the sun is often shining, and the temperature is high, so the duration of sunshine is long and the rainfall is rare in winter. Panzhihua is the warmest city in Sichuan Province during the whole winter, and its a good place for tourists to have holidays and recuperate in winter and early spring.B. Rich Biological Ecotourist Resources The particular vertical climatic conditions supply the ecological environment for various animals and plants. The biological resources here are very rich with 283,500 hectares of forest areas, and there are 190 families and 2,300 species of various plants(攀枝花市人民政府新闻办公室,2003). There exist 264 species of wild animals, and three of them belong to the first state-class protected animals, and 21 of them belong to the second-class protected animals. And there are 28 rare plants, and the species of plants and animals total 2,500(.ibid). The Panzhihua Cycad Reserved Zone, Ertan Nation Forest Park and Baiposhan Primitive Forest are the places where animals and plants are very rich. Panzhihua has a special plant named cycad, flowering every year, which has been living here for 2.7 billion years(.ibid); and it is a living fossil. There is an old saying: “If the cycad blooms, the horse will have horn”. Every year from March to June, thousands of buds compete with each other for their beautiful looks. Since 1990s, the city has held the cycad sightseeing and goods trade fair once a year. The cycad, dinosaur and giant panda are three treasures of the Ba-Shu Area. So Panzhihua is also an ideal base for biologists to study and research this kind of treasure. C. Water Ecotourist ResourcesRunning through the city, the Jinsha River flows eastward and Panzhihua is a wonderful drifting base. Panzhihua has rich water resources and there also exist artificial lakes, Zemulong water-falls, Zemulong hot spring, and other reservoirs. Panzhihua has many hot springs, and the most famous one is the Hongge Hot spring. Hongge Hot spring contains radon, which is very rare in China. The hot spring has a temperature of about 57 degrees centigrade around the year, with fluorine, carbonic acid, various minerals and inorganic salts, so it has a good healing effect. Panzhihua is an ideal place for winter holiday tourists. For the reason, many tourists are attracted to come to Panzhihua to spend their wonderful winter holidays. It is very proper to develop ecotourism in Panzhihua.D. Cultural Ecotourist Resources Panzhihua is an immigration city with 34 minority nationalities in all, and theethnic customs in Panzhihua have the distinctive characteristics. There inhabit 34 nationalities, and Han accounts for 88% as the largest part, Yi people for 8.8% as the second(攀枝花市人民政府新闻办公室,2003), and the following nationalities are Lisu, Miao, Naxi, Bai and Dai etc. Because of the poor traffic conditions, they have still maintained the unique, primitive folk customs. The extraordinary and gorgeous ethical cultures and customs, the distinctive singing and dancing, characterized cuisine cultures and colorful fineries make the city become a wonderful place for visitors to travel. The Yi nationality has the traditional Torch Festival. The Dai nationality has the Water-sprinkling Festival, and the Lisu nationality has love letters without pens and paper. And the Mosuo nationality has the Grown-up Ceremony. All the minority nationalities, together with the graceful folk cultures form the basis of the unique and charming ecotourism resources. . Plans for Construction of Ecological Scenic SpotsEssentially, ecotourism, as a form of the sustainable development of tourism, should not sacrifice the environment at a price. In fact, it is in harmony with the natural environment. It is necessary that the number of tourists should be controlled and the environmental consciousness must be enhanced. Or else, too much damage will ruin the environment on which ecotourism depends. In that case, it will be impossible to develop the sus