地沟油生物柴油的性能评价 英文翻译.doc

湖 北 文 理 学 院毕业设计(论文)英文翻译题 目 地沟油生物柴油的性能评价专 业班 级姓 名学 号指导教师职 称 2015年 4月 4 日Performance Evaluation of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking OilAbstract-Performance evaluation of bio-diesel is a process in which we check the efficiency of the bio-diesel. We calculate the brake specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency.The different blends (B20,B40) of Waste Cooking Oil were prepared with diesel to check the performance on Diesel engine. It was found that engine was difficult to start at pure form of Waste Cooking Oil due to high viscosity so blend is made with the diesel. Bio-diesel was prepared and used in Diesel engine for testing the performance. In this experiment we found that the bio-diesel produce less smoke as compare to diesel on same load and gives the better performance as compare to diesel we can use Waste Cooking Oil in the place of diesel as a source of fuel in future.Keywords- BSFC, BTE, Bio-diesel, Diesel, Blends.I. INTRODUCTIONBio-diesel is a renewable diesel fuel substitute that can be made by chemically combining any natural oil or fat with an alcohol such as methanol or ethanol.Bio-diesel refers to a vegetable oil-or animal fat-based diesel fuel consisting of long-chain alkyl (methyl, propyl or ethyl)esters. Bio-diesel is typically made by chemically reacting lipids (e.g., vegetable oil, animal fat (tallow) with an alcohol. Bio-diesel is meant to be used in standard diesel engines and is thus distinct from the vegetable and waste oils used to fuel converted diesel engines. Bio-diesel can be used alone, or blended with petro diesel. Bio-diesel can also be used as a low carbon alternative to heatingoil.Transesterification of a vegetable oil was conducted as early as 1853 by scientists E. Duffy and J. Patrick.10 August has been declared International Bio-diesel Day. More recently, in 1977,Brazilian scientist Expedito Parente invented and submitted for patent, the first industrial process for the production of bio-diesel.An Austrian company, Gaskoks, obtained the technology from the South African Agricultural Engineers; the company erected the first bio-diesel pilot plant in November 1987 and the first industrial-scale plant in April 1989 (with a capacity of 30,000 tons of rapeseed per annum). The idea to use vegetable oils as fuel is not a new concept. Rudolf Diesel the father of the diesel engine, proposed the possibility of replacing petrol fuel by peanut oil about 100 years ago,when he presented his first diesel engine in an exhibition in Paris. Diesel engine is designed and developed primarily to operate on liquid fuels.The diesel engine runs on the fuel burnt by the heat of compression of charge in the cylinder.The desirable properties in a diesel fuel are ignition quality, volatility, viscosity, specific gravity and lubricity. However the ignition quality is the most significant factor governing the suitability of fuel for in diesel engines applications.It is given in terms of cetane ratings which is measure of its ability to auto ignite quickly when injected in to high pressure compressed air in the engine cylinder . Fuels having high cetane numbers are suitable for compression ignition engines.Compression ignition engines have been designed to run over a wide range of heavy to light hydrocarbon fuels. Heavier grades of petroleum known as light oil are suitable for slow speed engines whereas these fuels are unsuitable for high speed diesel engines13.Bio fuels are renewable liquid fuels coming from biological raw material and have proven to be good substitutes for oil in the transportation sector.As such bio fuels ethanol and bio-diesel are gaining worldwide acceptance as a solution for problems of environmental degradation energy security oil imports rural employment and agricultural economy. Bio-diesel can be blended in any ratio with petroleum diesel fuel. It does not require separate infrastructure for storage.The use of bio-diesel in conventional diesel engines results in substantial reduction of unburnt hydrocarbons,carbon monoxide and particulate matters. Bio-diesel is considered clean fuel since it has almost no sulphur, no aromatics and has about 10% built in oxygen, which helps it to burn completely its higher cetane number,improves the combustion even when blended in the petroleum diesel.Sunflower and rapessed are the raw materials for biodiesel used in Europe whereas soybean is used in USA.Thailand uses palm oil, Ireland uses frying oil and animal fats.In view of its combustion characteristics bio-diesel can be used as fuel for diesel engines (as either, B5 a blend of 5% bio-diesel with diesel) or B20 or B100).USA uses B20 and B100 bio-diesel,France uses B5 as mandatory.II.CURRENT ENERGY SCENARIO,NEED FOR ALTERNATIVEFUELS AND ADVANTAGES OF BIODIESELRapid escalation of fuel prices,shortage of conventional petroleum-based fuels and depleting hydrocarbon reserve of the world have forced us to look for appropriate technology and alternative fuels to cater the ever increasing demands ofenergy. By now it has been realized that the internal combustion (IC) engines from an indispensable part for industrial growth. They also play a vital role in our modernized agricultural sector. It is impossible to do away with IC engines at this juncture and alternative fuels must be sought to ensure safe survival of the existing engines.As has been described earlier our energy needs are growing as a result of continued population increase economic growth and individual energy consumption. The ever increasing expenditure on the fuel oil imports is causing economic imbalance, price hike and hardships for the people . At the same time, emissions produced from the burning of fossil fuels the main energy source for powering the automobiles and for decentralized power production are contributing a lot to climatic changes and bringing about change in the atmosphere. Even stringent conservation methods have not been able to eliminate our need for energy . Hence other viable options need to be explored. In this context alternative energy technologies offer a promising solution. Bio-diesel has many advantages compared to diesel fuel. The most important are the reduction of greenhouse effect and emissions from gas combustion. Bio-diesel,which has low emissions profiles,is considered to be more sustainable than conventional diesels because the bio-component of these fuels is a biodegradable,nontoxic and clean renewable fuel with properties similar to conventional diesel. Historically, the use of neat bio-diesels, particularly unrefined vegetable oils, andbio-rich bio-diesel (B40) blends has been associated with reduced vehicle or engine performance, such as impeded fuel flows, blocked fuel filters and fouled injectors and piston chambers. In addition, bio-diesel does not required engine modification and have lower carbon monoxide releases to the atmosphere and hydrocarbon emissions than petroleum-based diesel fuels when burned. Bio-diesel can become an excellent alternative fuel for diesel engine it is free from aromatic compounds and sulfur.However, the cost of bio-diesel is high due to the high cost of raw material (about70-75% of the total cost) and high production cost involved, though this fuel has been developed about three decade. So, bio-diesel is not commonly used in daily life. The viscosity of vegetable oils is 10-20 times higher than of petroleum fuel, therefore using directly vegetable oils as a fuel can cause engine problems like injector fouling and has some drawbacks such as deposits at the injection system with consequent plugs or low atomization, hardening of seals,and low lubricating properties.On elimitation to the use of bio-diesel is its tendency to crystallize at low temperatures below 0C. Methyl and ethyl esters of vegetable oils will crystallize and separate from diesel at temperatures often experienced in winter time operation. Such crystals can plug fuel lines and filters, causing problems in fuel pumping and engine operation. Another method to improve the cold flow properties of 8 vegetable oil esters is to remove high-melting saturated esters by inducing crystallization with cooling, a process known as winterization.III. EXPERIMENTAL SETUPThe experimental setup used for the process consists of various things which are shown in Fig. 2. A single-phase synchronous generator of 2 kVA rating directly coupled to diesel engine has been used.A Field Marshal make,single cylinder, air cooled, direct injection, Model No. BF2 diesel engine will be selected for the produced research work, which is primarily used for agriculture activities and household electricity generation.The resistive type load panel consists of voltmeter, current meter,wattmeter,and energy meter.The engine can be loaded up to2.5 kW using incandescent bulbs of 100W each.The fuelmeasurement unit consists of graduated glass cylinder. The top end of the cylinder was open and bottom end was fitted with stopcock. The outlet of stopcock was connected to the filter unit of the diesel engine by a Polyvinylchloride pipe. The actual Image of the testing operation has been shown in Fig. 3.The objective is to maximize the substitution of diesel fuel with bio fuels without significantly affecting the engine performance and subsequent reduction of exhaust emission.For conducting the desired set of experiments and to gather required data from the engine, it is essential to get the various instruments mounted at the appropriate location on the experimental set up.The engine was directly coupled to alternator and loaded by electrical resistance.The separate fuel measurement unit was connected with engine. A resistive load panel was attached with the output of the generator. First we check the performance on pure diesel of diesel testing engine ,at 10ml diesel note the readings i.e voltage, current., time consuming of fuel. Then make the blend of bio fuel and diesel at B20 and follow the same procedure. Then do the same at B100,B40, andnote down the readings. Then calculate Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC), Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE).IV. RESULTSFrom Fig.4 it is concluded that as the value of load increases the break thermal efficiency increases. In case of blend of bio-diesel the value of BTE increases more than in case of pure petroleum diesel.From Fig.5 it is concluded that as the value of load decreases the break specific fuel consumption increases. In case of blend of bio-diesel the value of BSFC decreases more than in case of pure petroleum diesel.V. CONCLUSIONThe present study has dealt with the production of bio-diesel from Waste Cooking Oil, measurement of properties and performance evaluation of set on blends of bio-diesel at various loads. The conclusions that can be drawn from the work is that the fuel properties like density, flash point, viscosity and calorific value of B20, B40 are very similar to diesel and therefore diesel may be well replaced by bio-diesel in near future, the engine does not run while using Waste Cooking Oil and its blend due to its high viscosity, bio-diesel can be used in any diesel vehicle and it reduces the number of vibrations,smoke and noise produced; and the Bio-diesel has higher efficiency than diesel.地沟油生物柴油的性能分析摘要生物柴油的性能分析是我们检查生物柴油效率的一种方法。我们计算制动比油耗和制动热效率。废食用油的不同共混物(B20,B40)制备柴油并检查柴油机的性能。人们发现，发动机在纯的地沟油形式下很难启动，由于高粘度，从而共混物是地沟与柴油。生物柴油的制备和使用在测试柴油发动机的性能。在这个实验中，我们发现，柴油机在相同负载的情况下，使用生物柴油产生的烟较少，并且比燃烧柴油有更好的动力性能，在未来的能源使用方面，我们可以用地沟油生物柴油来代替使用柴油的地方。关键词：燃油消耗率，BTE，生物柴油，柴油，混合一、引言生物柴油是任何天然油或脂肪与醇如甲醇或乙醇等通过化学反应结合成的.生物柴油是再生柴油燃料的一个替代品，是指一种植物油或动物脂肪组成的长链烷基（甲基，丙基或乙基）酯.生物柴油是一种典型地通过化学反应的脂质（例如，植物油，动物脂肪（牛脂）与醇制成。生物柴油是指在标准的柴油发动机中使用，因此从用于燃料转换的柴油发动机的植物油，废油。生物柴油可以单独使用，也可以与石油柴油等混合。生物柴油还可以用来作为一种低碳的替代加热油。植物油的酯交换由科学家E.Duffy和J. Patrick来完成的. 早在1853年把八月十日已宣布为“国际生物柴油日”。最近，在1977年，巴西的科学家Expedito Parente发明并生产出了生物柴油。并获得了该项专利，促进了制造生物柴油的工业进程。一家奥地利公司，Gaskoks提交了该专利，在第一产业的过程中，获得来自南非的农业工程师的技术支持;该公司在1987年11月建立了第一个生物柴油中试装置，并在1989年4月成为第一个工业规模的工厂（每年可容纳3万吨油菜籽）。使用植物油作为燃料已经不是一个新的概念了。在约100年前，柴油发动机之父的鲁道夫，提出了由花生油替代汽油的新型燃料，当他提出了他的第一台柴油发动机在巴黎展出的可能性的时候。柴油发动机的设计和开发主要用在柴油燃料在气缸中的燃烧.理想的性质的压缩燃料是在燃料中的液体燃料.柴油机运行时要保证点火质量，控制燃油挥发性，粘度，比重和润滑也比较重要。然而点火质量是使用常规燃料的柴油发动机在使用过程中最为显著因素。这是由于在对在十六烷值的评价而言它是衡量其能够自动点燃迅速在发动机汽缸中燃烧，在喷射高压压缩空气时。具有高十六烷值燃料是适合压缩点火发动机使用的。压燃式发动机已被设计为可以运行在宽范围的重质到轻质烃燃料。相对于较重牌号石油被称为轻油的燃料都适合低速发动机而这些燃料是适合于高速柴油发动机。生物燃料是可再生液体燃料从生物原料中得到的，已被证明是在交通行业燃油的良好替代品。由于这种生物燃料乙醇和生物柴油正在获得全球认可，并且为关于环境退化能源安全的石油进口问题，农村就业和农业经济提出了解决方案。生物柴油可以在的任何比例下与石油柴油燃料混合。它不需要用单独的基础设施来存储。在传统的柴油发动机中使用生物柴油的结果可以显着降低未烧的碳氢化合物，一氧化碳和颗粒物的浓度。生物柴油被认为是清洁燃料，因为它具有几乎不含硫，无芳烃和具有约10建在氧气，这有助于它完全燃烧其较高的十六烷值，即使在石油柴油混合燃料中的燃烧。向日葵和菜籽是作为原料为在欧洲使用而大豆被用在美国.泰国生物柴油的原料采用棕榈油，爱尔兰使用其燃烧特性的生物柴油的油和动物脂肪.可以用作燃料用于柴油发动机（作为，B5-a混合5生物柴油的柴油）或B20，或B100）的.USA使用B20和B100生物柴油，法国使用B5为强制性的。2、 目前的能源状况，生物柴油的优势燃油价格，以石油为基础的传统燃料的短缺和耗尽世界油气储量的快速升级，让我们不得不寻找合适的技术和替代燃料，以满足日益增加的能源需求。至此，已经认识到，从一个不可缺少的部分，用于工业增长的内燃（IC）发动机。他们也是在我们现代化农业部门发挥了至关重要的作用。在这个时刻内燃机和替代燃料必须设法确保现有发动机的安全生存，这是不可能破除的。正如前面已经说明，人口持续增长，经济增长和个人能源消耗的结果导致我们的能源需求不断增长。对燃料油进口日益增加的支出造成了经济失衡，价格的上涨。与此同时，主要能源供电的汽车和分散的电力生产排放来自化石燃料的燃烧产生的颗粒物和有害气体都造成了很多气候变化，导致了空气污染。即使是严格的保护方法一直没能消除我们的能源需求。因此，其他的可行方案需要探讨。在此背景下，替代能源技术提供了一个可行的解决方案。相