lecturesondiscourseanalysis.doc

Discourse Analysis ( A M.A. Course)1. Introductionl Notion of discoursel Basic features of discourse or standards of textualityl A brief historical overview of discourse analysisl Concept of discourse analysisl Major approaches to discourse analysis2. Discourse Typologyl Language functionsl Spoken discourseAdjacency pairsRank structureLabovs modell Written discourseUnits in written discourseLarger patterns of written discoursel Distinction between SD and WD3. Conversational Analysisl Universal features of conversationl Turn-takingl Cooperative principles4. Communication Theory: System Constraintsl Channel open/close signalsl Backchannel signalsl Turnover signalsl Acoustically adequate and interpretable message l Bracket signalsl Non-participant constraintsl Preempt signalsl Gricean norms for communication5. The Ethnography of Discoursel Speech communityl Discourse communityl Speech eventl Norms of communicationl Dominant cultural variablesAttitudes Patterns of thought Social organization Role & role prescription Non-verbal expressions6. Formal Links & Situational Linksl Textl Cohesionl Cohesive ties or devicesl Coherence in discourseSuggested Topics for Presentation (STP)l Discourse & Literaturel Discourse & Translationl Discourse & English Language Teachingl Discourse & Culturel Discourse as Action in Societyl Discourse & Psychologyl Discourse Functionsl Subject, Topic & ThemePresentation Course Paper Dissertation Reference Books1. Brown, Gillian & Yule, George. Discourse AnalysisM. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.2. Coulthard, Malcolm. An Introduction to Discourse AnalysisM. London: Longman Group Limited, 1985.3. Cook, Guy. Discourse and LiteratureM. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994. 4. Cook, Guy. DiscourseM. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.5. McCarthy, Michael. Discourse Analysis for Language TeachersM. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.6. Stubbs, Michael. Discourse Analysis - The Sociolinguistics Analysis of Natural languageM. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Publisher Limited, 1983.7. Hatch, Evelyn. Discourse and Language EducationM. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.8. Hughes, Rebecca. English in Speech and WritingM. London: Routledge, 19969. McCarthy, Michael & Carter, Ronald. Language As DiscourseM. London: Longman Group Limited, 1994.10. Halliday, M.A.K. & Hasan, R. Cohesion in EnglishM. London: Longman Group Limited, 1976.11. Scollon, Ron & Scollon, Suzanne Wong. Intercultural Communication - A Discourse ApproachM. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2000.12. Oatey, Helen. The Customs and Language of social Interaction in EnglishM. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，1987.13. Gee, James Paul. An Introduction to Discourse Analysis: Theory & MethodM. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2000.14. Schiffrin, Deborah. Approaches to DiscoursesM. London: Blackwell Publishers Ltd., 1994. 15. Davis, Linell. Doing Culture- Cross-cultural Communication in ActionM. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2001.16. Hoey, Michael. Pattern of Lexis in TextM. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000.17. 刘承诞. 教学篇章语言学M. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，1999.18. 黄国文. 语篇分析概要Z. 长沙：湖南教育出版社，1987.19. 黄国文. 语篇分析理论与实践 - 广告语篇研究M. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社，2001.20. 彭宣维. 英汉语篇综合对比M. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社，2000.21. 李悦娥，范宏雅.话语分析M. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社，2002.22. 胡壮麟. 语篇的衔接与连贯Z. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社，1994.23. 胡文仲. 跨文化交际与英语学习Z. 上海：上海译文出版社，1988.24. 屈延平. 文化对比语篇分析M. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1991.25. 贾玉新. 跨文化交际学M. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社, 2000.26. 林大津. 跨文化交际研究M. 福州：福 建人民出版社, 1996.27. 陈申. 外语教育中的文化教学M. 北京：北京语言文化大学出版社. 1998.28. 梁镛. 跨文化的外语教学与研究Z. 上海: 上海外语教育出版社，2000.29. 李战子. 话语的人际意义研究M 上海: 上海外语教育出版社，2002.30. Foley, W. A. Anthropological Linguistics: An IntroductionM. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社& Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 2001.Aims, Objectives and Learning Strategies话语篇章分析学 第三学期开设授课导师: 张应林目的与内容: 本课程主要介绍国外话语篇章分析学最新理论, 研究和探索语篇分析的各种模式及影响语篇分析的相关因素, 旨在提高学生分析和运用各种语篇的能力.教材: 自编成绩评定: 课堂表现10%, 课后练习20%, 期终考试70%Topic: IntroductionDiscourse Analysis examines how stretches of language, considered in their full textual, social, psychological and cultural context, become meaningful and unified for their users.The term “Discourse Analysis” has come to be used with a wide range of meanings which covers a wide range of activities. It is used to describe activities at the inter-section of disciplines as diverse as sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, philosophical linguistics and computational linguistics.1. What is discourse?e.g. A. Certain objects，such as guitar strings, vibrate when touched. These objects first emit sound. This sound then passes through the air. Next, our eardrums detect this sound. Finally our eardrums send electrical signals to the brain. (Reading for Scientific English, 1996: 9)B. A young man called his mother and announced excitedly that he has just met the woman of his dream. The car in which four engineers are traveling breaks down. A fly and her daughter were walking on a bald mans head. (Readers Digest, April 1996: 95)Definitions language in use the real language used by real people in a real situation for the real communicative purpose a general term for examples of language use, ie, language which has been produced as the result of an act of communication1) discourse & grammar2) discourse & the sentence artificially constructed sentences e.g.: Which of you people is the fish?3) discourse in and out of context4) basic features of discourse or standards of textualityi. cohesionii. coherenceiii. intentionalityiv. acceptabilityv. informativityvi. situationalityvii. intertextuality2. What is Discourse Analysis?1) a brief historical overview Zellig Haris Austin, Searle, Grice M.A.K. Halliday, Sinclair & Coulthard Gumperz &Hymes, Goffman, Sacks and Jefferson Van Dijk2) definitionthe study of how sentences in spoken and written language form larger meaningful units such as paragraphs, conversations and interviews, etc.3. What is the scope of discourse analysis?Discourse analysisText analysisText linguisticsDiscourse analysis Pragmatics4. What are the major approaches to discourse analysis? 1) structural analysis 2) socio-cultural analysis 3) cognitive analysis 4) critical analysis 5) comprehensive analysisWhat I am suggesting here is1) Language is used for a variety of functions and its use has a variety of consequences;2) Language is both constructed and constructive;3) The same phenomenon can be described in a number of different ways;4) Therefore, there will be considerable variation in accounts. Topic: Discourse TypologySpoken Discourse & Written DiscourseI. Language FunctionsAs a preliminary we shall begin to examine the range of possible functions of language.Question: What are language functions?1. A definition from Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics descriptive: to convey factual information expressive: to supply information about the speaker, his or her feelings,preferences, prejudices and past experiences social: establish and maintain social relations between people2. Hallidays conception ideational: to organize the speakers or writers experience of the real or imagined world interpersonal: to indicate, establish, or maintain social relationships between people textual: to create written or spoken texts which cohere within themselves and which fit the particular situation in which they are used3. Macro-function from Jakobson & D.Hymes emotive: to communicate the inner states and emotions of the addresser directive: to seek to affect the behavior of the addressee phatic: to open the channel or check that it is working either for the social reasons or for practical ones poetic: in which the particular form chosen is the essence of the message referential: to carry information metalinguistic: to focus attention upon the code itself, to clarify it or renegotiate it contextual: to create a particular kind of communicationII. Spoken Discourse Happens in time and must therefore be produced and processed “on line”.1. variety of spoken discourseone-way speech two-way speech2. analysis of spoken discoursethree approaches1) adjacency pairs: An adjacency pair is a sequence of two related utterances by two different speakers. The second utterance is always a response to the first.e.g.: A: You left the light on. B: It wasnt me.Greeting-greeting question-answerInvitation-acceptance/refusal offer-decline/acceptanceComplaint-apology/refusal congratulations-thanksSummons-response assessment-agreement/disagreementCompliment-thanks/minimization2) Sinclair & Coulthard Model ( Rank Structure) Lesson a period of teaching a particular lesson Transaction mark boundaries in discourse Defined as units whose boundaries are typically marked byFrame: something linguistic which indicates to the students that one transaction is going to begin or has ended and another is beginning;well, ok, all right, right, now, goodFocus: a metastatement which tells the students what the transaction is going to be about. Exchange informing exchange; directing exchange; eliciting exchange Move t-s, t-s; t-s-tEliciting exchangeInitiating moveResponding moveFollow-up move Act defined principally by their functions in the discourse, by the way they serve to initiate succeeding discourse activity or respond to earlier discourse activity.e.g.: T: well, Lisa, do you know the difference between move and act? L: Yes, sir, they are as different as that of word and morpheme. T: Yes. A good girl. 3) Labovs Model for the analysis of spoken stories, anecdotes and jokes Abstract a short statement of what the story is going to be about Orientation sets out the time, place and characters for the reader Complicating events the main events that make the story happen Resolution how the ends sort themselves out Coda provides a bridge between the story world and the moment of telling the storyIII. Written Discourse1. types of written discourse2. units in written discourse-sentence-clause-phrase-word-morpheme S C C P P P P W W W W W W W W M M M -book-part-chapter-paragraph-sentence B P P C C C C C C Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S S3. larger patterns of written discourse1) problem-solutionsituation-problem-solution-evaluation (SPSnEv)2) claim-counterclaim/ hypothetical-real3) question-answer4) general-specific general-specific1-specific2-specific3-general general-specific-more specific-even more specific-general5) rhetorical patternsencyclopaedia Kolzow, Lee Vogel College Reading Strategies for Success New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1988 There are five basic English discourse patterns. cause and effect pattern based on problem-solution pattern solution problem sequence pattern based on problem-solution patterns e.g.: How to install a computer or question-answer pattern analysis pattern based on general-specific pattern definition/example pattern based on general-specific pattern comparison/contrast pattern based on claim-counterclaim pattern IV. Distinction between Spoken & Written DiscourseQuestion: In what way is Spoken Discourse different from Written discourse? in 4 ways1) in manner of production and reception voice quality effect facial expression, postural and gesture system public repair2) in formphonic substance in the form of air-pressure movementrhythm, intonation and non-linguistic noises sucha signs and laughter non-verbal communication graphic substance in the form of marks on a surfaceprinted and written form capitalization, punctuation, italics and underlining3) in functionstorage functionvisible functionhave greater social and educational prestige and have more official recognition and legal-binding as wellquicker and more direct communicative function4) in linguistic characteristics(1) colloquialism, vogue words and slang(2) a good deal of rather generalized vocabulary(3) clipped words (4) loose structure self-repairs rigid structure (5) simple structure few subordinations heavy structure (6) repetition of the same simple syntactic forms (7) topic-comment structure (8) a slip of tongue or ungrammatical utterances (9) the abbreviation of verbs (10) the use of “and ” as a loose continuation marker (11) not as highly rhetorical as (12) inexplicit auditory and visual media shared knowledge (13) no clear sentence boundaries or paragraph boundaries (14) non-fluency with unintended repetition and hesitant fillers or mouth fillers mumer(15) more than one participants(16) informal (17) monitoring feature speakers awareness of the addressees presence and reaction (18) interaction features the active participation of the addressee Topic: Conversational AnalysisWhat is typical of spoken interaction? Spoken interaction is a joint, here and now social activity which is governed by two main principles: speakers take turns speakers cooperateConversational structureOpening greeting polite remarks small talkMessage topic 1 subtopic Subtopic topic 2 Closing winding-up talk polite remarks farewells The basic question of the analysis of conversation is whether there are some universal features which all conversations share. it is not primarily necessitated by a particular task; any unequal power of participants is partially suspended; the number of participants is small; turns are quite short; talk is primarily for the participants and not for the outside audience1. Turn-taking1) selection or nomination2) self-selection3) overlap of turns4) silence5) body language2. Cooperative principle maxim of quality be true maxim of quantity be brief maxim of relation be relevant maxim of manner be clearPractice:First man at bar: “ My wife doesnt appreciate me, does yours?”Second man at bar: “ I wouldnt know. Ive never heard her mention your name.”Topic: Communication Theory: System Constraints Theme: This lecture describes the highest level-the structure of communication systems. Objectives: 1. We should know the universal system constraints on human communication:2. We should be able to relate system constrains to the components of conversational analysis. Questions:1. How do we open and close conversation?2. How do we introduce topics and conclude topic in written text?Goffman divided these constraints into two typesSystem constraints: the components required for all communication system Ritual or social constrains: the components that smooth social interactionSystem constrains1. channel open/ close signalsIn all communication, there must be ways to show that communication is about to begin and then begins, and the ways to show that it is about to end and then ends.4 basic parts of phone conversation openings:1) summons-answer sequence2) identification sequence3) greeting sequence4) how-are-you sequencepreclosing signals such as well, so, and ok used with falling intonation 2. backchannel signals There have to be signals that a message is getting through.3. turnover signals In communication, there must be a set of signals that allow for a smooth exchange of turns.Slowing of tempo, vowel elongation and falling intonation4. acoustically adequate and interpretable message signalsCommunication requires an ungarbled message. In order for communication to take place, messages have to be interpretable. They also have to be hearable.5. bracket signalsIn all communication there must be signals to show that parts of the message are not right in line with the message of the moment.6. nonparticipant constraints signalsIn order that message be interpretable it is necessary to keep other competing message out of the channel.From participant to nonparticipantFrom nonparticipant to participant7. preempt signalsIn addition to nonparticipant constraints there also have to be ways for participants to interrupt an ongoing channel message.8. Gricean norms for communicationGoffman also noticed that communication cant truly work unless participants generally observe 4 major norms of cooperationMaxim of quality be trueMaxim of quantity be briefMaxim of relation be relevantMaxim of manner be clearQuestions for discussion1. In face to face communication, ar