高中英语 Unit4 Helping people around the world虚拟语气学案 牛津译林版选修6.doc

m6 grammar：虚拟语气（subjunctive mood）一、 在if 非真实条件句中的运用 if条件从句主句与过去事实相反if 主 +had done/beenshould(would, might, could）+ have done/been与现在事实相反if 主 + did / wereshould(would, might, could）+动词原形(do/be done)与将来事实可能相反1. if 主 +did / were2. if 主 +should +动词原形3. if 主 +were to +动词原形should(would, might, could）+动词原形(do/be done)1. if it_ (not rain), we _ (go) for a picnic如果现在不下雨的话，我们就出去野餐了。2. if he _ (come) here, he might be able to help you. 如果他来这，他就能帮你了。3. if she _(not call) me, i _(oversleep) this morning. 今天早上，她要是不叫我的话，我就会睡过头了。4. if it _ (fail), i_ (try) again.要是失败了，我会再试一次。特别注意点：(1) 混合型的条件句当条件状语从句与主句所表的时间不一致时，虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。主句和从句的谓语动词并不相互呼应，这种条件句叫混合条件句。较多见的混合型条件句是从句用过去完成时（指过去行为），而主句用现在时（指目前状态）。例：he would pass the test now if he had taken my advice如果他听我的劝告，他会通过考试。1. if i _ (speak) to him yesterday, i _ (know) what to do now. 假如昨天我对他说了，现在我就知道该怎么办了。2. you _ (be) much better now if you _ (take) my advice. 假如你接受了我的意见，你现在就会好得多。(2). 如果虚拟条件句的谓语部分有were，had和should时，可省略if，把were，had和should放到从句主语前面去。1. if you _(not help) me, i should have failed.要是没有你的帮助，我就失败了。_ you _ _ me, i should have failed.2. if you _ (be) in my position, you would do the same. 假如你处在我的地位，你也会这样干的。_ you in my position, you would do the same.3. if you should rain tomorrow, i would stay at home. 如果明天下雨的话，我会呆在家里。_it _ tomorrow, i would stay at home.(3) 在含蓄条件句中，用but for“要不是”, without/with, or/ otherwise“否则”等短语来代替if引导条件状语从句, 可以与 “if it were not for/ if it hadnt been for”相互转换，但是主句的时态仍保持不变。1. but for your help we _ (not succeed). 如果没有你的帮助，我们不能成功。if _, .2. i am too busy now, otherwise/or, i _ (help) you do the work.我现在太忙了，要不我会帮你做这项工作的。p.s. with more money, i _ (help) more people. 如果我有更多的钱，我能帮助更人。if _, 二、在 wish后面的宾语从句中，表示一种与事实相反的“愿望”，常省去连词that。wish (that)主+ had done/been 表示过去的愿望（与过去事实相反）主+ did/were 表示现在的愿望（与现在事实相反）主+ could/ would+动词原形 表示将来的愿望（与将来事实相反）1. i wish you _(call) yesterday我希望你昨天来过电话。2. i wish you _(stay) a little longer.我希望你再待一会儿。3. we wish you _ (come) to our new years party.我们真希望你来参加了我们的新年联欢会。4. i wish it _(be) true我但愿这是真的。三、虚拟语气在一些特定句型中的应用 (1) 常用在 “would rather/would prefer, would sooner，had rather”后的宾语从句中，用过去时或者过去完成时表示与事实相反，“_”. would rather/ would sooner/had rather主+ did/were 表示与现在或将来的事实相反 主+ had done/ been. 表示与过去的事实相反1. i would rather you _ (come) tomorrow. 我宁愿你明天来。2. i would rather you _(not tell) him about that. 我宁愿你没有告诉他那件事.(2) 常用在. it is (high/about) time (that) 主+ did / were “_”1. it is time the children_ (go) to bed. 孩子们早该上床睡觉了。2. it is high time we _ (leave). 我们该走了。(3) 用于 “if only !”这个省略了主句的条件句中，用来表示某种强烈的不可能是现在愿望，“_”if only 主+ had done/been 表示与过去事实相反的愿望主+ did/were 表示与现在事实相反的愿望主+ could/would + 动词原形 表示与将来事实相反的愿望1. if only i _ (help) you! 要是我能帮助你，那该有多好啊！2. if only he _ (not leave)! 要是他没走就好了。3. if only i _ (be) a millionaire! 我要是个百万富翁就好了！ be型虚拟语气(4) 常用在“sb. + 动词+that +主+ (should) do/ be done”句型中用于本句型中的动词就是表示建议、要求、命令、主张：如suggest， advise，recommend, request，require，demand, ask，order，insist，urge，propose，desire, command等动词的宾语。1. the teacher requested that we _ (not go) there老师要求我们不要去那里。2. he suggested that we_ (leave) early. 他建议我们早点动身。3. the general ordered that the soldier_ (set) off at once. 将军命令士兵立刻出发。注意： suggest/insist两词表示不同含义时其后从句的不同用法。suggest 表“建议”时，从句用should +动词原形；表“暗示、表明”时，从句用陈述语气。insist 表“坚决主张”时，从句用should +动词原形；表“坚持认为/说”时，从句用陈述语气。 辨析：(1) she suggested that we _(start) early tomorrow morning. the excited look on his face suggested that she _ (win) the game.(2) he insisted that we _ (follow) the mans advice. he insisted that he _ (not tell) a lie.(5) 常用在“it is (was)+ 过去分词+that+ 主+ (should) do/ be done”的句型 用于本句型中的过去分词就是表示建议、要求、命令等动词的过去分词，如suggested，advised, recommended, required，requested，demanded，ordered，urged，proposed, desired, decide settled等。1. it is requested that professor liu_ (give) us a lecture有人要求刘教授给我们做个讲座。2. it has been suggested that the meeting_ (be) put off有人建议推迟会议。3. it is urged that we _ (leave) here at once. 有人催促我们立刻离开。(6) 常用在“it is (was)+ 形容词、名词+that+ 主+ (should) do/ be done”的句型常见形容词有：necessary，important, strange, urgent, essential，natural, right, impossible，best, preferable，desirable, advisable，reserved等。常见的名词有：a pity, a shame, duty, idea等1. its important that we_ (work) out a plan. 我们制定出个计划是很重要的。2. it is necessary that he_ (send) there at once他很有必要被派遣到那儿去。3. it is our duty that we _ (protect) the earth. 保护地球是我们的责任。(7) 在表示建议、要求、命令、主张等名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中，其谓语动词用（should）+动词原形。常用的这类名词有：suggestion, advice, recommendation, request, requirement, demand, order, proposal等。1. my suggestion is that we _ (send) a few soldiers to help them. 我的建议是我们应派几个战士去增援他们。2. my proposal is that we_ (tell) him. 我的提议是我们应该告诉他。3. our only request is that this_ (settle) as soon as possible.我们唯一的请求就是尽快解决这个问题。4. he gave the order that they _ (do) the experiment again. 他命令把实验再做一遍。3.the demand that she _ (leave) the place at once is quite unfair. 要求她立刻离开这个地方是非常不公平的。(8) 常用于句型 as if/as though + 主+ had done/been 表示与过去事实相反表示“好像，似乎” 主+ did/were 表示与现在事实相反主+would/could/might do 表示与将来事实相反1. they talked as if they _ (be) friends for years.他们相谈甚欢好像已认识很多年。2. tom is smiling as though he _ (know) everything about it. tom 微笑着好像他什么都知道。3. it looks as if it _ (rain). 天看起来似乎要下雨。注意： 如果as if / as though引起的从句所表达的内容被看作是事实或者有可能是真实的，则要用陈述语气。如：1. it seems as if it_ (go) to rain. 天看来要下雨2. the meat tastes as if it_ (go) bad. 这肉尝起来像是坏了。(9) 常用于句型 in case 主+ do/does sth. “以免，以防” 主+ should do sth. (注：should不能省)for fear (that)/ lest 主+ should do/ be done . “生怕；惟恐” (注：should不能省)1. take you umbrella in case it _ (rain). 带把伞以防下雨。2. he ran away lest he _ (see). 他跑开了惟恐有人看见他。3. they work hard for fear (that) they _ (fail). 他努力工作生怕失败。注意：若不用虚拟语气，从句后要用一般现在时表将来时。(10) 常用于句型 so that/in order that 主+ could/ might/(can/may)+动词原形1. he stu