国际贸易惯例特征.doc

国际贸易惯例特征： 1、国际贸易惯例是在长期的国际贸易实践中自发形成的，其形成的过程不受政府机关的控制和制约，它的成文化一般也是由商业自治团体自发地编纂而成的，这使它有别于依靠国家立法机关制定的国内法以及依靠各国之间的相互谈判、妥协而达成的国际条约。正是这种非主权性大大增强了国际贸易惯例的普遍适用性。 2、国际贸易惯例是为某一地区、某一行业的人们所普遍遵守和接受的，偶然的实践不能成为国际贸易惯例，这是国际贸易惯例的客观特征。这里的普遍遵守和接受并不要求人人都已经理解和接受，而只要从事这一行业的大多数人都已经知道和接受即可，就可以推定其他人理应知道这种惯例的存在。早期的国际贸易惯例一般形成一些比较大的港口、码头，慢慢地他们的一些合理的做法就为同行业的其他人们所接受，例如美国西海岸的码头工会为保护自身利益向集装箱货主征收近乎落地费性质的杂费，这种杂费就被各国的班轮公会列入班轮运价或者班轮条款，因而这种做法就成了同业者之间的国际贸易惯例。 3、国际贸易惯例必须能使人们产生必须遵照此惯例办理的义务感和责任感，这是国际贸易惯例的主观特征。心理因素对于判断惯例的存在与否是至关重要的，单纯的经常性做法而没有相应的心理确信是不能构成国际贸易惯例的。在实践中是否存在这种心理上的确信是由主张方加以举怔证明的，当然这可能会是非常困难的。 4、国际贸易惯例具有任意性，没有强制适用力。只有在当事人明示或者默示同意采用时，才对当事人具有法律效力。如果当事人明示或者默示地加以排除，则不能将国际贸易惯例强加给当事人。5、确定性，国际贸易惯例都有明确的内涵和外延，虽然其具有任意性的特征，但是只要当事人自愿适用，那么国际贸易惯例的明确内容就会约束到当事人的行为，从而对贸易活动起规范作用。如FOB这个术语就明确表示了买卖双方的责任及风险、费用的划分。国际贸易惯例是指在长期的国际贸易实践中逐渐形成并发展起来的，在世界范围内广泛适用的、具有确定内容的贸易规则和行为习惯。由于早期的国际贸易只是货物买卖，早期的国际贸易惯例也主要是国际货物买卖惯例，因此，国际贸易惯例又被称为国际货物买卖惯例。现代意义上的国际贸易惯例也主要是货物买卖惯例International trade customs and usages is defined as trade rules and behavior norms which is formed and developed gradually in the long-term practice of international trade, and widely used in the world with clear content. Since the early international trade is mainly the international sale of goods , therefore, international trade customs and usages, also known as the International Sale of Goods customs. Modern sense of the international trade customs and usages is mainly the sale of goods customs. The characteristics of the international trade customs and usages are as follows.1、The first characteristic of the international trade customs and usages is that international trade customs are formed and developed spontaneously in the long-term of the international trade practice. The government authority didnt control and restrict this formation of the process. International trade customs are generally compiled spontaneously by the commercial autonomy groups that makes it different from the state national law which is enacted by the legislature and the international treaty which is relied on negotiation and compromise between the countries. This greatly enhances the universal applicability of international trade costoms because of the non-sovereign nature.2、The second characteristic of international customs and usages is that international trade costoms are generally observed and accepted for a region or an industry, accidental practice cannot be identified as international trade customs, this is the objective characteristic of international trade customs and usages. This universal adherence and accept doesnt require everyone has to understand and accept, as long as most people engaged in the industry already know and accept, we can presume others know the existence of this custom. Early international trade customs and usages generally formed in some larger port, dock, and then accepted by other people gradually. Such as the United States on the west coast of the trade union to protect their own interests to charge the landing fees as incidental expenses, the miscellaneous expenses were putted in liner freight rate or liner terms by every countries liner conference , so this trade practice became a term of international trade custom.3、The third characteristic of the international customs and usages is that international trade customs and usages must enable people to produce a sense of duty and responsibility to comply with the customs, which is the subjective characteristics of the international trade customs and usages. Psychological factors in judging the presence or absence of custom is very important, the simple regular practice and no corresponding psychological sure dosent constitute a international trade custom. In practice the party who claims this psychological sure should adduce evidence to prove, of course, this will be very difficult.4、The forth characteristic of the international customs and usages is that international trade customs have randomicity and have no compulsory applicable power. Only the parties express or implied agree to use it, has it legal effectiveness to the parties. If the parties express or implied remove the custom, it will not impose international trade customs to the parties.5、The fifth characteristic of the international customs and usages is that international trade customs and usages have specific connotation and denotation. Although it has the characteristic of randomicity, as long as the parties voluntary use it, then international trade customs and usages which have clear content will be constraint to the behavior of the parties, and regulate the trade activity. For example FOB term confirmed buyers and sellers responsibility , the risk and cost classification.商业跟单信用证统一惯