基本句子成分和定语从句.doc

简单复习内容：句子成分; 简单句，并列句和复合句1. 主语：表示句子描述的是“谁”或“什么”，是谓语的陈述对象。通常由名词，代词，动词不定式，动名词或者从句等担当。（主语是句子要说明的人或者事物，是句子的主体，一般放在句首）The moon moves around the earth .Swimming is a good exercise.To say is one thing，and to do is another.When to start hasnt been decided.What he did hurt her badly.It doesnt matter whether she will come or not.2. 谓语：说明主语的动作或者状态，一般在主语的后面。由动词或者动词短语担当。其中，实义动词可以直接做谓语；连系动词必须和表语一起构成复合谓语；助动词和情态动词必须和其他动词一起构成复合谓语。I like studying English.The Canadian teachers have come to visit China.I will go to Hawaii to spend my summer vacation.3. 宾语：表示及物动词或及物动词短语的对象，或者用于介词后构成介词短语，通常由名词，代词，数词，动词不定式，动名词或者从句等担当。 We love our country！另外，有些及物动词，例如：give，pass，send，bring，tell，teach，show等可以有两个宾语：一个指人，一个指物。这样宾语包括又直接宾语（表示动作的承受者，多为物）和间接宾语（表示动作是针对谁或为谁而做，多为人）。He gave me a book. （me 间宾；book 直宾） 4. 定语：修饰或者限定名词或者代词（用在主语和宾语前面），起修饰和限制作用。 经常由代词、形容词、数词、介词短语、动词不定式，动名词、分词或者从句等担当。翻译时一般定语与中心词之间有“的”字连接。This is a difficult problem.5. 表语：说明主语的性质，特征，状态或者身份，常与连系动词一起构成复合谓语，通常由名词，代词，形容词，数词，副词，介词短语，动词不定式，动名词，分词或者从句等担当。We are Chinese.6. 补语：是补充说明主语或者宾语用的，通常由名词，形容词，代词，数词等担当。宾语和宾语补足语之间一般存在逻辑上的主谓关系We elected him monitor. 或者 he was elected monitor.Will you bring them in？I often hear her singing English songs.7. 状语：修饰动词，形容词，副词或者整个句子用的，通常由副词，介词短语，动词不定式，分词或者从句等担当。 He can speak English fluently.各句子成分构成句子的顺序一般是主语，谓语，宾语，宾语补足语，而表语，定语，状语的位置要根据具体情况而定。 简单句的基本句型： 1.主语+谓语（不及物动词） He swims. She dances. 2.主语+谓语+状语 She swims in summer. 3.主语+谓语+宾语 The children like playing games.4.主语+连系动词+表语 The bike is yellow. She looks very young.5.主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 I tell you a story.6.主语+谓语+直接宾语+间接宾语 I gave a book to you.7.主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语+宾语补足语 We will make you drive the car. We call our headmaster a wise man.英语的句子按照用途分为：陈述句，疑问句，祈使句和感叹句英语中按句子的结构可将句子分为三种: 1. 简单句:只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)。 He often reads English in the morning. Tom and Mike are American boys. She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers. 2. 并列句:由并列连词(and, but, or等)或分号(;)把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。 You help him and he helps you. The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的,道路是曲折的。 3. 复合句:含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句又叫主从复合句，只有在复合句中才 有主句、从句之分。The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.主句是全句的主体，通常可以独立存在，而从句是一个句子成分，不能独立存在。他工作的办公室在楼上。The office where he is working is upstairs.（主句是The office is upstairs，从句是where he is working。这个从句是定语从句）从句不能单独成句，但它有主语部分和谓语部分，就像一个句子一样，所不同之处在于从句必须由一个关联词引导。从句在复合句中可起主语、宾语、表语和状语作用，从句在全句中起什么作用，就叫什么从句。主句就是整个句子中的主干部分从句是修饰主句的从句是相对于主句而言的，即它是从属于某一个主句，而不能单独作一个句子。在英语中，主要有三大类从句，即名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）、形容词性从句（即定语从句）、副词性从句（即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式，比较等状语从句)。 定语从句讲解课本人教必修一P90页内容 并补充如下：一、关系代词who（whom）, which与that的用法区别（一）关系代词who（whom）与that的区别1. 当关系代词用作主语且表示人时，多用主格who。He who loses hope loses all.失去希望的人就失去一切。（先行词为代词he, they, any, all, one等时，多用who）I met Alice, who told me that she was learning Chinese.我遇见了艾丽斯，她告诉我她在学汉语。（在非限制性定语从句中，用who）2. 当关系代词用作介词后的宾语时，用宾格whom，不用that。The man to whom our headmaster talked just now is our English teacher.我们校长刚才与他谈话的那个人是我们的英语老师。（介词与关系代词紧密相连时，只能用宾格whom，不可用主格who）注意：介词与关系代词不是紧密相连时，或者说介词放在句子后半部分时，这时可以用主格who，也可用that，还可以省略关系代词。因此，上面的这句话还可以有如下四种说法：(1) The man whom our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.(2) The man who our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.(3) The man that our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.(4) The man our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.第4句简洁、自然，所以口语中用得最多。3. 当关系代词泛指一类人时，多用that。He is a man that is never afraid of failure.他是个从不怕失败的人。（that用来泛指不怕失败的一类人）4. 当关系代词出现在who开头的疑问句时，应用that。Who is the girl that is talking to Tom in English?用英语同汤姆交谈的那个女孩是谁？（避免重复使用who，以免造成误解或语义含混不清）*（二）关系代词which与that的区别（高考考查的一个重点）1. 当先行词为all, much, little以及不定代词anything, something, everything等时，关系代词多用that。All that glitters is not gold. 闪闪发光物，未必尽黄金。She told me everything that she knew. 她把她所知道的一切都告诉了我。2. 当先行词的前面有形容词最高级、序数词或限定词the only, the very, all, every, any, no等时，关系代词一般都用that。This is the best novel that I have ever read. 这是我读过的最好的一部小说。He is the only person that has been invited to the ball. 他是惟一应邀参加舞会的人。3. 当关系代词出现在which开头的疑问句时，应用that。Which was the hotel that was recommended to the foreign guest? 哪一个是推荐给外宾的宾馆？（这里使用that很明显是为了避免与前面的which重复）4.在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词一般只用which。Beijing, which is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China, will host the 2008 Olympic Games. 北京是中华人民共和国的首都，将主办2008年奥运会。5. 介词后的关系代词用which，而不用that。She has collected 600 stamps, 60% of which are German stamps. 她收集了600张邮票，其中60是德国邮票。6. 当先行词既有人又有物时，只能用that。The foreign guests spoke highly of the children and their shows that they saw inthekindergarten.这些外国客人高度评价了幼儿园的这些孩子和他们的表演.The students were talking about the teachers and schools that they had visited.这些学生在讨论他们参观过的学校和学校的老师。高考真题1：I saw a women running towards me in the dark. Before I could recognize who she was, she had run back in the direction _ she had come. A. of which B. by which C. in which D. from which (2006重庆卷-34)简析：考查“介词关系代词which”引导的定语从句。先行词为事物时，关系代词既可用which，也可用that，但介词后的关系代词却只能用which。由于词组为come from，故此句应选from which。2：He was educated at a local grammar school, _ he went on to Cambridge.A. from which B. after that C. after which D. from this (2005山东卷-30)简析：考查“介词关系代词which”引导的定语从句。句意是“上完中学后到剑桥大学深造”，所以应选after which。3：The English play _ my students acted at the New Years party was a great success. A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which (2005广东卷-34)简析：考查“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句。表达“在英语剧中”，介词用in，故选择C. in which。二、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句中，从句与其所修饰的先行词之间关系很密切，若缺少从句，句意则不完整或不明确，故从句前不用逗号和主句隔开；非限制性定语从句中，从句与其所修饰的先行词之间关系不太密切，若缺少从句，句意仍然完整，故从句前一般都用逗号和主句隔开。试比较以下两组句子：1.The water which has been polluted by the factory is not fit to drink.被工厂污染的水不宜饮用。（如果缺少定语从句，句子的主要意思会受到影响）Water, which is a clear liquid, is widely used in our everyday life.水是一种清澈的液体，在我们的日常生活中应用非常广泛。（如果缺少定语从句，句子的主要意思也不会受到影响）2. His brother who is nineteen years old is serving in the army now.他的一个十九岁的哥哥现在在部队服役。（表明他不只有一个哥哥）His brother, who is nineteen years old, is serving in the army now.他的哥哥，今年十九岁，现在在部队服役。（表明他只有一个哥哥）高考真题1：The owner of the cinema needed to make a lot of improvements and employ more people to keep it running, _ means spending tens of thousands of pounds.A. who B. that C. as D. which (2006江苏卷-29)简析：考查非限制性定语从句。在非限制性定语从句一般不用that，which可以替代前面整个一句话，因此选D。2：I have many friends, _ some are businessmen.A. of them B. from which C. who of D. of whom (2005全国卷I/II-24) 简析：考查非限制性定语从句。此非限制性定语从句还原后应为：some of 【them】are Businessmen。括号中的是宾格，指代的就是先行词many friends。所以，关系代词用whom。而且，介词不能省略。选D. 这句话若用并列句表达就可写成：I have many friends, and some of them are businessmen.因此D是正确答案。三、定语从句的位置如前所述，定语从句一般总是直接置于所修饰的名词或代词之后。有时候，定语从句与先行词之间插入了其他的短语，这样它们就被分隔开了，这种情况下的定语从句被称作隔离定语从句。There was a girl upstairs who was shouting and crying, obviously mad.楼上有一个女孩，大喊大叫。很明显，她疯了。（定语从句who was shouting and crying修饰the girl，被upstairs所隔开）A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German.明天要来一位新老师教你们德语了。（定语从句置于句末以示强调）高考真题：The factory produced half a million of shoes every year, 80% _ are sold abroad. A. of which B. which of C. of them D. of that (2004辽宁卷-35)简析：考查隔离定语从句或非限定性定语从句。从形式上看80%把关系代词与先行词分离了，另外，of前后表示部分与整体的关系，其中80的鞋子售往国外市场。故A是正确答案。四、特殊关系代词as引导的定语从句as是个比较特殊的关系代词，一是用在某些固定句型搭配里，二是独立于主句之外。（一）在固定搭配asas, soas, suchas, the sameas，as many（much）as中， as引导定语从句。You may take as many books as you want.你想要拿多少书就拿多少。（第一个as是副词，修饰many的；第二个as才是关系代词，代替先行词books，在定语从句中作宾语）I have got such a computer as yours.我有一台你这样的电脑。（as是关系代词，代替先行词computer，在定语从句中作表语，因为yours后省略了is ）I have never seen so beautiful a place as Guilin.我从未见过像桂林那样美丽的地方。（as是关系代词，代替先行词place，在定语从句中作表语，因为Guilin后省略了is ）（二）独立于主句之外，as引导非限制性定语从句，说明整个主句;从句的位置可在主句前，主句中，或者主句后，常有逗号与主句隔开。As we know, the earth turns around the sun. 正如我们所知，地球围绕太阳旋转。As is known to us,（As we know和 As is known to us均为定语从句，as分别作宾语和主语，替代后面的主句。）Taiwan is, as you know, an inseparable part of China.我们知道，台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。（关系代词as指代整个主句，在定语从句中作宾语。）高考真题1：The Beatles, _ many of you are old enough to remember, came from Liverpool.A. what B. that C. how D. as (2006天津卷-12)简析：考查关系代词as引导的定语从句。as代替先行词the Beatles同时又在从句中作remember的宾语，as的功能同which，但as有“正如”的意思，故D是正确答案。2：_ is often the case, we have worked out the production plan.A. Which B. When C. What D. As (2004江苏卷-33)简析：考查关系代词as引导的定语从句。which与as引导定语从句均可代表整个一句话或整个主句，但which不能放在句首，另外as有“正如”的意思，而which却没有，故D正确。定语从句练习题1. The place _interested me most was the Childrens Palace.A. which B. where C. what D. in which2. Do you know the man _?A. whom I spoke B. to who spoke C. I spoke to D. that I spoke3. This is the hotel _last month.A. which they stayed B. at that they stayedC. where they stayed at D. where they stayed4. Do you know the year _the Chinese Communist Party was founded?A. which B. that C. when D. on which5. That is the day _Ill never forget.A. which B. on which C. in which D. when6. The factory _well visit next week is not far from here.A. where B. to which C. which D. in which7. Great changes have taken place since then in the factory _we are working.A. where B. that C. which D. there8. This is one of the best films _.A. that have been shown this year B. that have shownC. that has been shown this year D. that you talked9. Can you lend me the book _the other day?A. about which you talked B. which you talkedC. about that you talked D. that you talked10. The pen _he is writing is mine.A. with which B. in which C. on which D. by which11. The reason _he didnt come was _he was ill.A. why; that B. that; why C. for that;that D.for which;what12. He is working hard, _will make him pass the final exam.A.that B.which C.for which D.who13.That is not the way _I do it.A./ B.which C.for which D.with which14.I have two grammars, _are of great use.A. all of which B. either of which C. both of that D. both of which15.I want to use the same tools _used in your factory a few days ago.A. as was B. which was C. as were D. which定语从句与同位语从句的区别同位语从句与定语从句从形式上看好像没什么区别，实际上从含义和功能上看，还是比较易区分的。同位语从句的先行词一般为fact, idea, news, thought, reply, report, problem等抽象名词，而且关联词大都为that，在idea, problem等词后根据句意可能用到who, when, why, how等其他关联词。关联词that在同位语从句中仅仅起连接作用，不作任何成分，但又不可省略。定语从句的关联词（关系代词和关系副词）在从句中是要充当句子成分而且有实际含义。试比较以下两句：The suggestion that we should practise speaking English every day came from our monitor.我们每天都应练习说英语的建议是我们的班长提出来的。（同位语从句）The suggestion that our monitor put forward at the meeting is very valuable.我们的班长在会上提出的建议很有价值。（定语从句）高考真题1：A warm thought suddenly came to me _ I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mothers birthday.A. if B. when C. that D. which (2006安徽卷-29)简析：考查关联词that引导的同位语从句。先行词为thought，that引导的同位语从句表达thought的内容，由于从句太长，故移至句末以保持句子平衡。C正确，注意不能误选which。2：We havent settled the question of _ it is necessary for him to study abroad.A. if B. where C. whether D. that (2006江苏卷-35)简析：考查whether引导的同位语从句。这个句子中的of可以省略，形式上看，of后面的从句为介词的宾语从句，但实际上of连接的question与whether引导的从句是同位关系。因此C正确，注意不能误选if，在表示“是否”含义时，用在介词后或在同位语从句中不可用if。一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰，限定或说明，这个名词(或其它形式)就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格要一致，并常常紧挨在一起关于 “ It is + +that ”的强调结构 “ It is / was + 被强调部分 +that / who + 其它成分”是一种典型的强调结构，也是历年高考英语的考查重点。若去掉“ it was that ”这一框架，则所剩部分仍为一个完整的句子。例如： It was monitor of the class that they elected her at the meeting. 如果不强调句中的宾语补足语，将句子复原，就变成： They elected her monitor of the class at the meeting. 使用强调结构时要注意以下几点： 一 . 被强调的主语要和 that 后面的谓语动词在数上保持一致。 1. that / who 后面的谓语动词要与被强调的主语在人称和数上保持一致。例如： It is Lucy who / that often helps me with my English. 是露茜经常帮助我学习英语。 It is Lucy and Lily that / who often help me with my English. 是露茜和李莉经常帮助我学习英语。 尤其需要注意的是，在强调由 either or , neither nor , not only but also 等连接的主语时， that 或 who 后面的谓语动词的数要遵循就近原则。例如： It was neither you nor he that is to blame for the mistake. 出了这个差错，既不是你也不是他该受到责备的。 在强调由 as well as, together with, except, like 等连接的主语时，谓语动词要与这些词前面的名词在数上保持一致。例如： It is he as well as his classmates that has ever been to Suzhou. 是他，还有他的同学，曾经去过苏州。 It is Mr Green, together with his wife and children, that is in China now. 是格林先生和他的妻儿现已来到了中国。 2. “ It is that / who ”结构中的动词通常只能是 is 或 was ，不可能是 are ， were 或其他复数形式，即使被强调的部分是复数含义也不例外。例如： It was three books that they bought the day before yesterday. 他们前天买的是三本书。 It was four friends that I met in the street yesterday. 昨天在大街上我遇到的是四个朋友。 二 . “ It is that ”的疑问句形式。 “ It is that ”变为一般疑问句时，直接将 is / was 置于句首。简略的答语为：“ Yes, it is / was. ”或“ No, it isnt / wasnt. ”。例如： Was it you that I saw at the concert last night? 我昨天晚上在音乐会上看到的是你吗？ No, it wasnt. 不是。 Wasnt it Mr. Wang who spoke to you just now? 刚才跟你说话的不是王先生吗？ Yes, it was. 是的。 三 . 强调“ not until ”引导的时间状语时，要用“ It is / was not until that ”结构， that 后面的句子要用肯定式，且须用陈述句语序。例如： It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star. 直到她摘下她的墨镜，我才认出她是一位电影明星。 四 . 被强调的原因状语从句只能用 because 引导，不能用 since 或 as 引导。例如： It was because he was ill that he didnt go to work. 他没有去上班，是因为他病了。 It is because Im busy that I wont see the film. 我不想去看电影是因为我忙。 五 . “ It is that ”结构中的 that 与引导定语从句的 that 的区别。 强调结构与含有定语从句的复合句的最根本区别就是，如果去掉“ It is that ”这一框架后，所剩部分稍加调整仍是一个完整的句子，那么它就是一个强调句。如果去掉“ It is that ”后，句子结构不完整，那么它就是一个含定语从句的复合句。试比较： It was at the street corner that I met Lucy yesterday.昨天我是在街道拐角处遇见露茜的。（强调句） It was the street corner where I met Lucy yesterday. 这就是昨天我遇见露茜的街道拐角。（含定语从句的复合句） 例析定语从句的十大易错点定语从句是中学英语教学中的一个重要语法项目，也是历届高考的热点所在。 易错点一：关系代词和关系副词的混用 例 1. Ill never forget the days _I spent in New York with you. 例 2. Ill never forget the days _ I visited New York with you.析：例 1 中的 which 或 that ； 例 2 中的 when .区分关系代词和关系副词的关键是看它们在定语从句中所充当的成分。如果定语从句中缺少主语、宾语，就应考虑使用关系代词，如例 1 .若定语从句中缺少状语，就应考虑使用关系副词，如例 2 .易错点二：固定句式出差错例 3. Mary is so lovely a girl _ everybody loves her. 例 4. Mary is so lovely a girl _ everybody loves.析：例 3 为 that ,例 4 as .sothat 或 soas为固定句式，后者为 as 引导的定语从句， as 在定语从句中作宾语或主语，如例 4 ；类似的固定句式还有 the same as , suchas ， asas 等。前者为 that 引导的结果状语从句，该从句的成分是完整的，不缺少主语或宾语，如例 3 .易错点三：主谓不一致例 5. Tom is one of the students who _ swimming.例 6. Tom is the only one of the students who _ swimming.析：例 5 中为 like ；例 6 中为 likes .在“ one of + 复数名词 + 定语从句”结构中，定语从句的先行词是复数名词，故谓语动词要用复数形式，如例 5 ；在“ the （only） one of + 复数名词 + 定语从句”结构中先行词是 one ，而不是复数名词，故谓语动词要用单数形式，如例 6 .易错点四：与强调句型及其他句型的混合例 7. Was it in the shop _ you bought the recorder _ you lost your pen？ 例 8. Youd better make a mark _you have any questions.析：例 7 中第一个 应为 where ；第二个为that 例 8 中应为where .例 7 为带有定语从句的强调句,you bought the recorder为定语从句，其引导词应用 where ，后面第二个 that 才是强调句中的 that ，此句可还原为： You lost your pen in the shop where you bought the recorder .例 8 为 where 引导的地点状语从句。练习题1.It is the playground _ I picked up this wallet.A.which B.that C.from there D. where2.It is on the playground _ I picked up this wallet.A.which B.that C.from there D. where1) It was four clock _ they got there.2) It was at four clock _ they got there . A. that B. which C. on which D. when易错点五：对先行词概念不明确例 9. Is this library _ you visited yesterday？例 10. Is this the library _ you visited yesterday？析：例 9 中the one ； 例 10 中为 that 或 which .在例 9 中， this library 是主语， is 是谓语， that 引导的是定语从句，但没有先行词，故应补加先行词；在例 10 中， the library 是先行词，定语从句缺少宾语，故应用 that 或 which 来引导，当然也可以省略。易错点六：特殊名词作先行词时关系词的选取错误例 11. I dont like the way _ you speak to her.例 12. I dont care for pay. I just want to get a job _I can be greatly valued.析：11.that/in which/省略12.where/in which在定语从句中，有些特殊名词作先行词时其关系词的选取有一定的特殊性，如 way 作先行词时，其引导词可用 that 或 in which 或省略，如例 11 ；与 way 相似的还有 job ， situation ， point ， case 等作先行词时，关系词常用 where 或 in which .易错点七：忽略as 和which 引导非限定性定语从句的区别例 13. He failed in the exam again， _ was expected.例 14. He failed in the exam again， _ was not what he had expected.析：例 13 中为 as ； 例 14 中为 which . as 和 which 虽然都可引导非限制性定语从句，但仍有以下三点区别：（ 1 ） as 有“正如；就像”之意，而 which 没有；（ 2 ） as 引导的非限制性定语从句可置于句首句中或句末，而 which 只能置于句末；（ 3 ）如果非限制性定语从句是否定句时，只能用 which 引导。易错点八：忽略that 和which 引导限制性定语从句的区别例 15. This is the most exciting football game _ I have ever seen.例 16. Here are the samples _ had I thought of it you could have taken with you yesterday.析：例 15 中为 that ；例 16 中为 which .当先行词被最高级、序数词修饰或先行词本身是不定代词时，只能用that来引导定语从句，如例 15 ；当关系词后面有插入成分时，只能用 which 来引导定语从句.易错点九：介词前置出差错例 17. The two things _which Marx was not sure were the grammar and some of the idioms.例 18. Tell him all the things to which he should pay attention.析：例 17 中为 about 或 of ；例 18 中应把 to 移到 attention 的后面。在定语从句中前置的介词必须和后面的动词或形容词构成固定搭配，如例 17 ;但并不是所有的固定搭配中的介词都可前置，如例 18 . （两个或多个词组成的固定短语动词一般不宜将介词分开放在代词前.中学时期这类常见的短语有: listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of, look into, break into, get rid of, take part in, make use of, take hold of, catch up with, get along with, look forward to 等.）易错点十：which 和whose 的意义不明确例 19. The book _ cover is broken is of great help to all of us.例 20. The book, _ the cover is broken is of great help to all of us.析：例 19 中为 whose ； 例 20 中为 which .在定语从句中，关系代词 which 不能在定语从句中作定语，但 whose 可作