定语从句邵.doc

定 语 从 句在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句，被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系代词或关系副词，关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as，关系副词有when, where, why.一、关系词的基本用法who 指人，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语关系代词whom 指人，在从句中作宾语whose 指人或物，在从句中作定语that 指人或物，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语which 指物，在从句中作主语或宾语关系副词as 指人、物，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语when 指时间，在从句中作时间状语where 指地点，在从句中作地点状语why 指原因，在从句中作原因状语（1）The man (whom /who/that) my mother saw in the street is my teacher.（2）The book which/ that tells us about the earth is interesting.（3）She lives in a house whose window faces south.（4）Do you know the boy whose father is an English teacher?（5）I have never heard such stories as he tells.（6）Ill never forget the day when /on which I joined the army.（7）I wont forget the factory where / in which my father worked.（8）Tell me the reason why you came late.二、必须用“that”引导的定语从句1、当先行词是不定代词all，little, few, much, anything , everything, none, nothing, no one, some等时。He did everything that he could to help us.2、先行词被all, every, no , some, any , little, much, the only, the very, the right, last , few , just 等修饰时。The only thing that we can do is to give you some advice.3、先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，或先行词本身就是序数词或形容词最高级时。This is the most interesting film that Ive ever seen.4、当先行词前有the same修饰时，先行词和关系代词指同一物时（注意the same that/as的区别）。She is wearing the same dress that she wore yesterday.5、先行词既有人又有物时，Later they talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school.6、当主句是以who或which开始时的特殊疑问句时，Who is the boy that won the gold medal?7、在同一个句子里，若有两个定语从句，其中一个关系词已用了which， 另一个宜用that.Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.*They are also developing new types of plants that can be grown in poor soil or even sand and that are less likely to be attacked by pests and diseases.8、当关系代词在从句中作表语时。（只限于限制性定语从句中）China is no longer the country that it used to be.9、当先行词是集体名词时，多用that，He wants to join the team that won the game.10、that在有些句型中可作为关系副词，且可省略。I dont like the way (that) he talks to me.三、只用which不用that时情况1、引导非限制性定语从句时，Bruce went toward the fire, which was still smoking.2、先行词在从句中作介词的宾语且介词前置。This is the house in which Lu Xun lived.3、先行词本身是that时，Whats that which flashed in the sky just now?4、先行词后有插入语时，Here is the English grammar book which, as Ive told you, will help improve your English.5、which 用作表语，指人时，一般指从事某种职业或是有某种特性、品质或才能的人。He is an engineer, which I am not。* 关系代词as：在限制性定语从句中用在such, the same, as, so之后，as引导的定语从句常采用省略形式。Here is so big a stone as no man can lift.This is such a book as was given to me.Take as many as you want.I have the same book as you（have）.I have as good a book as you have.I have so good a book as you have.I have such a good book as you have.注意他们与such/so that的区别。另外，as可引导非限定性定语从句。四、关系代词的省略情况1、关系代词在从句中作宾语时。Have you received the book (that) I sent you last week?2、关系代词在从句中作表语时。Mary is no longer the girl (that) she used to be.3、关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语，而这个介词又在句末时。This is the artist (whom) I spoke to you about.注意：关系代词的省略是指在限制性定语从句中，在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词不能省略。五、带介词的定语从句1、固定词组，介词置于后，（介词一般不提前）。This is the child (whom / who/ that) she is looking after.2、非固定词组，介词位置灵活，关系代词使用视情况而定。The man (whom/ who/ that) I spoke to is a friend of mine.The man to whom I spoke is a friend of mine.3、介词词组（关系代词远离先行词）In front of, on top of ,at the foot of, with the help of, as a result of.We stand in a building in front of which stands a lab.We arrived at a hill, on top of which stood a tower.4、代词/数词+of +关系代词He has written many books, most of which are for children.We have many students, two of whom have won prizes of international competitions.5、介词+关系代词+代词/数词He has written many books, of which most are in Chinese.6、介词+whose 修饰后面的名词He is the very man in whose pocket I found my lost money.7、介词which名词（在句中做状语），此结构由and介词that或this名词词组转化而来。She suffered from illness and in that case her husband had to stay home.She suffered from illness, in that case her husband had to stay home. （）She suffered from illness, in which case her husband had to stay home.Tom spent four years in college and during that time he learned French.Tom spent four years in college, during which time he learned French.六、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别种类限定性非限定性意义起限定作用，若省去原文意义不完整起补充说明作用，若省去原句意思不受影响。形式紧接先行词后无逗号有逗号与主句隔开功能修饰先行词修饰先行词或整个主句译法译为先行词的定语译为另一个并列分居关系词关系代词可用that也可以省略不用that也不省略1、July is the month when we have a lot of rain.七月是多雨的月份。The meeting will be put off till next month, when we will have made all the preparations.会议将推迟到下个月，那时我们将做好一切准备。2、He has a daughter who works in a hospital.He has a daughter, who works in a hospital.3、He said nothing that made her angry.He said nothing, which made her angry.4、as 引导非限制性定语从句与which 的区别、as 引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句的内容，从句可置于句首，句中和句尾。which 引导非限制定语从句，指代整个主句的内容，从句只能置于句尾。The decision was postponed, which was exactly what he wanted.As everyone knows, Tom is good at English.The earth, as we know, moves round the sun.*which 引导非限制性定语从句，指代主句中的一个词（先行词）从句置于先行词后，可在句中或句尾。The football match, which I watched yesterday, is very interesting.、非限制性定语从句中谓语为被动时，常用as 作主语。as is said/ known/ announced/ reported/ mentioned/ expected/ disused等。As is known to all, Taiwan is part of China.、as引导非限制性定语从句，有“正如”的含义，因此，下列句式中多用as.as has been said aboveas anybody can seeas we had expectedas (it) appearsThings are not always as they appear.七，特殊定语从句见书236八、运用中的注意点1、是用the one还是用that , which, where.Is this school _ you study in?Is this school _ you study ?Is this the school _ you study in?Is this the school _ you study?A. that/whichB. whereC. the oneD. the one where E. the one that / which 遇到这类句子，先将其变成肯定句，再看主句是否缺少表语。若缺表语，则必须用the one的形式，接着再看the one在从句中作什么成分。2、是用when还是用that, which （1）May 1 is the day _ we spent together.（2）May 1 is the day _I joined the army.A. that/ whichB. when当先行词是表示时间的名词时，作时间状语时，用when, 若作主语或宾语时，就用that/ which.3、定语从句与强调结构的区别（1）It was in this house _ he was born.（2）It was this house _ he was born.（3）It was in the house _ he used to live that the exhibition was held.A. whereB. thatC. whichD. there判断是否是强调结构的方法是去掉it is /was that, 若整个句子结构和意义不受影响，则为强调