第五讲 词类转译法.doc

第五讲 词类转译法在翻译过程中，有些句子可以逐词对译，有些句子则由于英汉两种语言表达方式的不同，不能用“一个萝卜一个坑”的方式逐词对译。例如：My suggestion is that he should quit smoking at once. /他酷爱古典音乐。原文中有些词在译文中需要转换词类，才能使译文通顺自然。词类转译归纳起来有以下四种：一转译成动词英语和汉语比较起来，汉语中动词用的比较多。往往在英语句子中只用一个动词，而在汉语中却可以几个动词或动词结构连用。例如：He admires the Presidents stated decision to fight for the job.(总统声明决心为保住其职位而奋斗，他对此表示钦佩。)英语中的名词、介词、形容词、副词在汉译时往往可以转译成动词。（一）名词转译成动词英语中大量由动词派生出的名词，和具有动作意义的名词，以及其他许多名词往往可转译成汉语动词。1. 由动词派生的名词1）One after another, speakers called for the downfall of imperialism, abolition of exploitation of man by man, liberation of the oppressed of the world.发言人一个接一个表示要打倒帝国主义，要消灭人剥削人的制度，要解放世界上被压迫的人民。2) Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.火箭已经用来探索宇宙。2. 含有动作意味的名词往往可以转译成动词。1）The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机声，令我特别神往。2) A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial.从他的办公室窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念馆的全景。3. 英语中有些加后缀-er的名词，如teacher，thinker等等，有时在句中并不指其身份和职业，而是含有较强的动作意味。在汉语中没有恰当的对应名词时，往往可以译成动词。1）I am afraid I cant teach you swimming. I think my brother is a better teacher than I.我未必会教你游泳。我想我的弟弟比我教得好。2）Talking with son, the old man was the forgiver of the young mans past wrong doings.在和儿子谈话时，老人宽恕了年轻人过去所干的坏事。比较：She is a well-known singer.Some of my classmates are good singers.4.作为习语主体的名词往往可转译成动词。1）They took a final look at Iron Mike, still intact in the darkness.他们最后看了铁麦克一眼-它依旧安然无恙地耸立在黑暗中。2) The next news bulletin, shorter than usual, made no mention of the demonstration.下一个新闻节目比通常的短，没有提到游行。(二) 介词转译成动词英语中有些介词没有动作意味，仅表示时间、地点等，翻译时可以省略。但有许多含有动作意味的介词，往往需要翻译成动词。1) Party officials worked long hours on meager food, in cold caves, by dim lamps.党的干部吃简陋的饮食，住寒冷的窑洞，靠微弱的灯光，长时间地工作。2) “Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.“来啦！”她转身蹦着跳着跑了，越过草地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进了门廊。（三）形容词转译成动词英语中表示知觉、情欲、欲望等心理状态形容词，在联系动词后作表语用时，往往可以转译成汉语动词。1）Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life. 医生说他们不敢肯定能否救得了他的病。2) Naturally the Nazi soldiers were more concerned with saving their lives than with taking ours.当然，纳粹士兵对于救他们自己的命，比起要我们的命，要关心得多了。（四）副词转译成动词1) As he ran out, he forgot to have his shoes on.2) That day he was up before sunrise.3) She opened the window to let fresh air in.二、转译成名词（一）英语中很多由名词派生的动词，以及由名词转用的动词，在汉语中往往找不到对应的动词，此时可将其转译成名词。1. 名词派生的动词1) Formality has always characterized their relationship.他们之间的关系，有一个特点，就是以礼相待。2) To them, he personified the absolute power.在他们看来，他就是绝对权威的化身。2. 名词转用的动词1）In the early dawn, the grand towers were silhouetted against the sky.黎明时，天空映出了嘹望塔的轮廓。2) Most U.S. spy satellites are designed to burn up in earths atmosphere after completing their missions.美国绝大多数间谍卫星，按其设计，是在完成使命后，在大气层中焚毁。（二）有些英语被动式中的动词，可以译成“受到+名词”，“予以+名词”结构。1) Snow was treated very shabbily by the U.S. press and officialdom during this period, victimized for his views.在这期间，斯诺受到了美国新闻界和政界极不公正的对待，由于他的观点，他受到了迫害。2) Satellites, however, must be closely watched, for they are constantly being tugged at by the gravitational attraction of the sun, moon and earth.由于经常受到太阳、月亮以及地球引力的影响，卫星活动必须加以密切的观察。（三）形容词转译成名词1. 英语中有些形容词加上定冠词表示某一类的人，翻译时往往译成名词。1) They did their best to help the sick and the wounded.他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。2) Robin Hood and his merry men hated the rich and loved and protected the poor.罗宾汉和他的伙伴们痛恨富人，热爱并保护穷人。2. 此外，根据情况还有些形容词可以译成名词。1) Stevenson was eloquent and elegant - but soft.史蒂文森有口才，有风度，但很软弱。2) The Wilde family were religious.王尔德全家都是虔诚的基督徒。3) They were considered insincere.他们被人认为是伪君子。试译练习：一、 斜体部分的派生名词转换成动词1. An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the study of current affairs.2. His very appearance at any affair proclaims it a triumph.3. He urged upon citizens of the country the necessity of persisting in participation in political controversies.二、斜体的动作名词转译成动词1. A view of Mt. Fuji can be obtained from here.2. At the thought of the mishap his legs stiffened under him and couldnt move a step further.3. After an impatient oath or two, she got her hair away from her eyes, sufficiently to obtain a sight of him.三、将斜体部分由动词加后缀构成的名词转译成动词1. He isnt a smoker, but his father is a chain-smoker.2. She is a lover of Chinese painting.3. There were various possible players for the role.四、将斜体的名词（前面有一个较固定的动词，两者合成一个短语）转译成动词1. He has already made mention of the matter in his speech.2. The Party branch secretary showed great concern for the students health.3. She had high praise for Dr. Higpan, although she complained about his strictness.五、将介词译成动词1. Up the street they went, past stores, across a broad square, and then entered a huge building.2. We drove home a bit after midnight, over the river and through the lovely old sleeping town.六、将斜体的形容词转译成名词1. We are quite sure that the socialist system will replace the capitalist system in the end.2. They were not content with their present achievements.3. They were suspicious and resentful of him.七、将斜体的副词转译成动词1. When he went back, the radio was still on, for he had forgot to turn it off when he left.2. “Please do let me in! They are searching for me,” he begged.八、将斜体的动词转译成名词1. The navy is now positioned to safeguard both the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.2. A well-dressed man, who looked and talked like an American, got into the car.3. They signed two agreements that served to warm up the atmosphere of their relations.九、将斜体的动词转译成带“遭”，“受”，“得”等的名词1. And he warned that the improvement in bilateral relations might be “j