高考英语单选题陷阱 思维定势型素材.doc

高考单选英语陷阱思维定势型所谓思维定势，指的就是人们的一种思维倾向，它是人们在长期的思维过程中所形成的一种思维条件反射。英语学习中的思维定势，对于同学们有利也有弊。其利在于：它可以帮助同学们利用以前所学知识迅速联系所接触的语言现象，从而解决具体的语言实际问题；其弊在于，有时它会误导同学们对于一些比较特殊的句子或语言现象,想当然地套用已形成的思维定势，从而得出错误的结论。事实说明，各级各类考试的命题者常常利用考生思维定势这一特点,有意编拟一些比较特殊的句子或结构来测试考生对某一知识点的灵活处理技巧和深层理解能力。比如：同学们都知道，像can, may, must, could, might, should等情态动词，其后要接动词原形（即不带to的不定式），但是请看以下试题，这些情态动词后要用动词原形吗？1. he ran as fast as he could _ the bus.a. catch b. to catch c. catching d. caught此题答案选a吗？错了，正确答案为b。你知道为什么吗？2. he ran as fast as he could _ to catch the bus.a. hope b. to hope c. hoping d. hoped此题答案选a还是b？你若选a，错了；于是你就选b，同样也错了。此题最佳答案是c。你觉得奇怪吗？为什么前一句的he ran as fast as he could后接带to不定式to catch，而后一句的he ran as fast as he could后要接现在分词hoping呢？你想弄懂以上问题吗？你还想做做类似的一些陷阱题吗？请往下看。1.这个such.that中的that引导的是结果状语从句吗mr. smith is _ a good teacher _ we all respect.a. such, that b. such, as c. so, that d. so, as此题容易误选a，一方面是因为such . that .是同学们很熟悉的一个句式，一看就可能选中了；另一方面，将such . that .的意思“如此以至”代入句中，也完全通顺，即“史密斯先生是一位如此优秀的教师，以至我们大家都尊敬他”。从表面上看，以上分析很有道理，但其实错了。因为在such . that .结构中，that引导的是结果状语从句，并且that在从句中不充当句子成分，若在上句填入such . that .，句末的respect显然缺少宾语(注意：respect是及物动词)。正确的答案应是b，as用做关系代词，用以引导定语从句，修饰其前的名词teacher，同时as在定语从句中用做动词respect的宾语，句意为“史密斯先生是我们大家都尊敬的一位好老师”。有的同学可能还会问，假若选a，能否将其后的that视为引导定语从句的关系代词呢？不能，因为当先行词受到such的修饰时，其后的定语从句应用关系代词as来引导，而不用that。顺便说一句，假若在原句的respect后加上him一词，则应选a，即he is such a good teacher that we all respect him，他是如此好的一位老师，我们大家都尊敬他。2. cant help后一定要接动名词吗she cant help _ the house because shes busy making a cake.a. to clean b. cleaning c. cleaned d. being cleaned此题容易误选b，简单地套用cant help doing sth这一结构。其实此题应选a，注意以下两个结构均可用，但是含义不同：cant help doing sth =禁不住做某事，情不自禁地做某事；cant help to do sth =不能帮助做某事。前者为引申用法，一般辞书均将其作为固定搭配列出来，许多老师对此也比较强调，从而就使同学们形成了思维定势；而后者为help表示“帮助”时的本义用法，因同学们平时对此不大注意，一看到上面的试题马上就联想到cant help doing sth这一结构，从而误选了b。while shopping, people sometimes cant help _ into buying something they dont really need.a. to persuadeb. persuadingc. being persuadedd. be persuaded此题应选c，句中的cant help意为“禁不住”（注意根据句意用被动形式）。3.该选whoever还是anyone _ with the right knowledge can give first aid.a. who b. whoever c. anyoned. who ever此题容易误选b，主要受以下这类句子的影响而形成思维定势：whoever says that is lying.谁那样说，谁就是在说谎。whoever breaks this law deserves a fine.违反本法者应予以罚款。whoever comes first can get a ticket free.谁先来谁就可以免费得到一张票。以上各例中的whoever引导的均为主语从句，它们均可换成anyone who，但不能换成anyone。上面的试题从表面上看，与以上各例很相似，其实有本质的不同，即with the right knowledge中没有谓语动词，所以我们不能选whoever。此题的正确答案为c，anyone为句子主语，with the right knowledge为修饰anyone的定语。(1) _ with a good education can apply for the job.a. who b. whoever c. anyone d. who ever(2) _ has a good education can apply for the job. a. who b. whoever c. anyone d. who ever(3) _ having a good education can apply for the job. a. whob. whoeverc. anyoned. who ever(4) _ seen smoking here will be fined. a. whob. whoeverc. anyone d. who ever(5) _ is seen smoking here will be fined.a. who b. whoever c. anyone d. who ever(6) _ smoking here will be fined.a. who b. whoever c. anyone d. who ever(7) _ smokes here will be fined.a. who b. whoever c. anyone d. who ever第(1)题选c，介词短语with a good education为修饰anyone的定语；第(2)题选b，whoever has a good education为主语从句；第(3)题选c，现在分词短语having a good education为修饰anyone的定语；第(4)题选c，过去分词短语seen smoking here为修饰anyone的定语(可视为anyone who is seen smoking here之省略)；第(5)题选b，whoever is seen smoking here为主语从句；第(6)题选c，现在分词短语smoking here为修饰anyone的定语；第(7)题选b，whoever smokes here为主语从句。4. devote.to与prevent.fromhe made up his mind to devote his life _ pollution _ happily. a. to prevent, to live b. to prevent, from livingc. to preventing, to live d. to preventing, from living此题容易误选b，认为第一空应填to prevent(即认为其中的to为不定式符号)，第二空应填from living，因为prevent . from doing sth是一个常用句型。其实错了，正确的答案是c。第一空涉及的结构是devote . to . (把奉献给)，其中的to是介词，而不是不定式符号；第二空从表面上看涉及的是prevent . from .结构，但其实不是。因为在prevent sb/sth from doing sth阻止某人/某事做某事)这一句型中，prevent后的宾语(sb/sth)应与其后动名词有逻辑上的主谓关系，如：we cant prevent him from leaving. (我们无法阻止他离开)，此句中“他”与“离开”有逻辑上的主谓关系(即“他离开”)。而上面例句中的“污染”与“生活愉快”没有逻辑上的主谓关系，所以不适宜用prevent . from .结构。选项c中的不定式to live happily在句中用做目的状语。5.是around which还是around whereis there a shop around _ we can buy some toilet articles?a. that b. which c. where d. what此题很容易误选b，认为around是介词，选which用以代替前面的名词shop，在此用做介词around的宾语。此分析语法上并不算错，但问题是，照此分析，此句的意思即为：有没有这样一个商店，在它的附近我们可以买到梳妆用品。这样的句意显然不合事理，因为人们通常总是在商店里面买东西，而不是在商店附近买东西。其实此题的最佳选项应是c，其中的around是副词(意为“在附近”)，而不是介词，其后where引导的定语从句修饰其前的地点名词shop，句意为：附近有没有我们可以买到梳妆用品的商店？6.这是现在分词表结果吗the purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _ it more difficult.a. not makeb. not to makec. not making d. do not make许多同学一看到题干中的逗号，便断定此题应选c，属现在分词表结果的用法。其实此题应选b，句中的逗号相当于连词and或but，not to make it more difficult是对逗号前的不定式to make life easier的补充说明。全句句意为“新技术的目的是为了使生活变得更容易，不是使生活变得更困难”。两个不定式虽在句中用做表语，但它们是用以说明句子主语purpose的内容的。(1) the purpose of the scheme is not to help the employers but _ work for young people. a. provideb. to providec. providingd. provided(2) the purpose of the scheme _ the employers but to provide work for young people.a. is not to helpb. does not helpc. is not help d. is not helping第(1)题选b，第(2)题选a，注意两句中的not . but .结构，它连接两个平行的不定式结构。7.是after which还是after whatafter _ seemed like hours he came out with a bitter smile.a. which b. it c. what d. that此题应选c，其余三项都很容易误选。误选a，认为介词后应接关系代词which（但是，若填关系代词，其前没有先行词）；b或d也不能选择，因为介词后可接what引导的宾语从句，但通常不能跟that引导的宾语从句或没有引导词的从句。另一方面，引导名词性从句的that也不能充当句子成分(句中的seemed缺主语)。选c，what引导的是宾语从句，用做介词after的宾语，其中的what可理解为some time that。8. pay attention to后可直接跟that从句吗the judge paid no attention to _ he had just lost his wife.a. thatb. whichc. whatd. the fact that此题容易误选a或b：选a，认为to后应接一个that引导的宾语从句；选b，认为其后是一个定语从句，介词后应用关系代词which。其实此题应选。注意不能选a的原因是，在通常情况下，介词后不能直接跟that从句(极个别介词如except, but等除外)，遇此情况，应在that从句前加上 the fact（此时the fact用做介词宾语，其后that从句用做the fact的同位语）。we all knew nothing about _ he was a thief.a. that b. which c. what d. the fact that答案为d。9.是will they还是they will“when _ get married?” “when _ get married hasnt been made public.”a. they will, will they b. will they, they willc. they will, they will d. will they, will they此题容易误选d，认为when后应用疑问句语序。其实此题应选b，第二个when是用以引导主语从句的连接副词，其后要用陈述句语序。又如：“when will he leave?” “when he will leave is not decided.”“他什么时候离开？”“他什么时候离开还没有定。”“where shall we go to work?” “where we shall go to work is not known.”“我们要去什么地方工作？”“我们要去什么地方工作现在还不知道。” 10. .ran as fast as he could后接动词的什么形式?that day mr. smith got up late, so he ran as fast as he could _ the early bus.a. catch b. to catch c. catching d. caught此题容易误选a，认为情态动词后只能接动词原形。但是，错了，正确的答案是b。其实情态动词could后本来有动词原形run，只是被省略了，即此句的完整形式应是.so he ran as fast as he could run to catch the early bus，其中的不定式to catch the early bus为目的状语。(1) my parents did what they could _ my aunt and uncle.a. help b. to help c. helping d. helped(2) he read what he could _ his knowledge.a. widen b. to widen c. widening d. widened以上两题均选b，即选不定式，且此不定式为目的状语。但是，同学们若据此形成思维定势，也会落入陷阱。为此，请再看两题：(1) he ran as fast as he could _ to catch the bus.a. hope b. to hopec. hoping d. hoped此题的最佳答案不是b，而是c，其中的现在分词短语hoping to catch the bus用做伴随状语，即一边跑一边希望能赶上汽车。但是，如果选b，将to hope to catch the bus视为目的状语行不行呢？不行。因为“他拼命地跑”目的是“为了赶上公共汽车”，而不是“为了希望赶上公共汽车”，换句话说，将“希望”作为“目的”不妥。因为同样的原因，下面一题也应选hoping：he studied as hard as he could _ to enter a good college.a. hope b. to hope c. hoping d. hoped(2) he spent every minute he could _foreign languages.a. study b. to study c. studying d. studied此题也应选c，但是，它与上面选现在分词hoping表伴随有所不同，此题的studying 其实与其前的动词spend有关，即套用的是“spend +时间或金钱+ (in) doing sth”这一句型。11.填as还是填it?_ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.a. it b. as c. that d. what此题很容易误选a，认为此处应填一个形式主语，况且it is (well) known to .也是一个常用句型，读起来也很上口，但是选a错了。同学们仔细想想看，假若选a，横线处填一个形式主语(it)，那么其后就应有一个真正的主语，但事实上没有。但是若将句中的逗号改成that，则只能选a，因为这样一来，that便成为一个引导主语从句的引导词。此题的最佳答案是b，as引导的是一个非限制性定语从句，可置于主句前(常译为“正如”)或主句后(常译为“这一点”)，句意为“正如大家所知，月球每月绕地球转一周”。12. 这里用that is why 还是which is why?he is always really rude, _ is why people tend to avoid him.a. that b. it c. this d . which此题容易误选 a，因为 thats why . 是一个常用表达，同学们极易受此影响而选错，当然若此句的横线前有连词 and 或将其前的逗号改为分号，则完全可选that（分别构成并列句和两个独立的简单句）。此题的最佳答案是 d，句子后半部分为一个非限制性定语从句，which 指 he is always really rude。 另外请比较以下两题（注意连词的有无）。(1) he had a lot of friends, none of _ could lend him any money. a. whomb. themc. whichd. who(2) he had a lot of friends, but none of _ could lend him any money. a. whom b. them c. which d. who第(1)题选a，none of whom could . 为非限制性定语从句；第(2)题选b，由于句中有并列连词 but，整个句子为并列句，因此选them。13. 这里该用none of them 还是none of which?he wrote a lot of novels, none of _ translated into a foreign language.a. them b. which c . it d. what同学们看了上面一题的分析后，也许会毫不犹豫地认为此题应选 b，理由是none前没有并列连词 and 或 but，但这次又错了。此题的最佳选项应是a，注意此句与上面一句有着本质的不同，即此句的 translated 不是谓语，而是一个非谓语动词（过去分词），所以逗号后面其实不是一个完整的句子，而是一个独立结构。假若在 translated 前加一个助动词 was，则此题应选(which)，构成一个非限制性定语从句。所以做这类题要特别小心，千万不要想当然，更不要受思维定势的影响。(1) i met several people there, two of _ were foreigners. a. whom b. them c. who d. which(2) i met several people there, two of _ being foreigners. a. whom b. them c. who d. which第(1)题选a，two of whom were foreigners 为非限制性定语从句；第(2)题选b，two of them being foreigners 不是一个完整的句子，因为句子没有谓语，而只有非谓语动词 being。14. 这个定语从句用that引导还是用when来引导?he said he would never forget the day _ he spent with his girlfriend in the country.a. that b. when c. how d. where此题容易误选 b，有不少学生总是机械地认为：时间名词后用关系副词when，地点名词后用关系副词 where。其实时间名词和地点名词后既可能用关系副词也可能用关系代词，主要看它们在定语从句中充当什么句子成分，原则上可归纳为：作主语或宾语，用关系代词；作状语，用关系副词。此题从句中的 spent 缺宾语，故应用关系代词(that)，而不能用关系副词，即此题应选 a。(1) this is the factory _ i worked 10 years ago. a. where b. that c. what d. why(2) this is the factory _ i worked in 10 years ago. a. where b. that c. what d. why第(1)题选a，work 为不及物动词，where 在定语从句中用做地点状语；第(2)题选b，虽然动词 work 不及物，但是 work in 却是及物的，that 在定语从句中用做介词 in 的宾语。15. 这里用 in which case 还是用 in whose case?she may have missed the train, in _ case she wont arrive for another hour.a. whose b. that c. which d. what此题容易误选 a，因为不少同学认为在定语从句中能用做定语的关系代词的只有 whose。其实除 whose 可用做定语外，which 也可用做定语，只是含义上有差别：在此情况下，whose 的意思相当于ones，而 which 的意思则相当于 that 或 this。比较：(1) this is mary, whose = and her father we met last week.(2) call again at 11, by which time = and by that time the meeting should be over.注：若15题中的逗号前有连词 and，则可选 b(that)。16. which可用于指人吗?mr. smith is a painter, _ i should also like to be.a. that b. which c. who d. it此题很容易误选c，因为许多同学认为指人时总是用who，不能用which，选项a(that)虽然也能指人，但这是非限制性定语从句，也不能用。其实此题应选b(which)，因为这里的which其实指的不是具体的某个人，而是指一个人的特征或属性，此时不能用who。又如：sophia was dressed like an actress, which she was not.苏菲亚的穿着像个演员，实际她不是。he is hardly the man which we thought him to be.他几乎不是我们原来想要他成为的那种人。17.“看书”一定要用read吗?according to the rules, students must not _ their books during examinations.a. read b. watch c. notice d. look at此题容易误选a，因为许多同学牢牢地记住了：看书看报用read，看电视用watch，看电影用see，看比赛用watch，看黑板用look at，等等。以上说法并没有错，但问题是，以上句子有其特殊性。一般说来，汉语的“看书”至少有两层意思，一是指阅读性地看书，即看书读书，此时通常用动词read；另一种看书则不是指阅读性地看书，而只是大概地翻一翻或看一看，比如看看书的封面、定价、内容提要等，或者回答问题时看看书的某些章节或字句以及考试时偷看书本等等，此时通常都不宜用动词read，而应根据情况选用其他动词(如look at)。又如：let me have a look at the book.让我看看或翻翻这本书。please answer my questions without looking at your books.请不看书回答我的问题。18. 涉及every和each的主谓一致?every boy and girl _ the book and they each _ to buy one.a. like, want b. likes, wants c. likes, want d. like, wants此题容易误选d，认为前面一空要用复数动词，因为它的主语是boy and girl，是复数；而第二空则应用单数动词，因为其前有each表示“每一个”。而事实上，恰恰相反，此题应选c。因为按英语习惯，every后接两个单数名词作主语时，谓语要用单数，即第一空应填likes；而第二空要填复数动词want，因为其前的主语是they而不是each（each为主语同位语）。19.是english还是the english?_ is his favorite subject, but he doesnt know _ for “gongzuo”.a. english, english? b. the english, the englishc. english, the english d. the english, english此题容易误选a，认为表示语言的名词前是不用冠词的。的确，英语中表示语言或表示学科的语言名词前习惯上不加冠词，但是它若表示语言中的对应词语时，则其前习惯上要用定冠词，又如：whats the chinese for “work”(work用汉语怎么说)？因此最佳答案为c。另外，在the english language, the french language这类带有language的表达中也通常要用冠词。语言名词前习惯上不用物主代词，所以“谁教你们的英语”不能译为：who teaches your english?而应译为：who teaches you english?(此句teach后接的 you和english为双宾语)但是，当表示语言的名词表示某人使用语言的能力和水平时，则可用物主代词，如可说my english is very poor。20.是than any country还是than any other country canada is larger than _ country in asia.a. any b. any other c. other d. another同学们大都比较熟悉下列句型(其中的other不可省略)：he is clever than any other student in his class.他比班上其他学生要聪明。shanghai is larger than any other city in china.上海比中国其他城市要大。于是许多同学便将than any other作为一个短语记了下来。但是上面一题有所不同。这类句型到底该不该加other，主要应看所谈论的对象是否在比较的范围之内：若在范围之内，则用other (以排除自己与自己比较)；若不在范围之内，则不用other。比较下面一题：china is larger than _ country in asia.a. anyb. any otherc. otherd. another此题应选b，因为china在asia的范围之内。假若选a，则表示“中国比亚洲的任何国家都大”，而中国本身也是亚洲国家，由此则得出“中国比中国大”的荒谬结论。而选b，则表示“中国比亚洲其他任何国家都要大”，这才合乎事实。21.是remind sb of doing sth还是remind sb to do sth?remind him _ the window when he leaves.a. of closing b. closing c. to close d. close受remind sb of (doing) sth结构的影响此题容易误选a。比较以下三个结构：remind sb of sth =使某人想起某事remind sb of doing sth =提醒某人做过某事（暗示动作已发生）remind sb to do sth =提醒某人去做某事（暗示动作尚未发生）请看两个例句：im too busy these days. please remind me to att