北京市高考英语二轮复习 短文改错训练（2）.doc

短文改错训练（2）知识点二：句法型错误句法型错误包括：主谓一致；各种从句的引导词；强调句型；句子结构的连贯性、完整性、对等性及逻辑性。 1.主谓一致：对主谓一致的考查主要根据语法、意义、就近、就远等一致原则，判断人称和数是否与主语保持一致。常考点如下： (1)由or，nor，either.or，neither.nor，not only.but also等连接并列主语时，谓语动词的单复数遵循就近原则； (2)当主语是a with/together with/as well as/including/.b时，谓语动词的单复数由a决定，遵循就远原则； (3)动名词、不定式或名词从句作主语时，谓语动词常用单数； (4)“half/most/part/the rest/分数/百分数of名词”作主语时，谓语动词要和of之后的名词的单复数保持一致； (5)a quantity of/quantities of后既可接复数名词，也可接不可数名词，其谓语动词一般取决于quantity的单复数。 (1)(2014四川)today，i am going to talk with (about) what you should do when a fire alarm go off. 解析该句的主语为a fire alarm，为单数名词，其谓语动词应用第三人称单数形式。 答案gogoes 2.连接词：连接词主要包括名词性从句中的连接词，定语从句中的关系词，状语从句中的连接词，以及主从复合句和并列句中的连接词等。特别是对which和that引导定语从句、抽象名词后面常常跟that引导的同位语从句等的考查。 (2)people would like to take part in this contest should go to the office of the students union and sign up. 解析定语从句缺少引导词。此句中的引导词who或that在从句中作主语，不能省略。 答案people后加who或that 3.句子成分赘余：句子成分赘余一般有如下几种类型：(1)受母语思维影响，出现汉语式结构，造成冗言；(2)不明词义内涵，造成词义重叠；(3)介词多余；(4)助动词、系动词多余；(5)多冠词；(6)定语从句中成分重复；(7)程度副词和频率副词，如much，more，often等的多余；(8)小品词to多余等。 (3)(2014四川)if you notice that when someone is missing and (or) hurt，tell your teacher immediately. 解析该句的意思是“若发现有人失踪或受伤了，就要立刻告诉老师”。句中的if引导条件状语从句，when多余。 答案去掉when 4.缺词错误：缺词现象常见的有：(1)缺系动词；(2)缺介词；(3)缺冠词、物主代词等限定词；(4)在定语从句中缺关系代词或关系副词；(5)缺连接词；(6)缺否定词；(7)缺不定式符号to等。 (4)(2014陕西)he wanted teach me about animals，insects and trees. 解析want作“想要做某事”讲时后接带to的不定式。 答案wanted后加to 知识点三：语篇型错误语篇型错误测试包括：上下文中时态是否一致；上下文中代词是否一致；上下文中逻辑是否一致；上下文中词、词组、从句的替代是否正确。 (1)(2014浙江)i was taking a train to londons victoria station.i had noticed that the carriage was noise (noisy) and filled with people. 解析考查时态。此处只是对过去事实的描述，故用一般过去时。 答案去掉had (2)(2014浙江)then everyone in the carriage began searching ( for) the ticket，which was eventually found under a seat several rows from his owner. 解析此处的owner指的是车票的所有者，所以应该用its。此外，还可将his改为the表示特指。 答案hisits (3)(2014新课标全国)as ( a) result，the plants are growing somewhere. 解析根据语境可知，到处都是圣女果，因此把somewhere改为everywhere。 答案somewhereeverywhere 易错点：1. 平行结构中的错误(1)we tried to fix it and there was nothing we could do. 解析根据句意，此处为转折关系。 答案andbut (2)(2014新课标全国)we can lie on the grass for a rest，or sat by the lake listening ( to) music. 解析此处有并列连词or，其后的动词与lie是平行结构，故该动词的形式应与lie保持一致。 答案satsit (3)(2014大纲全国)the understanding between two friends mean (means) both of them have similar ideas and trusting each other. 解析此处的trust和前面的have并列，应用动词原形。 答案trustingtrust 2. 从句与并列句的错误(1) i told mother，father，sister，all my friends here what a great time i had. 解析all前加and，表示并列关系。 答案all前加and (2) this would save the life of many animals，some of them have almost died out. 答案themwhich 注意：句子与句子之间的逗号只起间隔作用，不能连接句子，所以要注意从句与并列句的辨别。 遇到此类题目，观察逗号后面有无连词，没有的话，添加适当的连词，或者把其中一句变为从句。 3. 动词时态与语态的错误(2014新课标全国)we can lie on the grass for a rest，or sat by the lake listening to music. 解析此处sit和前面的lie是并列关系。根据上下文及此处lie所用的动词时态形式可知，应把过去式的sat改为一般现在时sit。 答案satsit if the book you will want is out，you may ask for it to be called back for you. 答案去掉will 短文改错做题技巧 要想在高考英语中做好短文改错，按照“四步走”，实施“四查法”可有效减少不必要的失误。具体做法如下： 一、“四步走” 1.通读全文，了解大意 注意语篇结构和行文逻辑，不能在未了解大意的情况下就按部就班地一行一行地改。 2.先易后难，缩小范围 通读短文的过程中，可以把其中明显的错误找出来，这样就缩小了范围，为下一步的分析判断提供更充分的依据，也能把注意力集中在较难判断的句子上。 3.把握句意，逐句判断 逐句扫描，各个击破。为了使每行长度相差不大，往往一个句子分成两行或三行，而一个句子是否有错只有看完整个句子，甚至还要瞻前顾后才能判断出错误之处。所以在通读全文时，要以句子为最小单位，千万别以行为单位。请记住下面的口诀： 动词形，名词数，注意形和副； 非谓动词细辨别，习惯用法要记住； 句子成分多分析，逻辑错误须关注。 4.反复通读，复查验证 在大部分错误都改正之后，如果还有拿不准的，应当再次通读短文，利用语感做最后判断；也可以根据此类题的特点，运用错误类型的比例来定夺。错词一般有78个，多词和缺词约有23处。 二、“四查法” 1.左顾右盼查名词 要注意搜寻名词之前及其本身出现的错误。看该名词前是否缺限定词，该用何种限定词。尤其要查冠词的使用情况。碰到代词要弄清它代替什么。当名词前有形容词时更要加倍注意。如：catherine，to whom you can turn for help, has good knowledge of greek.(knowledge为不可数名词，在has之后加上不定冠词a) 2.“语”“时”俱进查动词 认真分析动词所用的时态、语态。尤其要根据上下文所提供的时间信息，“语”“时”俱进地反复推敲。如：martin gained so much confidence that he goes back to school.(goes改为went) 3.启承转合查连词 为使短文结构严谨，短文中往往会出现好多连词。这些连词的使用，在结构和意义上都要通顺流畅，恰如其分。如：it started to rise higher again.so it was still too close to the water. (so改为but) 4.文通理顺查逻辑 文通即行文合乎英语词法、句法；理顺指行文逻辑符合人们的认知规律，即符合常理。如：the air keeping the balloon up was escaping quickly and the balloon was coming up.(第二个up改为down) 模拟短文改错today we went to climb the west hillearly in morning 1_we started out and arrived an hour latethen we began 2_to climbthe hill was high and some of us got tired 3_soon, and all of us were very excitedwe cheered 4_happily when we got the topwe had our lunch there 5_and had enjoyed ourselves very muchunfortunately， 6_when we walked down the hill，we were caught by 7_a rainwe remained calmly，shared umbrellas and 8_raincoats and walked carefullyfinally we both reached 9_the parking lot safelyin spite of the unexpecting rain 10_and wind，we had a good time【参考答案及解析】1. morning前加the 考查冠词的用法。注意习语in the morning。 2. late改为later 考查副词比较级的用法。此处表示“迟到了一小时”，故用比较级。 3. 正确 经分析本句正确。 4. and改为but 考查句间的逻辑关系。根据文意此处为转折关系。5. got后加to或got改为reached 考查动词的用法。此处the top作宾语，故改为got to 或及物动词reached。6. 去掉had 考查动词时态。根据句中的and可知，前后是并列关系，时态应一致。 7. by改为in 考查介词的用法。解题关键：掌握动词catch的用法，be caught in意为：遭遇。 8. calmly改为calm 考查形容词的用法。此处remain为系动词，其后接形容词。9. both改为all 考查代词的用法。根据文意没有两者的范围。 10. unexpecting改为unexpected考查分词的用法。此处unexpected意为：意料之外的。2012年浙江高考真题：下面短文中有10处语言错误。请在有错误的地方增加、删除或修改某个单词。增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（），并在其下面写上该加的词。删除：把多余的词用斜线（）划掉。修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写上修改后的词。注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词。2.只允许修改10处，多者（从第11除起）不计分。two years before, i traveled to brazil and 1 rented for a car. unfortunate, 1 had an accident and hit another car, and i needed to stay in a hospital for at least two week. i called my parents, so 1 did not tell them what had happened. i knew that they will be worried about myself because i was so farther away, and that my mother would not sleep if she knew. therefore, i told them interested stories and how 1 was enjoying brazil. as a result, nobody knew truth. i still think that it was the right thing to do.参考答案：two years before, i traveled to brazil and 1 rented for a car. unfortunate, 1 had an accident and hit ago for去掉 unfortunatelyanother car, and i needed to stay in a hospital for at least two week. i called my parents, so 1 did not tell weeks butthem what had happened. i knew that they will be worried about myself because i was so farther away, and would me farthat my mother would not sleep if she knew. therefore, i told them interested stories and how 1 was interestingenjoying brazil. as a result, nobody knew truth. i still think that it was the right thing to do. 加the 短文改错。假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同学写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。错误涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号()，并在其下面写出该加的词。删除：把多余的词用斜线()划掉。修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。注意：1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；2只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处起)不计分。last winter vacation，some of my classmates decide to travel with their friends，while i chose to take parttime job.i wanted to gain experiences and earn some money.i learned from my teacher that a nearby company was looking after students with good handwriting to write address on envelope. the pay were 10 cent per envelope.i headed for the company，feeling