2016职称英语理工类.docx

第二部分阅读判断阅读下面的短文，短文后列出了 7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子作出判断，如果该句提供的是正确信息，就选 A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，就选 B；如果该句的信息文章中没有提及，就选 C。第一篇 Inventor of LED When Nick Holonyak set out to create a new kind of visible lighting using semiconductor alloys, his colleagues thought he was unrealistic. Today, his discovery of light-emitting diodes, or1 LEDs, are used in everything from DVDs to alarm clocks to airports. Dozens of his students have continued his work, developing lighting used in traffic lights and other everyday technology. On April 23, 2004, Holonyak received the $500,000 Lemelson-MIT Prize at a ceremony in Washington. This marks the 10th year that the Lemelson-MIT Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) has given the award to prominent inventors. “Any time you get an award, big or little2, its always a surprise.” Holonyak said. Holonyak, 75, was a student of John Bardeen, an inventor of the transistor, in the early 1950s. After graduate school3, Holonyak worked at Bell Labs. He later went to General Electric4, where he invented a switch now widely used in house dimmer switches5. Later, Holonyak started looking into how semiconductors could be used to generate light. But while his colleagues were looking at how to generate invisible light, he wanted to generate visible light. The LEDs he invented in 1962 now last about 10 times longer than incandescent bulbs, and are more environmentally friendly and cost effective. Holonyak, now a professor of electrical and computer engineering and physics at the University of Illinois, said he suspected that LEDs would become as commonplace as they are today, but didnt realize how many uses they would have. “You dont know in the beginning. You think youre doing something important, you think its worth doing, but you really cant tell what the big payoff is going to be, and when, and how. You just dont know.” he said. The Lemelson-MIT Program also recognized Edith Flanigen, 75, with the $100,000 Lemelson-MIT Lifetime Achievement Award for her work on a new generation of “molecular sieves,” that can separate molecules by size.词汇： semiconductor / n.半导体 incandescent /adj.白炽的 alloy / n.合金 bulb / n.灯泡 emit /v.发射，发出 commonplace / adj.普通的 diode /n.二极管 molecular /adj.分子的 dim /adj.灯光昏暗的 sieve /n.筛注释： 1. or：即 2. big or little：不论是大是小 3. after graduate school：从研究生院毕业之后 4. General Electric：通用电气公司5. house dimmer switches：家用减光开关第二篇 El Nino While some forecasting methods had limited success predicting the 1997 El Nino a few months in advance1, the Columbia University researchers say their method can predict large El Nino events up to two years in advance. That would be good news for governments, farmers and others seeking to plan for the droughts and heavy rainfall that El Nino can produce in various parts of the world. Using a computer, the researchers matched sea-surface temperatures to later El Nino occurrences between 1980 and 2000 and were then able to anticipate El Nino events dating back to 1857, using prior sea-surface temperatures. The results were reported in the latest issue of the journal Nature. The researchers say their method is not perfect, but Bryan C. Weare, a meteorologist at the University of California. Davis, who was not involved in the work, said it “suggests2 El Nino is indeed predictable.” “This will probably convince others to search around more for even better methods,” said Weare. He added that the new method “makes it possible to predict El Nino at long lead times3.” Other models also use sea-surface temperatures, but they have not looked as far back because they need other data, which is only available for recent decades, Weare said. The ability to predict the warming and cooling of the Pacific is of immense importance4. The 1997 El Nino, for example, caused an estimated $20 billion in damage worldwide, offset by beneficial effects in other areas, said David Anderson, of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts in Reading, England. The 1877 El Nino, meanwhile, coincided with a failure of the Indian monsoon and a famine that killed perhaps 40 million in India and China, prompting the development of seasonal forecasting, Anderson said. When El Nino hit in 1991 and 1997, 200 million people were affected by flooding in China alone, according to a 2002 United Nations report. While predicting smaller El Nino events remains tricky, the ability to predict larger ones should be increased to at least a year if the new method is confirmed. El Nino tends to develop between April and June and reaches its peak between December and February. The warming tends to last between 9 and 12 months and occurs every two to seven years. The new forecasting method does not predict any major El Nino events in the next two years, although a weak warming toward the end of this year is possible. 词汇： EI Nino n.厄尔尼诺现象 offset / v.抵消 equatorial /adj.赤道的 lead / adj.领先的 occurrence /n.发生 monsoon /n.季风 meteorologist /n.气象学家 tricky /adj.难以捉摸的注释： 1. methods had limited success predicting the 1997 EI Nino a few months in advance：predicting the 1997EI Nino a few months in advance是现在分词短语，进一步说明 limited success的含义。 2. suggests: suggest在文中的意思是“表明，显示出”。 3. at long lead times: lead的意思相当于 in advance。 at long lead times的意思是“在领先很长的一段时间里”。 4. of immense importance = immensely important第三篇 Smoking Since 1939, numerous studies have been conducted to determine whether smoking is a health hazard. The trend of the evidence has been consistent and indicates that there is a serious health risk. Research teams have conducted studies that show beyond all reasonable doubt that tobacco smoking is associated with a shortened life expectancy1. Cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this field to be an important factor in the development of cancer of the lungs and cancer of the throat and is believed to be related to cancer of some other organs of the body. Male cigarette smokers have a higher death rate from heart disease than non-smoking males. Female smokers are thought to be less affected because they do not breathe in the smoke so deeply. Apart from statistics, it might be helpful to look at what smoking tobacco does to the human body. Smoke is a mixture of gases, vaporized chemicals, minute particles of ash and other solids. There is also nicotine, which is powerful poison, and black tar. As smoke is breathed in, all those components form deposits on the membranes of the lungs. One point of concentration is where the air tube and bronchus divides. Most lung cancer begins at this point. Filters and low tar tobacco2 are claimed to make smoking to some extent safer, but they can only slightly reduce, not eliminate the hazards.词汇：vaporize /v. (使)蒸发 nicotine /n.尼古丁 membrane /n.膜 bronchus /n.支气管filter /n.过滤嘴 注释： 1. life expectancy：预期寿命 2. low tar tobacco：焦油含量低的烟草 第四篇 Engineering Ethics Engineering ethics is attracting increasing interest in engineering universities throughout the nation. At Texas A&M University, evidence of this interest in professional ethics culminated in the creation of a new course in engineering ethics, as well as a project funded by1 the National Science Foundation to develop material for introducing ethical issues into required undergraduate engineering courses. A small group of faculty and administrators actively supported the growing effort at Texas A&M, yet this group must now expand to meet the needs of increasing numbers of students wishing to learn2 more about the value implications of their actions as professional engineers. The increasing concern for the value dimension3 of engineering is, at least in part, a result of the attention that the media has given to cases such as the Challenger disaster, the Kansas City Hyatt-Regency Hotel walkways collapse, and the Exxon oil spill. As a response to this concern, a new discipline, engineering ethics, is emerging. This discipline will doubtles4 take its place5 alongside such well-established fields as medical ethics, business ethics, and legal ethics. The problem presented by this development is that most engineering professors are not prepared to introduce literature in engineering ethics into their classrooms. They are most comfortable with quantitative concepts6 and often do not believe they are qualified to lead class discussions on ethics. Many engineering faculty members do not think that they have the time in an already overcrowded syllabus to introduce discussions on professional ethics, or the time in their own schedules to prepare the necessary material. Hopefully, the resources presented herein will be of assistance.词汇: ethics /n.道德规范 implication /n.含意 culminate /v.达到顶点 syllabus /n.课程大纲 administrator / n.管理者 herein /adj.在这里注释: 1. culminated in the creation of a new course in engineering ethics, as well as a project funded by ：本句可理解为 culminated in the creation of a new course as well as in a project funded by，即 a project前面省略了 in。 as well as的意思是 and。 2. wishing to learn：wishing to learn为现在分词短语，用作定语修饰 students。 3. value dimension：价值范围，价值尺度 4. doubtless：相当于 doubtlessly，用作状语。 5. take ones place：确立自己的位置 6. quantitative concepts：以数字表达的概念第五篇 Rescue Platform In the aftermath of the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center, security experts are trying to develop new ways of rescuing people from burning skyscrapers. One idea is a platform capable of flying vertically and hovering in the air like a helicopter.1 The platform would rise up and down alongside a skyscraper and pick up people trapped in high stories. The idea for the vertical takeoff platform was hatched more than ten years ago by a Russian aerospace engineer， David Metreveli, who has since2 moved to Israel. Metrevelis design, called the Eagle, calls for two jet engines that turn four large horizontal propellers. The spinning of the propellers generates the necessary lift, or upward force, to raise the platform. The more power is supplied to the propellers, the higher the platform rises. Moving the platform sideways involves applying differing amounts of power to each propeller. Helicopters are now used in some cases to get people out of burning buildings. Escape baskets3 slung from them dangle beside the building for people to climb into. Unfortunately, the baskets cannot reach every floor of a building because the ropes from which they hang become unstable beyond a certain length. So far, Metreveli has built a small-scale model of the Eagle to test his idea. In the wake of4 September 11, he has been able to secure enough funding to start building a larger, 4-meter by 4-meter5 prototype, which he calls the Eaglet.词汇: aftermath /n.结果，后果 sling / v.用悬带吊挂 (slung，slung) hover /v.盘旋 dangle /v.摇摆 hatch /v.策划 prototype /n.原型propeller / n.螺旋桨;推进器 注释： 1. One idea is a platform capable of flying vertically and hovering in the air like a helicopter：形容词短语 capable of flying vertically and hovering用作定语，修饰， platform。 2. since = since ten years ago 3. escape basket：救生篮 4. in the wake of：在后 5. 4-meter by 4-meter：4米4米*第六篇 Microchip Research Center Created A research center has been set up in this Far Eastern country to develop advanced microchip production technology. The center, which will start out with about US $14 million, will help the country develop its chip industry without always depending on imported technology. The center will make use of its research skills and facilities to develop new technology for domestic chip plants. The advent of the center will possibly free the country from the situation that it is always buying almost-outdated technologies from other countries, said the countrys flagship chipmaker.1 Currently, chip plants in this country are in a passive situation because many foreign governments dont allow them to import the most advanced technologies, fearing they will be used for military purposes. Moreover, the high licensing fees they have to pay to technology providers are also an important reason for their decision of self-reliance2. As mainstream chip production technology shifts from one generation to the next every three to five years3, plants with new technology can make more powerful chips at lower costs, while4 plants with outdated equipment, which often cost billions of dollars to build, will be marginalized by the maker. More than 10 chip plants are being built, each costing millions of US dollars.5 The majority of that money goes to overseas equipment vendors and technology owners mainly from Japan and Singapore. Should the new center play a major role in improving the situation in the industry,6 the country admits the US $14 million investment is still rather small. This country is developing comprehensive technologies. Most of the investment will be spent on setting alliances with technology and intellectual property7 owners. 词汇: microchip / n.微芯片 marginalize /v.忽视，边缘化 flagship /n. (用作定语 )首位，最好vendor /n.卖主mainstream /n.主流 注释: 1. The advent of the center will possibly free the country from the situation that it is always buying almost-outdated technologies from other countries, said the countrys flagship chipmaker：这个国家名列首位的芯片制造公司说，芯片中心的成立可能使这个国家摆脱从他国购买即将淘汰的技术的困境。 1) free from ：把从解放出来 2) situation that = situation in which 3) said the countrys flagship chipmaker：把“谁说的”放在句末，是为了突出“ The advent other countries”所表达的事实。注意放在句末时用的是倒装句： said the contrys flagship chipmaker。 2. self-reliance：自力更生 3. every three to five years：每隔 35年 4. while：而（表示对比） 5. More than 10 chip plants are being built, each costing millions of US dollars：十几个芯片厂正在建设之中，每一个厂的造价都在几百万美元。 each costing millions of US dollars是独立分词构，用作状话，进一步说明情况。 6. Should the new center play a major role in improving the situation in the industry：如果新建的芯片中心能在改善该国在芯片行业的（被动 )形势中起重要作用 Should in the industry是虚拟条件句，也可写成 If the new center should play a major role in improving the situation in the industry 7. intellectual property：知识产权练习： *第七篇 Moderate Earthquake Strikes England A moderate earthquake struck parts of southeast England on 28 April 2007, toppling chimneys from houses and rousing residents from their beds. Several thousand people were left without power1 in Kent County2. One woman suffered minor head and neck injuries. “It felt as if the whole house was being slid across like a fun-fair ride,3” said the woman. The British Geological Survey said the 4.3-magnitude quake4 struck at 8:19 a. m. and was centered under the English Channel5, about 8.5 miles south of Dover6 and near the entrance to the Channel Tunnel7. Witnesses said cracks appeared in walls and chimneys collapsed across the county. Residents said the tremor had lasted for about 10 to 15 seconds. “I was lying in bed and it felt as if someone had just got up from bed next to me,” said Hendrick van Eck, 27, of Canterbury8 about 60 miles southeast of London. “I then heard the sound of cracking, and it was getting heavier and heavier9. It felt as if someone was at the end of my bed hopping up and down.” There are thousands of moderate quakes on this scale around the world each year, but they are rare in Britain. The April 28 quake was the strongest in Britain since 2002 when a 4.8-magnitude quake struck the central England city of Birmingham10. The countrys strongest earthquake took place in the North Sea in 1931, measuring 6.1 on the Richter scale11. British Geological Survey scientist Roger Musson said the quake took place on 28 April in an area that had seen several of the biggest earthquakes ever to strike Britain, including one in 1580 that caused damage in London and was felt in France.12 Musson predicted that it was only a matter of time13 before another earthquake struck this part of England. However, people should not be scared too much by this prediction. Musson said, as the modern earthquake warning system of Britain should be able to detect a forthcoming quake and announce it several hours before it takes place. This would allow time for people to evacuate and reduce damage to the minimum.词汇： moderate /adj.中等的 magnitude /n. 值，强度量 topple /v.倾倒，震倒 rouse / v. 唤醒 tremor /n.震动 hop / v. 齐足跳起 fun-fair n.公共露天游乐场 scale /n. 震级 forthcoming / adj.即将来临的 evacuate / v. 疏散geological / adj.地质的 注释: 1. power：电力 2. Kent County：肯特郡（位于英格兰东南部） 3. It felt as if the whole house was being slid across like a fun-fair ride：它（地震）给人的感觉是整幢房子就像游乐场的滑行机一样在滑动。 ride是“游乐场供人玩乐的乘坐式的活动装置”。as if是“好像一样；仿佛”，例如： He treated me as if I were his son. (他待我如同待他的儿子一样。 ) 4. the 4.3-magnitude quake：里氏 4.3级地震 5. English Channel：英吉利海峡 6. Dover：多佛尔（英格兰东南部港市） 7. Channel Tunnel：海峡隧道。 Channel Tunnel （常简称为 Chunnel）是连接英法两国的海峡隧道。 8. Canterbury：坎特伯雷（英格兰东南部城市，中世纪时曾是宗教朝圣圣地） 9. it was getting heavier and heavier：爆裂声越来越响 10. Birmingham:伯明翰（英格兰中部城市） 11. the Richter scale：里氏震级表。美国地震学家 Charles Francis Richter (1900-1985)于 1935年制定了地震震级表。 12. British Geological Survey scientist Roger Musson said the quake took place on 28 April in an area that had seen several of the biggest earthquakes ever to strike Britain, including one in 1580 that caused damage in London and was felt in France：英国地质勘测所的科学家 Roger Musson说，这次 4月 28日遭遇地震的地区就是经受过袭击英国最强烈的几次大地震的同一地区，其中的一次大地震发生在 1580年，那次地震蹂躏了伦敦，巴黎也能感到它的震波。 13. a matter of time：时间问题。又如 : Its not a matter of money.这不是个钱的问题。+第十二篇 Study Helps Predict Big Mediterranean Quake Scientists have found evidence that an overlooked fault in the eastern Mediterranean1 is likely to produce an earthquake and tsunami every 800 years as powerful as the one that destroyed Alexandria2 in AD3 365. Using radiocarbon dating techniques, simulations and computer models, the researchers recreated the ancient disaster in order to identify the responsible fault. We are saying there is probably a repeat time of 800 years for this kind of earthquake, said Ms Beth Shaw, an earthquake scientist at the University o