写作篇 Chapter Five Types of Essay Writing.ppt

ChapterFiveTypesofEssayWriting EssayWriting I ExpositoryEssay II ComparisonandContrast III Description IV Argument V Abstract Anessayisapieceofwritingseveralparagraphslonginsteadofjustoneortwoparagraphs Itiswrittenaboutonetopic justasaparagraphis However thetopicofanessayistoocomplextodiscussinoneparagraph Therefore youmustdividethetopicintoseveralparagraphs oneforeachmajorpoint Thenyoumusttiealloftheseparateparagraphstogetherbyaddinganintroductionandaconclusion I ExpositoryEssay Themostcommontypeofessaywritingisexpositoryessayorexposition Thepurposeofthiswritingistoinformorexplain hewriterappealstothereadersunderstandingwithprovablefactsandwell basedinformation andexplainsthematerialsothatthereaderwillaccepthispointofview Expositionisusedtoexplainanythingdifficulttounderstand forexample theexplanationofanaturallaw ascientificdiscovery aninvention orasolutiontoaproblem I ExpositoryEssay Anexpositoryessayhasthreemainparts 1 Anintroductoryparagraph 2 Abody atleastone butusuallytwoormoreparagraphs 3 Aconcludingparagraph I ExpositoryEssay Theintroductoryparagraphconsistsoftwoparts afewgeneralstatementsaboutyoursubjecttoattractyourreader sattentionandathesisstatementtostatethespecificsubdivisionsofyourtopicand orthe plan ofyourpaper Athesisstatementforanessayisjustlikeatopicsentenceforaparagraph Itnamesthespecifictopicandthecontrollingideasormajorsubdivisionsofthetopic I ExpositoryEssay Thebodyconsistsofoneormoreparagraphs Eachparagraphdevelopsasubdivisionofyourtopic sothenumberofparagraphsinthebodywillvarywiththenumberofsubdivisionsorsubtopics Thebodyisthelongestpartoftheessayandcancontainasmanyparagraphsasnecessarytosupportthecontrollingideasofyourthesisstatement Youcanorganizetheparagraphsinanessayjustasyouorganizetheideasinaparagraph bychronologicalorder logicaldivisionofideas comparisonandcontrast etc I ExpositoryEssay Theconclusioninanessay liketheconcludingsentenceinaparagraph isasummaryorreviewofthemainpointsdiscussedinthebody I ExpositoryEssay Theonlyadditionalelementinanessayisthelinkingexpressionsbetweentheparagraphsofthebody Thesearejustliketransitionswithinaparagraph Youusetransitionswithinaparagraphtoconnecttheideasbetweentwosentences Similarly youusetransitionsbetweenparagraphstoconnecttheideasbetweenthem I ExpositoryEssay Paragraph Essay I ExpositoryEssay TopicSentenceA SupportB SupportC SupportConcludingSentence I Introduction II Body III Conclusion GeneralStatementThesisStatement A TopicSentence1 Support B TopicSentence1 Support C TopicSentence1 Support Restatementorsummary finalcomment 1 Theintroductoryparagraph Allwriters evenprofessionals complainthatthemostdifficultpartofwritingisgettingstarted Gettingstarted orwritinganintroductoryparagraph canbeeasyifyourememberthatanintroductionhasfourpurposes Itintroducesthetopicoftheessay Itgivesageneralbackgroundofthetopic Itoftenindicatestheoverall plan oftheessay Itshouldarousethereader sinterestinthetopic I ExpositoryEssay Theintroductionhastwoparts GeneralStatements AThesisStatement I ExpositoryEssay Noticethetwopartsoftheintroductoryparagraphinthefollowingmodel Anypersonwhohaslivedinthetwentiethcenturyhasseenalotofchangestakeplaceinalmostallareasofhumanexistence Somepeopleareexcitedbythechallengesthatthesechangesoffer otherswanttoreturntothesimplerlife styleofthepast Thetwentiethcenturyhascertainadvantagessuchashigherstandardoflivingformany butitalsohassomedisadvantagessuchasapollutedenvironment thedepersonalizationofhumanrelationships andtheweakeningofspiritualvalues I ExpositoryEssay 1 1GeneralStatementThefirstsentenceinanintroductoryparagraphshouldbeaverygeneralstatementaboutthesubject Itspurposeistoattractthereader sattentionandtogivebackgroundinformationonthetopic Eachsubsequentsentenceshouldbecomemorespecificthanthepreviousoneandfinallyleadintothethesisstatement Introducethetopicoftheessay Givebackgroundinformationonthetopic I ExpositoryEssay 1 2ThesisStatementThethesisstatementisthemostimportantsentenceintheintroduction Itstatesthespecifictopicandoftenliststhemajorsubtopicsthatwillbediscussedinthebodyoftheessay Furthermore itmayindicatethemethodoforganizationsuchachronologicalorderororderofimportance I ExpositoryEssay 1 Statesthemaintopic2 Oftenliststhesubdivisionsofthetopicorsubtopics3 Mayindicatethemethodoforganizationoftheentirepaper4 Isusuallythelastsentenceintheintroductoryparagraph Thethesisstatement I ExpositoryEssay Herearethreeexamplesofthesisstatementswithnosubtopicsmentioned Beingtheoldestsonhasmoredisadvantagesthanadvantages YoungpeopleinmyculturehavelessfreedomthanyoungpeopleintheUnitedStates Thelargemovementofpeoplefromruraltourbanareashasmajoreffectsoncities I ExpositoryEssay Inthefollowingthesisstatement thesubtopicsarenamed Thelargemovementofpeoplefromruraltourbanareashasmajoreffectsonacity sabilitytoprovidehousing employment andadequatesanitationservices I ExpositoryEssay Whenlistingtwoormoresubtopicsinathesisstatement acolon isoftenuseful Prejudicearisesfromthreebasiccauses childhoodconditioning ignorance andfear I ExpositoryEssay Correlativeconjunctions both and notonly butalso neither nor either or arealsousefulinthesisstatementslistingtwosubtopics YoungpeopleinmyculturehavelessfreedomthanyoungpeopleintheUnitedStatesnotonlyintheirchoiceoflife stylebutalsointheirchoiceofcareers Childrenneedbothloveanddisciplinetobecomeresponsiblecitizens I ExpositoryEssay Tosumup anintroductoryparagraphislikeafunnel verywideatthetop increasinglynarrowinthemiddle andverysmallattheneckorbottom I ExpositoryEssay 2 TheEssayBodyBecauseanessayislongerandmorecomplexthanaparagraph itisevenmoreimportanttoorganizeyourthoughtsandtoplanthebodyofyouressaybeforeyoubegintowrite Thebestwaytodothisistomakeanoutline Theprinciplesandtechniquesthatyouhavelearnedforparagraphoutliningcanbeappliedtoessays Thenumber lettersystemforaformaloutlineisillustratedinthemodeloutlinethatfollows I ExpositoryEssay Noticethatsubtopicsthatformthebodyoftheessayareindentedtotheright Asyoumovetotheright theideasbecomemoreandmorespecific Studythefollowingmodeloutlineforanessayonmoderntechnology Inthisoutline theintroductioncontainsonlythethesisstatement andtheconclusionisabbreviated Thebodyoftheessay however isdevelopedindetail I ExpositoryEssay 3 TheConcludingParagraphStudythefollowingconcludingparagraphforthepreviousintroductoryparagraph Istheconcludingparagraphasummaryofthemainpointsoftheessay Isitaparaphraseofthethesisstatement Isthereafinalmessageforthereader I ExpositoryEssay TheConcludingParagraph Inshort althoughthetwentiethcenturyhadindeedgivensomeofusalotofadvantagesbymakingusricher healthier andfreertoenjoyourlives ithas inmyopinion notmadeuswiser Thetwentiethcenturyhasalsomadeourearthdirtier ourpeoplelesshumane andourspirituallivespoorer Wewishtocontinuetoenjoythebenefitsoftechnologicaladvancementbecausetheyfreeustopursueourotherinterestsandgoals However wemustmakeaconcerted joint efforttopreserveournaturalenvironmentforfuturegenerations Moreover weshouldtakethetimenowtomakeourlivesmoremeaningfulinourincreasinglyimpersonal mechanizedworld I ExpositoryEssay 3 2ElementsoftheConcludingParagraphThefinalparagraphinanessayistheconclusion whichtellsthereaderthatyouhavecompletedanessay First youwriteasummaryofthemainpointsdiscussedinthethebodyoftheessayorrewritethethesisstatementindifferentwords Thenyouaddyourfinalcommentsonthesubject foodforthought somethingtothinkabout Takethisopportunitytomakeastrong effectivemessagethatthereaderwillremember I ExpositoryEssay TheconcludingparagraphconsistsofAsummaryofthemainpoints orarestatementofyourthesisindifferentwords Yourfinalcommentonthesubject basedontheinformationyouhaveprovided Besuretointroducetheconcludingparagraphwithaconclusiontransitionsignal I ExpositoryEssay 4 TransitionSignalsbetweenParagraphsTransitionsignalsareimportantnotonlywithinparagraphsbutalsobetweenparagraphs Ifyouwritetwoormoreparagraphs youneedtoshowtherelationshipbetweenyourfirstandsecondparagraph betweenyoursecondandthirdparagraph andsoon Thinkoftransitionsbetweenparagraphsasthelinksofachain Thelinksofachainconnectthechain theyholdittogether Similarly atransitionsignalbetweentwoparagraphslinksyourideastogether I ExpositoryEssay Twoparagraphsarelinkedbyaddingatransitionsignaltothetopicsentenceofthesecondparagraph Thistransitionsignalmaybeasingleword aphrase oradependentclausethatrepeatsorsummarizesthemainideainthefirstparagraph Studythefollowingmodel andnoticehowtheparagraphsarelinkedbyasingleword aphrase oraclause I ExpositoryEssay ModelParagraphTransitionsAggressiveDrivers Thenumberofvehiclesonfreewaysandstreetsisincreasingatanalarmingrate Thisinfluxofmotorvehiclesiscreatinghazardousconditions Moreover driversareinsucharushtogettotheirdestinationsthatmanybecomeangryorimpatientwithothermotoristswhoaretoosloworwhoareintheirway Aggressivedriversreactfoolishlytowardothersinseveraldangerousways I ExpositoryEssay TransitionWordsOnewayanangrydrivermayreactistocutoffanothermotorist supportingsentences TransitionWordsAnotherwayistotailgate drivecloselybehind theothercar supportingsentences I ExpositoryEssay TransitionPhraseInadditiontocuttingoffandtailgatingothercars aggressivedriversoftenuserudelanguageorgesturestoshowtheiranger supportingsentences TransitionClauseAlthoughlawenforcementauthoritieswarnmotoristsagainstaggressivedriving thenumberwhoactouttheirangryimpulseshasnotdeclined supportingsentences I ExpositoryEssay Toconclude aggressivedriversareendangeringeveryonebecausetheycreatehazardousconditionsbyactinganddrivingfoolishly Theyshouldcontroltheirangerandlearntodrivesafely Afterall thelivestheysavecouldbetheirown I ExpositoryEssay 1 BasicSentencePatternsforComparisonandContrastSentencePatternsforComparison 1 thesame as thesameas AhasthesameweightasB AweighsthesameasB 2 as asAisaslargeasB 3 tobesimilarto in AissimilartoBinsize 4 incommonAandBhavetheheightincommon II ComparisonandContrast SentencePatternsforContrast 1 comparative thanAismore lessexpensivethanB 2 tobedifferentfrom todifferfromBisdifferentfromAinprice BdiffersfromAinvolume SentencePatternforComparisonofMoreThanTwoThings the superlative rangeofcomparisonCisthelightestofthethree Sheisthebeststudentintheclass II ComparisonandContrast 2 QualificationofComparisonIncomparison certainadverbsandadverbialphrasescanbeaddedtotheabovepatternsforthedegreeofcomparison II ComparisonandContrast Examples1 Aisconsiderably much alot somewhat abit alittle slightly hardly onlyjustsmallerthanB 2 Aisexactly precisely just practically moreorless almost nearly approximately aboutthesameasB 3 Aisnotexactly entirely quitethesameasB 4 Aisnotquiteas sobigasB 5 Aistotally completely entirely quitedifferentfromB 6 AandBaredifferentineveryway ineveryrespect 7 AandBaretotally completely entirely quitedifferent II ComparisonandContrast OrganizationforComparisonandContrastOrder Makeasentence by sentencecomparisonofthefeaturesinanyorderthatseemsappropriateforthetopic Discussallofthesimilaritiesinoneblock whichcanbeoneormoreparagraphs andallofthedifferencesinanotherblock whichcanbeoneormoreparagraphs II ComparisonandContrast ModelOutline BlockOrganization ThesisStatement Onewaytodecidebetweentwojoboffersistoevaluatewhatthesimilaritiesanddifferencesarebeforemakingadecision I ThesalaryandfringebenefitsofJobXandJobYarealmostthesame A Salary JobXandJobY B Fringebenefits JobXandJobY II ComparisonandContrast II Althoughthesalaryandfringebenefitsareequal therearebigdifferencesintheareasofworkplaceatmosphereandopportunityforadvancement A Workplaceatmosphere1 JobX2 JobYB Opportunityforadvancement1 JobX2 JobY Conclusion II ComparisonandContrast ModelOutline Point by pointOrganization ThesisStatement Onewaytodecidebetweentwojoboffersistomakeapoint by pointcomparisonoftheirfeatures I ThesalariesofJobXandJobYareapproximatelyequal A JobX ssalaryB JobY ssalary II JobXoffersthesamefringebenefitsasJobY A JobX sfringebenefitsB JobY sfringebenefits II ComparisonandContrast III IncontrasttoJobY JobXoffersgoodopportunitiesforadvancement A JobX sopportunitiesforadvancementB JobY sopportunitiesforadvancement IV Unlikethehigh pressureandcompetitiveatmosphereatCompanyX theatmosphereatCompanyYseemscongenialandsupportive A AtmosphereatCompanyXB AtmosphereatCompanyY Conclusion II ComparisonandContrast 1 Youcoulddiscussthedifferencesfirstandthesimilaritieslast Itismoreusual however todiscusssimilaritiesfirst 2 Withbothtypesoforganization asyoudiscusseachfeatureofJobY referbacktothesamefeatureofJobXandusecomparisonandcontraststructurevocabularytoshowwhethertheyarethesameordifferent Inotherwords itisnotsufficientsimplytodescribeeachjoboreachfeature youmustconstantlyreferbackandforthtomakethesimilaritiesanddifferencesclear II ComparisonandContrast Descriptionisamentalprocess itisawayofpicturingimagesverballyinspeechorwritingandofarrangingthoseimagesinlogicalorassociationalpattern Inacademicwriting descriptionshelpreadersunderstandeasilyandclearlywhatanobject place ormechanismlookslikeorhowitworks Thebasicwritingtechniquesusedinwritingdescriptionsaredefinition staticdescriptionandprocessdescription 1 DefinitionAdefinitionisusuallynecessaryatthebeginningofadescription III Description aprecise rigidlystructured logicalconstruct termtobedefined wordofgeneralclass distinguishingcharacteristic atape recorderisamachinewhichrecordssound III Description Sometimesaphraseorsentenceisnotenoughtogiveadetailedexplanationofatechnicalterm Inthiscase anexpandeddefinition adefinitionwithmorethanonesentence isrequired Thiskindofdefinitionsmaybeexpandedwithdescriptions Atelescopeisaninstrumentformagnifyingdistantobjects Ithastwoessentialparts theobjectivethatcollectslightfromthedistantobjectandformsarealimage andtheeyepiecethatformsamagnifiedimageofthisimage Refractingtelescopesuseaconvexlensastheobjectiveandreflectingtelescopesuseacurvedmirroroflargediameter III Description 2 StaticDescriptionSometimesweneedtodescribetheappearanceorlayoutorstructureofsomething suchasacamera acomputerorarefrigerator Werefertothiskindofdescriptionasstaticdescription Whendescribingsuchthingsanumberoffeatureshavetobementioned whatkindofthingitis howmanypartsitconsistsof andhowtheyareconnectedtoeachother III Description 3 ProcessDescriptionAprocessisaseriesofactions changes functions steps stages procedures oroperationsthatbringaboutaparticularendorresult Aprocesssuggestson goingmovementandcontinuousaction Inacademicwriting therearetwocommonkindsofprocessdescriptions howsomethingworksandhowtodosomething III Description bearinmind describetheworkingprinciplesandtheprocess nothowtooperate youshould beginwithaproperstartingpoint becarefulnottomissanyimportantsteps 3 1DescribingHowSomethingWorks III Description 3 2DescriptionHowtoDoSomething Instructionaloroperationaldescription arrangetheinformationsothattheprocesscanbeclearlyunderstoodandeasilyfollowed moveforwardinalogical step by stepsequence usetransitionsignals III Description anargument asetofstatementsinsupportofanopinionorproposedcourseofaction thepurpose toconvince threeparts introduction identifiestheissuetobediscussedandexplainstheimportance body presentstheevidence conclusion reaffirmstheproposition IV Argument 3 DebatablePoint DebatablePoint canbeviewedfrommorethanoneangle isopentodispute shouldbeanopinion generallyacceptedviewpointsarenotgoodthemes IV Argument TheThreeGorgeslieinthemiddlereachesoftheYangtzeRiver Afteryearsofinvestigationandresearch manyscientistsandengineershavesuggestedthattocontrolthefloodsbroughtbytheYangtzeRivertoitslowerreaches alargedamshouldbebuiltthere Butmanyotherscientistsandengineersdisagree Thusaheateddebatehasbegunastowhethertheprojectisbeneficial Iaminfavoroftheprojectandbelievethatitwillhavemoreadvantagesthandisadvantages Aproperdebatablepoint IV Argument 4 SupportinganArgumentThereareseveralkindsofsupportingdetailsthatyoucanusetosupportorproveyourtopicsentence Amongthemostcommonareexamples statistics andquotations IV Argument Legalizationwilldramaticallyreducecrime Itisthehighpriceofdrugsthatleadsaddictstorobbery murderandothercrimes saysIraGlasser executivedirectoroftheAmericanCivilLibertiesUnion AstudybytheCatoInstituteconcludes Most ifnotall drug relatedmurders aretheresultofdrugprohibition Directquotation Directquotation IV Argument Fact Certainlytherearesomekill for a fixcrimes butdoesanyrationalpersonbelievethatacut ratepricefordrugsatagovernmentoutletwillstopsuchpsychopathicbehavior Thefactisthatundertheinfluenceofdrugs normalpeopledonotactnormally andabnormalpeoplebehaveinchillingandhorrible IV Argument ways DEA DrugEnforcementAdministration agentstoldmeaboutateen ageaddictinManhattanwhowassmokingcrackwhenhesexuallyabusedandcausedpermanentinternalinjuriestohisone month olddaughter Childrenareamongthemostfrequentvictimsofviolent drug relatedcrimesthathavenothingtodowiththecostofacquiringthedrugs InPhiladelphiain1987morethanhalfthechild abusefatalitiesinvolvedatleastoneparentwhowasaheavydruguser Indirectquotation Fact Statistic IV Argument Personalexperience Indirectquotation Seventy threepercentofthechild abusedeathsinNewYorkCityin1987involvedparentaldruguse Inmytravelstotherampartsofthedrugwar Ihaveseennothingtosupportlegalizers argumentthatlowerdrugpriceswouldreducecrime VirtuallyeverywhereIhavegone policeandDEAagentshavetoldmethatcrimeratesarehighestwherecrackischeapest IV Argument 5 LogicalReasoning TwoWaysofReasoning DeductiveReasoning InductiveReasoning GeneralStatement SpecificConclusion ParticularFact GeneralConclusion IV Argument 5 1DeductiveReasoningDeductivereasoningbasicallyworksonthemodelofsyllogism Syllogism MajorPremise MinorPremise Conclusion Mammalsarewarm bloodanimals anacceptedgeneralization Awhaleisamammal afactualexample Soawhaleiswarm blooded boundtobetrue IV Argument 5 2InductiveReasoningInductivereasoningisamethodofdiscoveringandtestingtheinferencesthatyouandrawfrominformation Inductionisthechiefwaywehaveofestablishingcausality thatAcausedB ThreeParts A Gatheringevidence B Makingahypothesistoexplaintheevidence C Investigatingtoseewhetherthehypothesisfitstheevidence Scientificmethodatwork lookingforsimilaritiesanddifferenc