浅谈初中英语阅读教学存在的问题和改进对策.doc

this type of operation for the safety technology. Without education and training in safety knowledge, shall not enter the construction site operations. To enter the construction site, you must wear a helmet, buckle chinstrap. Work at two meters high and must be fastened. When working at height, are not allowed to throw down or up the materials and tools and other objects. Persons not engaged in electrical and mechanical, prohibited the use of mechanical and electrical equipment. Building materials and components to be tidy and secure, shall not exceed the relevant provisions. Hazardous areas should be clearly marked, protective measures should be taken at night to set up a red light warning. In the operation, should adhere to their jobs, drunken operation is strictly prohibited. Special operations personnel (electricians, welders, boiler operators, blasters, lifting grid and pile drivers and commanding, shelf workers, machines, motor vehicle drivers, and so on) must be operating permits from the relevant sector professional training examinations, independent operation, operation focus, not to leave. Construction site prohibited to wear slippers, heels, skirt, sliding and studded shoes and barefoot, shirtless, and so on. Construction site of the scaffold (prohibition of the use of bamboo and wood materials setting), protective equipment, safety signs, warning signs, scaffolding wall may be supplemented, removed and need to be removed must be reinforced by the contractors agree. Construction site of the four (openings, stairs, lift head, hole) and the five-limb (balcony, framing, roofing, run (oblique) road and unloading platforms), protective measures and clearly marked. Are not allowed to sit at the feet of . Nails should be promptly removed. Drywall cut bricks are cut, no outside chopping. Preventing broken tiles fall hurt. Tools must always be mounted after good tool bag. In the Derrick (gantry) travel; in the Derrick (gantry) increased security measures are not taken to the following cleaning mortar, concrete and other debris; hanging baskets for a long time is not allowed to stop the air; after work basket must be placed in the ground, and cut off the power and lock box. Scaffolding on the Frost, snow, mud, and building waste time cleaning. Both ends of the scaffold to fasten to prevent probe Panel. Danger of overloading the scaffold: laying per square foot scaffold distributed load shall not exceed 270KN, piled up on the scaffold standard bricks of single side three storeys high. Wall removal of dangerous scaffolding; Sat down to rest on the guard rail danger; Set, dismantling scaffolding, Derrick (gantry) high, edges, vacant jobs, such as not wearing a seat belt at risk. Upper part of the ladder to fasten, antiskid measures are required in the lower part. Upper part of the ladder to hang, and lower banding. Ladder to fasten in the Middle, lower to have a non-slip steps, are not allowed to sit on it, riding moves. Altitude: personnel engaged in the Spider-man,stavebn tm vdce mst een. een by mlo zahrnovat analzu rizik, monost nehod charakteristik a nouzovch postup, nouzov zpracovn a obsah opaten. 4, integrovan pohotovostn plny, speciln havarijn plny a mst een by mly bt mezi sebou a s ostatnmi jednotky zapojeny v nouzi, kter jsou vzjemn propojeny. 5, havarijn pln by ml zahrnovat havarijn personl a organizace kontakt, nouzov rezervn seznam a dal informace. Informace by mly bt pravideln aktualizovny a zajist, e informace jsou pesn a platn. tyi, havarijn pln revize 1, Recenze pohotovostn plny pezkoumn formul a prvky pezkumu a opaten pijatch dvma zpsoby. Kdy host slou pedevm pro havarijn plny pro zznam v podob Recenze, prvek hodnocen pro nouzov hodnocen. . Kd pro porn ochranu konstrukce budov a nsk republice ny exploze nebezpen oblasti elektrick bezpenostnch pedpis a pedpis o porn ochranu design rafinaci ropy a chemickch podnik, napklad poadavky na pedpisech a nazench. 2. pi provdn instalace me zpsobit por, exploze, kter sti by mly bt pln nastaven peht, petlaku, micch pstroj, alarm (zvuk a svtla). 3. kde je holav plyn (pra) me unikat , holav plyn koncentrac detekce, alarm by mla bt nastavena. 4. vechny komunikoval s holav, vbun zazen s inertnm plynem, plynov penosov potrub, by mla bt nastavena zabrnit holavch a vbunch ltek do zazen, ale nemla bt samostatn zptn ventil. 5. holav plyn (pra) nastavit plamen svodi odvzduovac vvod, snadno pracovat, kde se zastavit ventily, aby pi vstupn vtrac potrub je v plamenech, peruil por plynu odvzduovac potrub ml bt nainstalovn v nejni hasicho zazen. 6. kdy dopravu holavch materil by mla odpovdat prmru potrub a stedn mrn odpor, sprvn zen prtoku, co nejvce se vyhnout statick elektiny. Antistatick opaten, jako jsou zazen, potrub, by mlo bt v souladu s technickmi pedpisy pro uzemnn design pro chemick podniky pslunch ustanoven. 7. nhl vbun petlaku nebo rychlho rozkladu vrobnch zazen nebo skladovacch zazen by mly bt vybaveny vbuchu (nevbun membrna), vvoz nonel trubice smrem k bezpenosti a aby prevence sekundrnch exploz, protiporn opaten. 8. vrobnthe principle of simplified EIA of construction projects in the region. In terms of land, linked to the implementation of urban and rural construction land increase and decrease, replacement indicators for priority areas project. Charges, into the projects of water, electricity, administrative charges and preferential policies. In the area of taxation, and settled in areas of industry and its production company, within 5 years after the completion of fiscal incentives to enterprises. In terms of financing, integration of land, tax, financial and other resources, and construct Government credit + business credit credit system, establishment of marketization, commercialization and modernization of the investment and financing platform; effective Bank-enterprise docking, encourages private capital into the Park, to raise industry development fund. 5, optimize the environment and service industries. To create policy lowlands, Highlands, integrity of service land, development land as the goal, to optimize the area under development environment. All administrative law enforcement departments to appoint a full-time personnel stationed in areas dedicated to coordinating and solving problems associated with businesses in this sector. When there are substantial issues, sector leaders arranged to personally intervene, in-person, in-person push tangible area building a green light, easy line. To further reduce and standardize administrative examination and approval items, simplify examination and approval links, improve efficiency; according to the .Since the educational practice of the mass line of the party, himself seriously in the education, practical control central eight rules and opposing the four winds and practicing three Suns, and check the spirit of Jiao Yulu, ideology, solicit opinions based on outstanding problems checked swing, careful analysis and reflection. Will now check report is as follows: first, adherence to the partys political discipline, eight in the central provision, change the style of the basic situation of 1, in compliance with the partys political disciplines. Conscientiously abide by the partys political discipline, abide by the Constitution and the rules and regulations of the party, in the political, ideological and maintain highly consistent with the CPC Central Committee on the action, there is no violation of the partys political discipline problems. 2, in the implementation of the central authorities of the eight provisions. Improving research, improving research methods, but there are less grass-roots units, primary first-hand an inadequate grasp of the problem, which is to be strengthened in the future. Second, construction, strictly in accordance with the provisions to streamline and improve the quality of meetings of the Conference. Third, streamlining file briefs, culture involves all aspects of propaganda and ideology, sometimes due to the practical needs of invention notifications, this area needs further浅谈初中英语阅读教学存在的问题和改进对策王彧 (通城县石南中学, 湖北通城437100)1问题的提出在中学阶段,英语阅读课课堂教学的重要目标是培养学生的英语阅读能力。新课程标准对初中英语阅读能力的要求语言技能五级目标:(1)能根据上下文和构词法推断、理解生词的含义;(2)能理解段落中各句子之间的逻辑关系;(3)能找出文章中的主题, 理解故事的情节, 预测故事情节的发展和可能的结局;(4)能读懂常见体裁的阅读材料;(5)能根据不同的阅读目的运用简单的阅读策略获取信息;(6)能利用字典等工具书进行学习;(7)除教材外,课外阅读量应累计达到 15万词以上。事实上, 由初二刚升初三的学生英语成绩同比差异比较大,尤其体现在阅读方面。从实际教学看,英语教学中存在这样一些问题:（1)教学模式比较单一部分教师过多地偏重语法,单词讲解和逐句逐段分析句子结构等。（2)阅读策略和技巧训练不够阅读教学的实质是培养学生具备从书面语言材料中吸取知识和获取信息的能力, 包括速读、略读、跳读、猜测词义的能力,找主题句总结概括的能力,寻找上下文指代关系的能力,查阅利用字典的能力等多种能力的组合。（3) 学生的阅读目的不明确部分学生不能正确认识阅读的目的所在,认为做完老师布置的练习即可, 比较被动。（4) 学生有不良的阅读习惯和方。如逐词阅读; 注意力易分散;习惯性回读等等。（5) 教学效果不太理想。2.问题的分析本文从客观和主观两个方面对初中英语阅读教学存在的问题进行分析。2.1从教材方面看初三英语课本较初二时有了相当大的变动, 短文由原来的一篇增至为两篇, 且篇幅有所加长; 学生最不易适应和接受的是每个单元后增加的一篇比较长的阅读课文。2.2从教师的方面看(1)部分教师未能认真研读初中英语课程标准, 从而导致做不到有目的的教学。(2)部分教师的教学方法陈旧, 不注重对学生阅读方法和策略的指导,导致学生的学习兴趣下降和阅读理解能力较弱。教师应该更多考虑学生学习的主体性原则,指导学生掌握正确的阅读方法和技巧,逐步提高其阅读能力。(3)课堂上, 教师的指令不明, 任务不清, 学生不能明确下一步的学习活动。(4)教师缺乏对学生进行一定的文章的文化背景介绍。2.3从学生的方面看(1)初学英语时未形成科学的学习方法和良好的学习习惯。(2)学习态度不端正。(3)缺乏具体的英语阅读学习目标。(4)不能有效运用课外读物进行泛读训练以提高阅读速度和效果。(5)词汇量不足。有些学生阅读课文时存在较大的阅读困难。词汇量对于阅读非常重要。学生需记住词的读音、拼写、更要能灵活运用词。(6)心理因素。有些学生有畏难情绪, 有些学生因为初学英语未取得良好成绩而讨厌英语。 (7)小学英语教学与初中英语教学未能接轨。部分农村小学未开设英语课程, 部分农村小学英语教学中语音教学不合乎标准, 这些都对初中英语教学造成困难。(8)学生学习能力的差异。3改进措施3.1健全、优化教育制度, 真正做到素质教育。3.2英语教师应更新教学理念 (采用整体教学、任务型教学), 加强学习, 提高自身的业务水平, 在实践中探索有效的科学教学方法, 精心设计每一堂阅读课:(1) 阅读准备 ( Preparation for reading)如果阅读材料对于学生而言有一定的理解难度, 可以先处理部分重点词和短语 ( deal with some key words and phrases)。a. 直接教授学生词汇的读音和拼写。b. 设计新情景, 让学生猜测重点词汇的意思。c. 采取意译法, 将复杂的句子用简单英语意译, 化繁就简, 使学生能够更轻松容易地理解难句。d. 让学生练习使用重点词和短语。(2)读前 (Before reading )1) 复习上节课所学词汇2) 有意的导入a. 通过讲述相关的故事和展示图片等方式激发学生的阅读兴趣和求知欲。b. 让学生通过文章标题猜测文章大意。(3) 读时 (While reading)1) 速读 (Fast reading)a.检查学生的猜测b.回答该篇文章中的/ 什么, 谁, 何时, 何地, 怎样, 为什么 (What, Who, When, Where, How, Why)。2) 细读 (Careful reading)a.设计原则教师应专心地设计一些问题, 帮助学生对文中的事实和人物有清晰的关联性认识, 对段落和全文有更深的理解。b. 练习类型：问答、选择、判断正误、填表或填图。c. 问题内容：文章主旨大意、主要事实和一些重要细节、难以掌握的长句、难句的理解。d. 部分词、句、段落的解释, 对句子结构的分析 (通过提问学生, 让学生一起讨论或直接讲解教授的方式)。(4) 读后 (After Reading)1) 让学生在阅读该篇文章后, 讨论作者的写作意图和态度, 并谈谈自己的感受, 思考自己能从这篇文章中获得什么, 学习到什么。2) 阅读不仅是为了理解文章, 也是为了能说和会写。 阅读文章本身就是口语和书面素材, 通过设置练习, 进行有效训练, 可相应提高学生的说和写的能力。a. 对于学生而言, 在课堂上或课余时间阅读一些重要的段落或文章 (全文 )是很有用的. 应逐渐培养他们这样的阅读习惯, 并予以鼓励和监督。b. 对于不同层次的学生布置不同的任务。大多数学生给出文章的大纲; 一般学生复述, 如有困难时,可借助已总结出的纲要复述。c. 分层作业。 用所学篇章中的新词编造对话, 与课文内容有关或无关皆可; 仿课文结构或内容写一篇相似的 80100词的作文。教学中, 因材施教很重要, 针对不同层次的学生, 提出的要求和布置的作业也应有所区别。 对于理解文意有困难的学生, 应在读前帮助他们认知和识记新词汇, 引导他们自己努力阅读课文。3.3对学生进行学法指导(1)课前预习、专心听课、及时复习、独立作业、巩固小结、课外学习。(2)朗读和默读, 细读和快速浏览 (粗读 )相结合。(3)加强学生小组合作学习。3.4帮助学生形成良好的阅读习惯和使用阅读策略, 并制定阅读目标。(1)读前, 根据图片或标题猜测文章大意。(如有重点词汇会影响文意理解, 则读前教授, 扫清阅读障碍。例如, 让学生仔细看给课文所配的这幅插图, 并说出何地, 何人, 做什么。 接着, 要求学生读出课文/餐馆科学 (Restaurant science)的标题, 并理解。然后, 鼓励他们通过标题猜测这篇文章的中心大意。(2) 读课文时使用默读方法, 并带着问题阅读 (任务型教学 )。 a. 让学生听课文一次 (部分学生需对照课文看 ),以核查听前的猜测, 并解释什么是 /餐馆科学。 b. 要求阅读课文以回答下列问题: 作者想告诉我们什么? 餐馆业主是怎样赚钱的? 为什么那些使餐馆业主赚钱的人是谁? 接着, 回答课本的问题1和 2。(3) 根据要求, 训练使用不同阅读策略, 略读, 抓段落或文章大意; 寻读, 查找特定的细节内容; 猜测生词词义等等。(4)读后, 用自己的话简单的复述课文或小结课文。如课文有典型性, 可做仿写练习或缩写练习。(5)制定具体的阅读目标, 具体到每日, 每周, 每月的阅读量, 并要求摘记实用词句, 重在落实。3.5针对学生情况, 进行多种阅读训练, 分层教学, 并加强监督和引导。 不同层次的学生理解和接受能力不一样。这就要求教师在进行阅读教学时, 阅读题材和体裁多样, 难度由浅入深, 课后作业分层布置, 注意多样性。可有问答, 填空，填表, 判断正误, 缩写, 仿写, 复述, 小结课文等等, 同时也要考虑学习的趣味性, 从而做到指令清晰, 目标明确。3.6采取有效的词汇记忆方法, 增加阅读词汇量. 多种词汇记忆法, 包括词根词缀记忆法, 同义词反义词记忆法, 联想记忆法, 通过通过阅读记忆词汇等等。还可要求能力强和有兴趣的学生, 每天记忆定量的课外单词和词组。3.7背诵优美实用词句、段落或课文, 有助于学生形成语感, 打好基础。3.8关注学生的情感, 营造宽松、民主、和谐的教学氛围。3.9帮助学生学会英语思维, 引导学生在小组学习时, 运用英语作为第一思维, 渐成习惯。3.10中考备考时, 要注意阅读讲评. 众所周知, 想提高学生的阅读能力, 仅凭课内的阅读训练是不够的, 还需要在课外进行更多的阅读练习。教师可以有倾向性地向他们介绍一些不同题材和体裁的阅读材料。比如, 简单的英语报刊、杂志, 有趣的故事, 人物传记, 甚至包装袋上的说明等等. 同时注意引导他们运用不同的阅读策略进行训练。不论有多少种阅读方法和阅读技巧, 学生要想提高英语阅读水平,就必须通过自己主动阅读学习, 在实践中提高。既然我们说, Learning is for using, and learning is by using! 那么, 教师更多的责任在于因材施教、因地制宜, 增加学习英语的趣味性、挑战性, 让学生享受阅读, 享受英语!新目标英语八年级下册Unit10 Its a nice day, isnt it ? 教学设计评论发布者：达菊萍 发布时间：2014-06-11 16:38:47教学内容 Unit10 Its a nice day ,isnt it ? 一、教材内容分析 本节教材选自人教版新目标八年级下册Unit 10Its a nice day, isnt it? 的SectionA1a.1b.1c2a2b2cand Grammar Focuss作为第一课时。依据英语新课程标准、教学内容和教学对象，我对相关部分进行了适当整合，确定本节课的主要教学目标为：学会人们是如何开始闲聊的，学生能用反意疑问句作为开场白且能够有礼貌地与陌生人展开闲聊，初步掌握反意疑问句的使用。 二、教学目标（知识，能力，情感态度、价值观） 1、Knowledge Object Vocabulary: small talk; rain; umbrella; Franklin; noon. Target language：Its really windy today, isnt it ? Yes, it is. You are Bens sister , arent you ? The No.15 bus stops here, doesnt it. 2、Ability Object Enable students to make small talk using tag questions. To train students communicative competence. 3、情感态度与价值观:To enable to communicate with others politely. 三、重点难点 重点:1.Vocabulary： small talk; rain; umbrella;Franklin;noon2.Target language: Its really windy today, Isnt it ? Yes, it is. You are Bens sister ,arent you ?The No.15 bus stops here , doesnt it. 难点：反意疑问句用法。反意疑问句是提出情况和看法，问对方同不同意，这种问句由两部分组成，前一部分是陈述句的形式，后一部分是简短的发问，前一部分用肯定形式，后一部分则用否定形式，前一部分用否定形式，后一部分用肯定形式，两部分在时态人称和数要保持一致。如：Its really windy today？isnt it ? Yes ,it is. You are Bens sister, arent you ? The No.15 bus stops here ，doesnt it？ 四、教法选择、学法指导 本节课，我运用了远教育资源和网络资源中的图片、动画、声音媒体等手段向学生呈现反意疑问句的基本句型结构并展开练习，从谈论天气入手，结合学生生活实际，营造良好的语言学习情景，使学生愿意说。在输入新语言的同时采用情景再现法，任务型教学法，为学生设置较为真实的情景、语境，使学生在学中用在用中感受，帮助养成良好语言学习习惯。 五 资源准备 多媒体课件、图片等相关教学资源。 六、教学过程 教学任务 教师活动 学生活动 设计意图及资源准备 Task1Organization Lead-in（8minutes） 1. Talk about the weather today. Whats the weather like today?2.Its a nice day, isnt it?3. Next, I want to talk with someone of you . Who can be my partner? Ask: Do you like sports? Can you swim? He can swim, cant he?In order to achieve your dream, will you study harder than before?4.He will study harder, wont he?Im sure you will succeed. Thats all. Thank you very much. Go back to your seat, please.5.He acted very well, didnt he? 1.Listen and answer.2.Yes, it is. / No, it isnt.(学生根据事实答）3.One of the students listen and answer the teacher.4.Ss answer together. Yes, he will. 5.Ss answer together. Yes, he did. 通过谈论天气和对学生的提问，引出反意疑问句的基本结构和本单元的课题，通过让学生通过理解，感知反意疑问句的基本框架，从而完成本单元的导入。 Task2Presentation(5) 1.In our daily life, everyone will meet some people they dont know. If you want to talk to them, this kind of conversation will be called small talk. how to start your conversation? Whenever, you could talk about the weather first. Besides this, you could start your conversation according to the current situation. T: showing the four scenes on the screen and ask different students to say what is happening in each picture.2.Ask students to think of places where they would talk with people they dont know, then have the students write their own lists. 1.Different students say what is happening in each picture, with the teachers help, students understand that in all the pictures two people who dont know each other(strangers) are starting a conversation.2.Callon a student to say his/her list of places. Then ask other students to add places to this list. 通过对这些场景和自己添加的一些场所的描述学生基本上知道了要“聊”的内容，教师进一步提供材料，进行鼓励，启发，引导，帮助，监控和评价从而为整节课任务的完成奠定语言基础。 Task3.Practicethe language goal(10) 1.Show the pictures of people are at the bus stop waiting for a bus. If you are one of them, how to start your conversation? Can you make small talk?2.Work in pairs to make your own small talk. You can use the expression below.(ppt) 1.Look carefully understand and practice2.Call several pairs to present their conversations. 在这一部分，我把教材做了调整，就是把1c和2C进行了融合，集中练习形成操练的整体性，学生在经过了自己观察，教师引导，结对讨论的基础上，基本上形成了对语言的练习。那么，要在听力的练习中得到相关的信息，也就是水到渠成。这一部分的设计，主要为下面的1b,2a,2b听力练习做好准备) Task4SectionA1b(5) 1. small talk may be various in different situations. Now listen to three conversions and decide where they are making small talk. Number the pictures in1ain the order you hear them.2.Listen again. This time listen for how they start their conversations. Try to catch the first sentence in each conversation. 1. students listen and write the number of each conversation in the box next to the correct picture in1a 2.check the answers. Ask students to repeat the first sentence in each conversation. 训练学生模仿语音语调培养语感，获取和处理信息 Task 5. Presentation for 2a (5) 1.When we talk to people we meet for the first time, some sentences we can use, but some sentences we cant use. For example: How old are you?(Especially for women.) Your dress doesnt look nice, dont you think so? Your cell phone is too cheap, isnt it? How much is your skirt? If you do, you ll have an unsuccessful small talk. We need to have a successful small talk. To have successful small talks, both people need to ask questions to let the conversation go on.2. Now look at2a, we will hear three conversations. Listen carefully and tell if they are successful small talk or not. Write “S”(for successful) or “U”(for unsuccessful) in the blanks. 1. Listen to the teacher to explain the western culture and understand the meaning. 2. Ss Understand the meaning of “s” (for successful) or “u” (for unsuccessful) in the blanks.3. Check the answers. 在听力中练习目标语言同时培养学习西方文化，要注意到中外交际习俗的差异，在交际中即不能“闭口不言”也不能“言多必失”，我们尽量做到“恰到好处”的交流 Task6 2b(5) 1.Listen to conversation Three again. Here are some sentences in the successful conversation. Ill ask different students to read the sentences of the conversation. Put the sentences and questions in the right order. The sample answer “f” is given. Its the opening of the conversation2.Play the recording. Ask students to check the letter of each line of conversation in the correct place. 1.Students read and make a conversation using the sentences”ag”by writing letters in the column on t