浅谈语文基础对英语学习的影响.doc

temporary construction organization design requires the implementation of the overall layout. 2 site near the high voltage line protection near power lines to have a reliable protective measures protective closely, to meet safety requirements. 3 branch set up distribution box into outlet sleeve and a cross arm to be used; Access to wires neatly, reasonable matching; Prohibited the use of insulation is poor, aging skin, broken wires, to prevent leakage; Should be fixed by insulators, and overhead laying; Line the hallway to have a reliable protection; Direct buried lines, laying depth of not less than 0.6m, leads to the ground from the 2m height to the ground at 0.2m, you must set up protective casing. 4 spot lights hand-held lamp 36V safe voltage should be used; 36V safety at hazardous voltages, particularly in hazardous areas using 12V; Lighting wires should be fixed on the insulators; Insulated rubber sheathed cable for field lights, lighting the use of sheathed wires; Lighting circuits and lighting from the ground not less than the prescribed distance, prohibited the use of electric arc furnace; To prevent the wire insulation is poor, aged, broken skin and leakage, with tungsten heating is strictly prohibited. 5 to set up low-voltage lines are not allowed to use bamboo poles, pole cross arm should be established and insulators; Fine wires can not be mounted on scaffolding or tree branch; Overhead lines required high enough off the ground. 6 electric . Project name: 5-5-2 sequential order of the subsidence observation observation point number support (supporting) and diagrams year month day year month day year month Day, the distance (m) deformation (mm) the relative distance (m) deformation (mm) the relative distance (m) deformation (mm) today this this this this cumulation Engineering formwork supporting system self-test State observer records form template project name: construction site: construction: support materials: Ann 5-6 serial number check project check requirements behave records results 1 construction programme programme full, support system design calculation, and approval procedures complete, job Qian should for security low-down, low-down material full 2 support material support column material: wood Rod application pine or FIR, shall not used easy deformation, and decay, and split crack, and dry section of wood; as used pipe, pipe od shall not is less than 48x3.5 of pipe, no serious rust, and crack, and deformation 3 column stable column bottom of pad material, Shall conform to the construction design requirement, do not use bricks blocked up by construction organization design requirements, support height () when m, between columns of the level of support set () road horizontal support, vertical scissors spacing (), m, spacing for horizontal scissors () m. Column spacing in accordance with design requirements, portrait () mm, transverse () mm pole joints should be staggered, long barstavebn tm vdce mst een. een by mlo zahrnovat analzu rizik, monost nehod charakteristik a nouzovch postup, nouzov zpracovn a obsah opaten. 4, integrovan pohotovostn plny, speciln havarijn plny a mst een by mly bt mezi sebou a s ostatnmi jednotky zapojeny v nouzi, kter jsou vzjemn propojeny. 5, havarijn pln by ml zahrnovat havarijn personl a organizace kontakt, nouzov rezervn seznam a dal informace. Informace by mly bt pravideln aktualizovny a zajist, e informace jsou pesn a platn. tyi, havarijn pln revize 1, Recenze pohotovostn plny pezkoumn formul a prvky pezkumu a opaten pijatch dvma zpsoby. Kdy host slou pedevm pro havarijn plny pro zznam v podob Recenze, prvek hodnocen pro nouzov hodnocen. . Kd pro porn ochranu konstrukce budov a nsk republice ny exploze nebezpen oblasti elektrick bezpenostnch pedpis a pedpis o porn ochranu design rafinaci ropy a chemickch podnik, napklad poadavky na pedpisech a nazench. 2. pi provdn instalace me zpsobit por, exploze, kter sti by mly bt pln nastaven peht, petlaku, micch pstroj, alarm (zvuk a svtla). 3. kde je holav plyn (pra) me unikat , holav plyn koncentrac detekce, alarm by mla bt nastavena. 4. vechny komunikoval s holav, vbun zazen s inertnm plynem, plynov penosov potrub, by mla bt nastavena zabrnit holavch a vbunch ltek do zazen, ale nemla bt samostatn zptn ventil. 5. holav plyn (pra) nastavit plamen svodi odvzduovac vvod, snadno pracovat, kde se zastavit ventily, aby pi vstupn vtrac potrub je v plamenech, peruil por plynu odvzduovac potrub ml bt nainstalovn v nejni hasicho zazen. 6. kdy dopravu holavch materil by mla odpovdat prmru potrub a stedn mrn odpor, sprvn zen prtoku, co nejvce se vyhnout statick elektiny. Antistatick opaten, jako jsou zazen, potrub, by mlo bt v souladu s technickmi pedpisy pro uzemnn design pro chemick podniky pslunch ustanoven. 7. nhl vbun petlaku nebo rychlho rozkladu vrobnch zazen nebo skladovacch zazen by mly bt vybaveny vbuchu (nevbun membrna), vvoz nonel trubice smrem k bezpenosti a aby prevence sekundrnch exploz, protiporn opaten. 8. vrobnthe principle of simplified EIA of construction projects in the region. In terms of land, linked to the implementation of urban and rural construction land increase and decrease, replacement indicators for priority areas project. Charges, into the projects of water, electricity, administrative charges and preferential policies. In the area of taxation, and settled in areas of industry and its production company, within 5 years after the completion of fiscal incentives to enterprises. In terms of financing, integration of land, tax, financial and other resources, and construct Government credit + business credit credit system, establishment of marketization, commercialization and modernization of the investment and financing platform; effective Bank-enterprise docking, encourages private capital into the Park, to raise industry development fund. 5, optimize the environment and service industries. To create policy lowlands, Highlands, integrity of service land, development land as the goal, to optimize the area under development environment. All administrative law enforcement departments to appoint a full-time personnel stationed in areas dedicated to coordinating and solving problems associated with businesses in this sector. When there are substantial issues, sector leaders arranged to personally intervene, in-person, in-person push tangible area building a green light, easy line. To further reduce and standardize administrative examination and approval items, simplify examination and approval links, improve efficiency; according to the .Since the educational practice of the mass line of the party, himself seriously in the education, practical control central eight rules and opposing the four winds and practicing three Suns, and check the spirit of Jiao Yulu, ideology, solicit opinions based on outstanding problems checked swing, careful analysis and reflection. Will now check report is as follows: first, adherence to the partys political discipline, eight in the central provision, change the style of the basic situation of 1, in compliance with the partys political disciplines. Conscientiously abide by the partys political discipline, abide by the Constitution and the rules and regulations of the party, in the political, ideological and maintain highly consistent with the CPC Central Committee on the action, there is no violation of the partys political discipline problems. 2, in the implementation of the central authorities of the eight provisions. Improving research, improving research methods, but there are less grass-roots units, primary first-hand an inadequate grasp of the problem, which is to be strengthened in the future. Second, construction, strictly in accordance with the provisions to streamline and improve the quality of meetings of the Conference. Third, streamlining file briefs, culture involves all aspects of propaganda and ideology, sometimes due to the practical needs of invention notifications, this area needs further浅谈语文基础对英语学习的影响大山包中学：周小要：英语学习对于中学生来说是一个难点，然而造成中学生英语学习困难的原因且是多方面的。本文将采用调查问卷的形式结合“学习迁移理论”来分析探寻语文基础的好坏对英语学习的影响。旨在加强两科老师的合作，解决英语学习困难的又一问题，使学生有所进步。关键词：语文基础 影响 英语学习 学习迁移在中国经济腾飞的今天英语的重要性已经被提升到了空前的地位，因此各种对如何学习英语以及影响英语学习的各种因素的研究可谓不胜枚举多如牛毛。如：刘芳在语文学刊（高教外文版）2007年第六期上发表的英语学困生情感障碍探究；朱梅红在湖北社会科学2004年第六期上发表的影响英语学习的心理因素及对策分析；欣凝在玉溪师范学院学报2001年s1期上发表的浅谈影响英语学习的因素等等。这些论文都很专业详细的从影响英语学习的心理因素，非智力因素，个人因素（智力因素、语言天赋、情感因素、动机与兴趣因素、青春期特点因素等）等方面对影响英语学习的各种因素做了深入透彻的分析并给出相应的对策。但是基本上没有人丛语文基础因素对英语学习的影响去探寻，因此本文将试着采用调查问卷结合“学习迁移理论”的分析方法，来探寻语文基础对英语学习的影响。以期找出影响英语学习的另一个症结，从而促进学生有效学习英语。本次调查范围为昭阳区大山包中学八、九年级六个班（因为七年级有的知识点还未涉及）的优中差生各10人，总共发放问卷60份，收回有效问卷60份，问卷（见附录）问卷统计：选项题号ABCDE110%81.7%8%23%25%71.7%313.3%46.7%25%440%25%18.3%16.7%515%80%5%66.7%50%43.3%720%30%50%813%45%42%943.3%55%1.7%1058.3%33.3%8.3%1116.7%61.7%21.7%1230%66.7%3.3%1318.3%70%11.7%141.7%88.3%8.3%1.71533.3%33.3%15%13.3%5%结果分析：首先由第15题的调查结果发现只有5%的学生认为语文基础知识对英语的学习没有影响，而由第1、2题的结果也显示，认为自己语文很优秀人数是认为英语很优秀的学生的约3.3倍，同样认为语文成绩一般的学生也是认为英语成绩一般的学生的约3.3倍。由此也可得出一个结论：语文基础对英语学习有一定影响，语文好成绩好的学生英语不一定好，因为语文基础并不是影响英语成绩的唯一因素，还有诸如开始提到的很多因素。那么语文基础知从哪些方面影响英语学习呢？ 一 语法调查发现，只有13.3%的学生认为语文中语法难学以至于影响他们的成绩，那么是不是说其余的语文语法学得很好呢？其实不然，当被问及是否了解语文中各种词性时能熟练掌握的学生只有15%，80%的学生是处于模棱两可的状态的，5%的学生完全不懂词性。当问及语文句子成分时20%的学生能掌握汉语里的主、谓、宾、定、状、补等句子成分，30%的处于混淆状态，50%的人完全不懂。那么为什么会87.7%的同学认为汉语语法不会影响语文的考试成绩呢？很明显，在汉语里语法的重要性不是很明显，考试题里也很少直接考语法的，因此就算完全不懂语法，也不太会影响语文的成绩，因此汉语的语法基本上被淡化了。而在英语中40%的学生认为语法是影响成绩的重要因素，能掌握单英语词词性的学生只有6.7%，能掌握句子成分的只有13%。这些在英语里显得尤为重要又必须强调的，又是和语文知识相关的知识点，却只有少部分人能懂。由此可见，由于汉语语法的不扎实导致英语里语法学习的困难从而影响整个英语学习。二 拼音拼音是否对英语的学习有帮助呢？研究表明汉语儿童的英语语音意识和英语儿童的英语语音意识发展趋势相同，即韵脚意识发展早，音位意识发展晚，二者与单词拼写能力显著相关，没学过汉语拼音的人语音意识低1。在中国，学生在学英语之前都学过拼音，那么汉语拼音水平对英语的拼写有没有影响呢？答案是肯定的，汉语拼音水平能较好地预测英语拼写能力，欲提高学生的单词拼写能力应重视汉语拼音的教学与学习，汉语拼音的学习不仅有利于普通话学习也为英语学习打下基础。2 换句话说它在很大程度上影响英语的拼写。本次调查发现只有43.3%的学生能准确的掌握拼音，55%的人只能大概掌握。从表面上看，汉语是象形文字，英语是拼音文字。但二者也有相似性，因为汉语拼音使用的也是和英语相同的字母。如从语音上看，声母与辅音，韵母与元音，声调与重音就呈现某种对应关系。从形式和语音上看，例如英语中现在分词的后缀ing / i/和拼音韵母中的ing，名词后缀ment/ ment/和mn，英语ten / ten/和汉语拼tn, 英语hang/ h/和拼音hang, men/men/和拼音mn, fence/ fens/和fn，等等这些英语和拼音不当拼写相似就连读音也相同或相似，如果我们学生的汉语拼音很扎实，那么不但学音标很轻松，就连单词拼写也会省不少力，尽管有时候可能会受汉语拼音的干扰写出一个非英非汉的东西，这又有什么关系呢！这是第二语言学习的一个过渡阶段，语言学家Selinker的过渡语理论认为“在一定时期内外语学习者的语言既不同于母语也不同于目的语，它是一种学习者通过先天学习策略和某些启发作用在目的语输入的基础上形成的一种变化的和逐渐成熟的语言。”但事实上却很少有学生发现并应用汉语拼音来帮助记忆拼写英语单词，只有16.7%的学生会应用。这说明汉语拼音的不扎实给英语学习带来了麻烦。三 阅读习惯汉语讲“熟读唐诗三百首，不会作诗也会吟”，还有“书读百遍其意自见”等强调多读来培养语感。而在英语里面，英语学习最成功的人李阳发明的疯狂英语的精髓也强调一个“读”字。可见读对于学习一门语言的重要性。但是调查发现经常朗读背诵课文的人语文只有30%，英语只有18.3%。但是46.7%的人认为阅读影响了自己的语文成绩。这说明阅读习惯的培养不良，不但影响语文的学习也影响英语学习。试想，一个连语文都不会开口朗读或背诵的学生又怎么敢，怎么能开口去读去背英语呢？我们讨论了语法，拼音，阅读习惯对英语学习的影响。那么，为什么说学生英语学习困难就一定是语文基础知识的不牢固造成的呢？语言学家Lado认为学习第二语言在很大程度上取决于学习者在早期获得的语言结构，学习者易把本民族语的形式和意义以及文化迁移到所学语言中。Krashen也指出，迁移是由学习者对结构的加工引起的。学习者在理解产生第二语言时，会下意识的应用所学知识，包括母语知识。3 这个理论的前提是，在学生的知识系统里面要有牢固的，丰富的和目的语相关的知识点，但是如果不知道母语里有这么个知识点，又如何迁移呢？学习迁移是指一学科习对另一学科的影响，或习得的经验对完成其它活动的影响。4而迁移还受很多条件的影响，比如：（一）学习材料的特点。桑代克认为学习对象之间的相同要素越多，迁移的量也就越大。那么，很明显，语言是相通的，语文和英语之间存在着很多相似甚至相同要素。（二）经验的概括程度。根据概括化理论，产生学习迁移的关键因素是学习者概括了学习中的共同原理或者掌握了概括化原理 。这个条件的前提是学生要能熟练掌握语文的相关知识点，达到应用自如，才能站在一个更高的角度习得原理，如果对所学知识尚且一知半解，概括也就无从谈起。由前面调查得知学生语文基础的不扎实扼杀了这个迁移条件。使得学生本可以在语文里学懂的知识点拿到英语里面来学，无疑加大了难度。奥苏贝尔还认为，有意义学习是指在学习知识的过程中，符号所代表的新知识与学习者认知结构中已有的适当观念建立实质性和非人为性联系的过程。5 如果学习符号所代表的新知识在学习者的认知结构中没有适当的观念与之建立连接，那么这种新知识的学习就好比空中楼阁。（三）学习的心理准备状态，要求我们由易到难合理安排学习任务，促进学习迁移。（四）知识结构的特点。认知结构是人们过去对外界事物进行感知概括的一般方式或经验所构成的观念结构。学生以往知识经验的准确性，丰富性，知识经验间联系的组织特点等都会影响学生对新知识的学习，影响解决问题时提取已有信息的速度和准确性从而影响学习迁移。以上通过对影响学习迁移的条件的分析，我们发现影响学生把语文相关知识迁移到英语上加以应用的的根本原因是，对语文相关知识的不熟悉，甚至是不懂；还有缺乏老师适时的引导和学生知识结构的局限性导致英语学习困难。因此为促进学生学习更好迁移，促进英语学习，两科老师应加强交流学习、精诚协作，取长补短。 注释1 张积家.林志华 汉语拼音水平与英语语音意识，英语拼写能力的关系期刊论文-心理科学2002 （25）2 同上3 同上4 莫雷 .教育心理学，教育科学出版社2007-08：198-2195 张丽华. 教育心理学，云南大学出版社2010-06：12参考文献1张积家.林志华 汉语拼音水平与英语语音意识，英语拼写能力的关系期刊论文-心理科学2002 （25）24 莫雷 .教育心理学，教育科学出版社2007-085 张丽华. 教育心理学，云南大学出版社2010-06附：调查问卷1、你的语文成绩怎么样？（ ）A 很好，我引以为豪 B 还行，基本上能考及格 C 很差，考试就没及格过 2、你的英语成绩怎么样？（ ）A 很好，我引以为豪 B 还行，基本上能考及格 C 很差，考试就没及格过3、你觉得语文什么地方最难学以至于影响你的语文成绩？（ ）A语法 B 阅读 C 写作 D 拼音4、你觉得英语什么地方最难学以至于影响你的成绩？（ ）A语法 B 阅读 C 写作 D音标5、你了解语文里什么是动词、名词、形容词、副词、代词、介词、感叹词等吗？（ ）A 能熟练掌握 B 了解一点，有时会模糊 C 搞不清楚6、你了解英语里什么是动词、名词、形容词、副词、代词、介词、感叹词等吗？（ ）A 能熟练掌握 B 了解一点，有时会模糊 C 搞不清楚7、你掌握语文里什么是主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语？（ ）A 能掌握 B了解一点，有时会模糊 C 搞不清楚8、你掌握英语里什么是主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语吗？（ ）A 能掌握 B了解一点，有时会模糊 C 搞不清楚9、你的汉语拼音学得怎么样？（ ）A 能准确地拼出汉字的拼音B 能大概拼出，很难区分平舌音&翘舌音，前鼻音&后鼻音，鼻音&边音（n 和l） C 不会拼 10、你在拼写英语单词是发现有的字母组合和汉语拼音一样并且发音也很相似（ ）A 发现很多 B 没注意 C 没有11、你在记忆英语单词时会应用汉语拼音的拼读规则来帮助记忆吗（ ）A 会，经常用并且很有效 B 很少用 C 没用过12、你会很有感情的朗读和背诵语文课文并且觉得是一种享受吗？（ ）A 经常 B 有时 C 从来不13、你会很有感情的朗读和背诵英语课文并且觉得是一种享受吗？（ ）A 经常 B 有时 C 从来不14、你觉得自己的语感怎么样？（ ）A 很强 B 一般 C 没有 D 不知道什么是语感15、你觉得语文基础的好坏从哪些方面影响你的英语学习？（ ）A 相关的知识点 B 学习方法 C 学习的自信心 D阅读习惯 E没有影响temporary construction organization design requires the implementation of the overall layout. 2 site near the high voltage line protection near power lines to have a reliable protective measures protective closely, to meet safety requirements. 3 branch set up distribution box into outlet sleeve and a cross arm to be used; Access to wires neatly, reasonable matching; Prohibited the use of insulation is poor, aging skin, broken wires, to prevent leakage; Should be fixed by insulators, and overhead laying; Line the hallway to have a reliable protection; Direct buried lines, laying depth of not less than 0.6m, leads to the ground from the 2m height to the ground at 0.2m, you must set up protective casing. 4 spot lights hand-held lamp 36V safe voltage should be used; 36V safety at hazardous voltages, particularly in hazardous areas using 12V; Lighting wires should be fixed on the insulators; Insulated rubber sheathed cable for field lights, lighting the use of sheathed wires; Lighting circuits and lighting from the ground not less than the prescribed distance, prohibited the use of electric arc furnace; To prevent the wire insulation is poor, aged, broken skin and leakage, with tungsten heating is strictly prohibited. 5 to set up low-voltage lines are not allowed to use bamboo poles, pole cross arm should be established and insulators; Fine wires can not be mounted on scaffolding or tree branch; Overhead lines required high enough off the ground. 6 electric . Project name: 5-5-2 sequential order of the subsidence observation observation point number support (supporting) and diagrams year month day year month day year month Day, the distance (m) deformation (mm) the relative distance (m) deformation (mm) the relative distance (m) deformation (mm) today this this this this cumulation Engineering formwork supporting system self-test State observer records form template project name: construction site: construction: support materials: Ann 5-6 serial number check project check requirements behave records results 1 construction programme programme full, support system design calculation, and approval procedures complete, job Qian should for security low-down, low-down material full 2 support material support column material: wood Rod application pine or FIR, shall not used easy deformation, and decay, and split crack, and dry section of wood; as used pipe, pipe od shall not is less than 48x3.5 of pipe, no serious rust, and crack, and deformation 3 column stable column bottom of pad material, Shall conform to the construction design requirement, do not use bricks blocked up by construction organization design requirements, support height () when m, between columns of the level of support set () road horizontal support, vertical scissors spacing (), m, spacing for horizontal scissors () m. 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