高中英语素材：高考阅读理解能力的提高.ppt

高考英语阅读理解能力的提高 1 阅读理解的语言基础 1 篇章的联结手段 2 词汇衔接与逻辑关系语 2 阅读理解的技巧和方法 1 正确阅读习惯的养成 2 正确有效的阅读方法 3 阅读理解题的题型分析 1 文章的主旨和大意 2 主旨大意语事实和细节 3 根据上下文揣测词义 4 句子的意义与上下文之间的逻辑关系 5 判断推理和引申 6 领会作者的观点 意图和态度 1 阅读理解的语言基础 阅读理解题的测试目的 应试者的综合语言能力 运用语言知识 词汇和语法 的能力 认知能力 阅读技能 1 篇章的联结手段 语篇的连贯性是通过合理的联结来体现出来的 主要的联结方式有 语法手段 词汇衔接和逻辑关系语 1 时间关联成分 表示事物发生的顺序 先时性 同时性和后时性 1 先时性关联成分 形容词 earlier former previous 副词 already before ago beforehandfirst previously 介词 beforethis that inadvance bynow notlongbefore untilnowuntilthen uptonow then examples hefinallyhandedagoodessay hispreviousessayswereallpoor ifyouwanttohavedinnerinthisrestaurantatthistimeoftheday you dbettermakeapreservationbeforehand 1 同时性关联成分 形容词 contemporary 副词 meantime meanwhile now presently then justthen 介词 atthispoint inthemeantime inthemeanwhile atthesametime examples thedeathofthepresidentwasreportedontv asimultaneousannouncementwasbroadcastontheradio iwenttocollege2yearsago meanwhile allmyfriendsgotwell paidjobs 1 后时性关联成分 形容词 following later next 副词 after afterwards immediately finally later since then soon 介词 afterawhile inamoment afterthat this examples themotherwenttothesupermarkettobuysomefoodat4 30 later shepickedupherchildrenatschool wevisitedthegreatwallonthefirstday inthefollowingdays wevisitedmanyotherplacesofinterest includingtheforbiddencityandthesummerpalace 2 地点关联成分 地点关联成份主要用来表示位置 地点或方向的词语 above around before beyond beneath closeto further here infrontof ontheleft over under nextto opposite ontopof atthebottom backof atthefootof inside outside等等 onfridaymorning iwasatthefrontdoortalkingtoacaller suddenlyweheardacrashandtwocarscollidedjustopposite wehurriedacrosstoseeifwecouldhelp onedriverwasscramblingout bleedingprofusely andmyvisitor helpedhimovertothepavement thenalongcamesomepeople runningupthestreet idashedbackingandphonedforhelp wheniwentoutagain theotherdriver tryingtomovehiscardowntheroadalittleandintotheside 3 照应 照应是指用代词等语法手段来表示语义关系 onedaythesunandthewindhadaquarrel thesunsaidhewasstrongerthanthewind andthewindsaidhewasstrongerthanthesun marydidn tgotoclassyesterdaybecauseshewassick listentothis theyhavecancelledfriday smeeting tom mothersayswearegoingtothezootomorrow yousaidtimhadanaccident that sreallytoobad 2 人称照应 人称照应是由人称代词 形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词体现出来的 mywifeandiareleavingforshanghaitomorrow wehavealreadybookedthetickets youandjanecanstayhereforthenight i msureyou llenjoyyourselves petermarriedachinesegirl hemetherinshanghai hisparentsweren tpleased theyvisitedherparents butnothis youreallyoughttoasksallynottotellastorylikethattoassthosefriendsofhersifshethinkstheymightbegoingtobeworkingwithjohn unlessshecanbequitesureit snotgoingtogoanyfurther ihardlythinkitwouldappealtohissenseofhumour 2 指示照应 表示指示照应词 指示代词 定冠词 指示性副词 this that these thosethehere there now then 用that或those来指代前面刚提到的事情 hiscarbrokedownontheway thatiswhyhewaslatethismorning wehavenomoremoneyfortherepairs that sourtrouble 用this来指下面要谈到的事情 thisiswhatiwanttoknow hasthemailarrivedyet this和those可以用来指代前面提到的事物 以避免重复该名词 that可以用来指代单数的可数名词和不可数名词 those则用来指复数的代可数名词 thewaterinthiswelliscleanerthanthatinthat thatinthat thewaterinthatwell thecoverofmybookismorebeautifulthanthatofyours thatofyours thecoverofyourbook idon tliketheclothesherebutipreferthoseinthewindow those theclothes this和these指代近一些的事物 that和those指代远一些的事物 thereseemstohavebeenagreatdealofcarelessness thisiswhatican tunder stand a thereseemstohavebeenagreatdealofcarelessness b that swhatican tunderstand wewenttotheoperalastnight thatwasourfirstoutingformonths wearegoingtotheoperatonight thiswillbeourfirstoutingformonths maryhadabadcoldyesterday that swhyshedidn tgotothemeeting theselanguageoptionsareopentoourstudents spanish frenchandgerman hetoldastorylikethis long longago therelivedintheforestanoldhunter 定冠词可用来表示前照应 johnboughtatvandavideoplayer buthereturnedthevideoplayerthenextday johnboughtabike butwhenherodeit oneofthewheelscameoff 副词here可以表示前后照应 there只能表示后照应 hereisthenews thepresidentisflying thereseemstohavebeenagreatdealofcarelessness hereiswhatican tunder stand hongkongisafamouscity ihavebeentherethreetimesonbusiness now和then通常用于前照应 wehavehadourdinner nowlet shavesomecoffee inmyyoungdays weweremoreserious wehaddifferentideasthen 3 比较照应 比较照应是通过形容词和副词的比较等级形式或其他一些表示比较的词语表现出来的 也就是那些表示同异 相似 差别 质于量的优劣的词语 johntooktwohourstoreachlondon bill ontheotherhand wasdrivingmoreslowly tomgetstendollarsaweekforpocketmoney bobreceivesthesameamount howmuchpocketmoneydoesbobgeteachweek jimhas120stampsbuttimhasfiftymore howmanystampsdoestimhave 3 分句照应 分句照应是指 某些词语所指的对象不是词或短语 而是分句 句子或语篇 既用于前照应 也用于后照应 here this it thereseemstohavebeenagreatdealofcarelessness hereiswhatican tunder stand hereisthenewsiheardfromtheradio twojapaneseairforcepilotsweremissingaftertheirtrainingjetcrashedintotheseaoffsouthernjapanyesterday manystudentsneverimprove theygetnoadviceandthereforetheykeeprepeatingthesamemistake itisaterribleshame itnevershouldhavehappened shewentoutleavingthebabyunattended 只用于前照应 that the above theforegoing manyyearsagotheirwivesquarreledoversometrivialmatter nowlongforgot ton butonewordledtoanotherandthepermanentrupturebetweenthem that swhythetwomennevervisiteachother shouse 只用于后照应 asfollows thefollowing below thus belowisanexampleofaninformalletter dearfrank allthebest jim 4 替代 替代是指用替代形式来代替上下文中出现的词句 避免重复 连接上下文 haveyougotanyknives ineedasharpone a doesmarydance b no butjanedoes 替代的分类 名词性替代 动词性替代 分句性替代 名词性替代 one ones thesame mr cookwasanexcellentcaptain onewhotookgoodcareofhissailors hegoesaboutinterviewingretiredsailorswhoservedinthepre 1914navy theonethathemetindevonlastweekwasafascinatingstoryteller iwishi dboughtafewjarsofhoney didyounoticetheonestheyweresellingbytheroadside a i llhaveacupofblackcoffeewithsugar please b givemethesame please 名词的可数与不可数 替代的分类 janeneedsanewbike she sdecidedtobuyone hereisthefruit wouldyoulikesome 动词性替代 do doso a willyoubeattendingthemeetingthisevening b imaydo a doesgrannytakecareofyoueveryday b shecan tdoatweekends becauseshehastodoherownhouse johnsmokesalot doeshisfatherdoso 分句性替代 so not johnhasn tfoundajobyet hetoldmeso a canyoucomebacknextweek b i mafraidnot a doyouthinkjohnwillwinthematch b yes ithinkso a thebridgehasnotbeencompletedyet b no theysaynot 1 词汇衔接与逻辑关系语 1 词汇衔接是为了使语篇语义连贯 复现关系和同现关系 复现关系 原词 同义词 近义词 上义词 下义词 概括词等等 原词复现 thehistoryofplasticsislongerthanyoumightthink infactthatthefirstman madeplasticsevertoappearonthemarketwasmade300yearsago 同义词 近义词复现 hegotalotofpresentsfromhisfriendsandfamily allofthegiftswerewrappedincoloredpaper gradesarethefirstconcernofmostchineseseniorhighschoolstudents theyworkhardtogethighmarks everythingfadedinmist thepastwaserased theerasurewasforgotten andtheliebecametrue 上义词和下义词复现 animal是sheep cow wolf tiger的上义词dog cat horse fox是animal的下义词 yesterdayapigeoncarriedthefirstmessagefrompinhursttosilbury thebirdcoveredthedistanceinthreeminutes youwillneedtotaketoolswithyou youcangetasaw ascrewdriverandahammerfrommostbigdepartmentstores 概括词复现 people man woman place do make etc canyoutellmewheretostayingeneva i vebeentotheplace a whatshallidowithallthiscrockery b leavethestuffthere someonewillputitaway 同现关系 词汇共同出现的倾向性 agreatnumberofhighschoolgraduates continuetheireducationinoneofthemanycollegesoruniversitiesinthecountry after4years theyreceiveabachelor sdegree somecontinuestudyingforamaster sdegreeandperhapsadoctor sdegree agreatnumberofhighschoolgraduates continuetheireducationinoneofthemanycollegesoruniversitiesinthecountry after4years theyreceiveabachelor sdegree somecontinuestudyingforamaster sdegreeandperhapsadoctor sdegree whenyougotothedoctor youliketocomeawaywithaprescription itmakesyoufeelbettertoknowyouwillgetsomemedicine butthedoctorknowsthatmedicineisnotalwaysneeded sometimesallasickpersonneedsissomereassurancethatallwillbewell insuchcases thedoctormayprescribeaplacebo whenyougotothedoctor youliketocomeawaywithaprescription itmakesyoufeelbettertoknowyouwillgetsomemedicine butthedoctorknowsthatmedicineisnotalwaysneeded sometimesallasickpersonneedsissomereassurancethatallwillbewell insuchcases thedoctormayprescribeaplacebo 1 逻辑关系语 逻辑关系语是指表示各种逻辑意义的连句手段 逻辑关系语的分类 连词和副词 and but for then yet so therefore anyway 等 短语 inaddition asaresult onthecontrary inotherwords 等 分句 consideringallthat toconlude thatistosay whatismore whatismoreimportant 表示列举 first second firstly secondly foronething and foranother inthefisrtplace firstofall tobeginwith tostartwith forastart next finally then inconcluison lastofall toconclude etc 表示增补 and andalso also too and too furthermore inaddition besides moreover whatismore etc i mlookingforajob furthermore i mnotgoingtolookforajob thepubliccanseethepaintingsnextweek whatismore theycanbuythemforaslittleastendollarsupwards 表示转折和对比 still but yet nevertheless allthesame though instead anyhow onthecontrary infact atthesametime ontheotherhand asamatteroffact bycontrast while wheras youwerenotboringme onthecontrary youareinterstingmefrightfully 表示解释 thatis thatistosay inotherwords forinstance suchas namely forexample toputitanotherway hereisascholarwhoisdevotedtohisresearch toreprehensiveextent thatistosay heneglectshisfamilyanddoesnotfulfilhisresponsibilitiesasacitizen hereisascholarwhoisdevotedtohisresearch toreprehensiveextent thatistosay heneglectshisfamilyanddoesnotfulfilhisresponsibilitiesasacitizen 表示同等 equally likewise namely similarly inthesameway inotherwords thatis imean thatistosay etc youmustpackplentyoffoodforthejourney likewise you llneed warmclothes sopackthemtoo heisbeingfoolish inotherwords heisbehavingfoolishly 表示原因 for since because as dueto becauseof onaccountof owingto thanksto 表示结果 accordingly consequently hence now so therefore thus asconsequence inconsequence forthatreason ofcourse hewastoosick accordingly wesenthimtohospital 表示推论 else otherwise then inotherwords inthatcase etc a pleasegivemyregardstojohn b then youarecomingwithme yousayyourfathermightobject inthatcaseiwillnotpressthematter youmustgetsomepetrol otherwise wewillnothaveenoughtogetustothenexttown 表示总结 altogether overall then thus all inall inconclusion insum inshort inshort inbrief onthewhole toconclude tosumup tosummarize etc helosthiswatch hiscarbrokedown andhegotaletterofcomplaintfromacustom