新世纪研究生公共英语A短语总结.doc

Lay laid laid laying 放；搁；下蛋Lie lied lied lying 撒谎Lie lay lain lying 躺；位于A scorching sun, an endless sea of sand and a waterless, forbiddingly lonely landthat is the image most people have of deserts. But how true is this picture?It may fall once or twice a year in a fierce torrent that fades almost as soon as it has begun(来去匆匆), or which evaporates in the hot air long before（还未到达） it has got anywhere near the earth. It may fall in a sudden sweeping flood that carries everything in its path（冲刷）.One feature of the true desert landscape is the absence of vegetationTorrential rainSweep awayThroughout history sth has/have beenCave paintingHappen on a colossal巨大的；庞大的 scale 以惊人的规模扩大着twice the size ofat a high or very high risk of becoming desertunder moderate riskunder threatthe rate of growth of deserts is alarmingthe most important stock-rearing and wheat-growing areas at the rate of ? a yearAt this rate there is a high risk that we will be confined to living on only 50% of this planets land surface within one more century unless we are able to do something about it.Tramp through a field 拖着沉重的步伐Closer inspection revealedUnderground / subterranean buildingIn search of tranquility 寻求宁静之所Fall foul of 违背；触犯 fall foul of strict building regulationsReturn to more conventional lifestylesQueue up to do sthGrowing numbers ofCitizens can escape the cold in an underground complex complete with shops and even health clinics.A massive underground cityIn the next decadeTake up/occupy time/ landInsulation 绝缘 隔音An underground dwellerChronic shortage of landThe living accommodationEnergy-efficient homesBoast of Hit on the idea of 突然想起，偶然发现Take shape 成形；形成Under way （计划等）进行中Unit 4Be only rarely related to excessive physical exertionLabor-saving devices and convenient transportationComplain of/aboutDo heavy laborToday, physicians report, tiredness /fatigue is more likely a consequence of under-exertion运动不够than of wearing yourself down使精疲力竭 with over-activity. In fact, increased physical activity is prescribed as a cure for sagging energy.Physical fatigue is the well-known result of overworking your muscle to the point where metabolic waste productscarbon dioxide and lactic acidaccumulate in your blood and sap your strength.Get rid of accumulated wastes and restore muscle fuelPathological fatigue is a warning sign or consequence of some underlying physical disorder.Feel dragged out: feel exhausted all overPushing yourself to resume full activity too soon could precipitate a relapse 促使旧病复发and almost certainly will prolong your period of fatigueFeel drained of energy for weeks on end 连续几个星期Have a thorough physical checkupEmotional problems and conflicts, especially depression and anxiety, are by far the most common causes of prolonged fatigue.A defense mechanism防卫机制Safety valve安全阀；安全活门Repressed emotional conflictsFeel trappedThere is a great deal you can do on your own to deal with severe prolonged fatigue and those periodic 周期性的washed-out feelings 精疲力竭Counterproductive 产生相反效果的Caffeine is at best a temporary solution 至多that can backfire with abuse 适得其反 and cause life-disrupting symptoms of anxietyA skimpy breakfast experience mid-morning fatigue/ a proper breakfast for peak energyProvide a steady supply of blood sugar throughout the morningCoffee and doughnut are almost worse than nothing最糟糕，providing a brief boost and then letting you down with a thud砰然落下Exercise enhances，rather than saps，energy.Resist fatigue 抵抗疲劳Regular conditioning exercise有规律地调节运动Exercise also has a well-recognized tranquilizing effectRelieve accumulated tensionsGenerally sleep requirements decline with age.Insomnia and other sleep disordersBe treated with pillsTry to schedule your most taxing/demanding/tiring jobs for the time of day when youre at your peakDont overextend yourself 承担过多义务，trying to climb the ladder of success at a record pace or to meet everyones demands or expectations.Premenstrually月经前Take breaksEven running up and down the staircase can provide refreshment from a sedentary jobIn perspective 观察合理地Take sth in stride 从容、轻松解决某事With a thud 砰然打击或落下On end 连续地As far as I knowOwe a great deal to sbAt 100km an hourMake fun of sbDevelop over the yearsTired and dispiritedTurn automatically to drugsCounteract our fatigueOverlook/neglect v. oversight n.Exceedingly difficultOur consumption of food and drinkThe tension and physical inactivity of modern lifeIf you lead a constantly sedentary way of life your lung will grow lazy through lack of use and their capacity will fall. Prolonged mental tension can have a similar effect.Suffer from unrequited love无回报的爱are but 只不过是it follows that/ we believe that if we want to hide our true feelings, as we often do in our tight-lipped society, we must first keep close control of our breathing.Be responsible for 是造成的原因In particularMake a point of （make sure ）Five consecutive strides 连续五步Tend to doFall into the habit of chronic overbreathing长期换气过度Produce a variety of symtomsHyperventilation Syndrome 换气过度；强力呼吸综合病症Notably muscle weakness，ready fatigue, increased irritability, disrupted sleep, faintness, poor /impaired memory, tension, pains and shortness of breath, inability to concentrateCreep up to 上升到；增至Justifiable 合理的Your life is fraught with problems充满Revitalization复苏Ventilation换气；空气流通Ease your tensions and give you a surge of added energyAntidepressant 抗抑郁剂Expiration 呼气Pant 喘气Unit 5Spare the rod，spoil the childIt is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determine his character and later personality.The effects are cumulativeUpbringing( within the home)Education (in school)In a (competitive) society such as ours, both parents and teachers are responsible for the opportunities provided for the development of the child, so that upbringing and education are interdependent.The ideals and practices of child rearing vary from culture to culture.In general, the more rural the community, the more uniform are the customs of childhood upbringing.Childhood and adolescenceEarly upbringing is affected by:The cultural pattern of the communityThe parents capability and their aimsUpbringing and educationThe innate abilities of the childWide differences of innate intelligence and temperament exist even in children of the same family.Ascertain/ make sure/ make a point ofRefer to some booksSpeech defectsBackwardness in learning to walkControl of bodily functionsThe younger the child，the more readily the mother gives in to his demands to avoid disappointing him.Wake at regular intervals 有规律 at ten-minute-intervals 每隔十分钟Accustoms himself to conforming to its demandsThe childs acquisition of each skill 掌握技能It is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feelings of failure and states of anxiety in the child.If a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural zest for life and his desire to find out new things for himself.Learning together is a fruitful source of relationship between children and parentsParents vary greatly in their degree of strictness or indulgence towards their children.Be strict in sth(money matters) be severe over time of coming home at nightBe strict with sbPunctuality for mealsIn general, the controls imposed represent the needs of the parents and the value of the community as much as the childs happiness and well-being.As regards/ concerning/with regards to +短语Leave out 忽略，遗漏As regard the development of moral standards in the growing child, consistency is very important in parental teaching. To forbid a thing one day and excuse it the next朝令夕改is not the foundation for morality. Also parents should realize that “example is better than percept”. 身教重于言教If they are hypercritical and do not practice what they preach, their children may grow confused and emotionally insecure when they have been to some extent deceived. A sudden awareness of a marked difference between their parents ethics and their morals品行和他们奉行的道德 can be a dangerous disillusion.幻灭Be compelled to do/ be forced to doBe under the thumb of authority (be completely controlled)The adult worldSooner or laterCome to the point of sayingOutside influencesCome to the decisionOn doing sth 即将做某事In accord withInexorable（unchangeable）Come to terms with life 适应生活Long to do hunger to enter the working worldGet to grips with 与争论，冲突；认真对待，应付Superior toBe in a bad moodParenting styles 为人父母之道:the parent as martyr, pal, police officer, teacher-counselor, athletic coachConsidering the lack of consensus about how to raise children today, it may seem very difficult to single out styles of parenting. From one point of view there are many parenting styles as there are parents. Yet certain elements in relating to children can be broadly classified.Wait on their children or pick up after them 随时待命，跟在后面收拾烂摊子Nag sbCarry out the goals you setFeel guiltyCloseness between parent and childAdolescentAdopt a laissez-faire policy 放任自由Avoid the conflicts caused by generation gapJuvenile delinquency少年犯罪，heavy drug use， runaway behaviour runaway teenagersObey all the rules at all timePunish their children for minor offencesAutocratic discipline 独断的惩戒Be associated withAdolescent peersThe autocratic policing just isnt very effective in molding childrens valuesExpert power coercive or legitimate power The limits to this rich potentialAthletic-coach parenting incorporates综合 aspects of the development point of viewBe confident to doEstablish team rules or house rulesThey enforce the appropriate penalties when rules are broken，but policing is not the primary concernBe willing to accept discipline to subordinate their own interests to 服从于the needs of the family teamBe analogous to 与相似Smack of tyranny 有意味Unit 9I am filled with wonder when I consider the immeasurable contrast天壤之别 between the two lives which it connectsThe eventful dayThe hurrying to and fro in the house / forward and backward往返地 来回地Come forth 出现 涌现I did not know what the future held，of marvel or surprise for me. Anger and bitterness had preyed upon / trouble me continually for weeks and a deep languor had succeeded this passionate struggle.Have you ever been at sea in a dense fog, when it seemed as if a tangible white darkness shut you in, and the great ship, tense and anxious, groped her way toward the shone with plummet and sounding-line, and had no way of knowing how near the harbour was? “Light! Give me light.” Was the wordless cry of my soul, and the light of love shone on me in that very hour.矛盾修辞：White darknessProud humilityOrderly chaosSweet and bitternessStretch out my hand to sbMore than all things else( more importantly)Reveal all things to meSucceed in doing sthI was flushed with childish pleasure and pride脸红；激动Have a tussle /argument over sthPersist in doing sth 坚持做某事In despair 绝望中Drop the subject for the time （give up the topic for the time being）At the first opportunity 一旦有机会Be impatient at sthI was keenly delighted when I felt the fragments of the broken doll at my feet. Neither sorrow nor regret followed my passionate outburst.Have a sense of satisfactionGush over sb/sth涌现Feel a misty consciousness as of something forgotten模糊意识In time （sooner or later）Each name gave birth to a new thoughtFeel my way to swhIt would have been difficult to find a happier child than I was as I lay in my crib at the close of 结束之后that eventful day and lived over 回忆重温the joys it had brought to me, and for the first time longed for a new day to comeAs far as sth is concerned 就而言Resign oneself to doing （subject to doing）顺从 屈从A nuclear catastropheGrow up in a strict puritanical communityPhysical abnormalityIn terms of 依据Some hundreds of years 大约Have exceptional telepathic gifts 心灵感应Save sb from免受It turns out 结果是A person comes to know a familiar landscape like his own character, and that it becomes a part of oneselfTake morning walksRegardless of the weatherI truly have begun to see changes and beauty in nature that I missed before, and in doing so have been enriched. I have acquired an understanding of the wonders and beauty each new day brings, and what a gift it is to witness it.In winter solstice 冬至 the summer solstice 夏至Unit11The origins of etiquettethe conventional rules of b