外文翻译-丰田混合动力系统THS II.doc

附录A：英文资料IntroductionNew levels of environmental & power performance compatibility based on the concept ofHybrid Synergy DriveAt the 2003 New York Auto Show, TMC President Cho unveiled the all-new Prius with THS II, a “Hybrid Synergy Drive” concept that deliversboth higher power and greater fuel economy than the previous Prius. In search of the ultimate eco-carToyotas mission has always been to provide clean and safe products.Thus, the company has positioned the environment as one of its most important issues and has been working toward creating a prosperous society and a world that is comfortable to live in. With this goal in mind, Toyota has been actively developing various new technologies from the perspective of achieving energy security and diversifying energy sources, which is necessitated by the dwindling supply of petroleum resources.For example, in motive power sources for automobiles alone, we have been continuously improving conventional engines and have developed and commercialized lean-burn gasoline engines, direct injection gasoline engines and common rail direct-injection diesel engines, etc. We have also been modifying engines so that they can use alternative fuels, such as compressed natural gas (CNG), instead of gasoline or light oil, and have been installing these engines in commercially sold vehicles. Toyota has also developed and has been marketing electric vehicles (EV) that use motors for the driving source; hybrid vehicles (HV) that combine an engine and a motor, fusing the advantages of these two power sources; fuel cell hybrid vehicles (FCHV) that use fuel cells (FC) to generate electricity based on a chemical reaction between hydrogen and the oxygen in the air and that supply this electricity to electric motors to produce driving power.In January 1997, Toyota declared the start of the Toyota Eco Project. As part of this effort, Toyota decided to tackle the international challenge of reducing CO2 emissions in order to prevent global warming and accelerated the development of a hybrid vehicle with the goal of achieving twice the fuel efficiency of conventional ehicles. Then, in March of the same year, Toyota announced the completion of a new power train called the Toyota Hybrid System (THS) for use in passenger vehicles. This power train combines a gasoline engine and an electric motor, and because it does not require external charging, as do existing electric vehicles, it works within existing infrastructures such as fueling facilities. This system also achieves nearly twice the fuel efficiency of conventional gasoline engines.THS was installed in the passenger vehicle Prius, which was introduced in December 1997 in the Japanese market as the first mass-produced hybrid passenger vehicle in the world. In 2000, overseas marketing of the Prius began. The Prius has gained a reputation as a highly innovative vehicle, and its cumulative worldwide sales have exceeded 110,000 nits. Meanwhile, THS has continued to evolve, and in 2001, THS-C, which combines THS with CVT (continuously variable transmission), was installed in the Estima Hybrid minivan and THS-M (a mild hybrid system) wasinstalled in the Crown, luxury sedan, both for the Japanese market thereby contributing greatly to innovations in the automobiles of the 21st century.Building on the ecology-focused THS, Toyota has developed the concept of Hybrid Synergy Drive. Based on this concept, Toyota has developed a new-generation Toyota hybrid system called THS II, which achieves high levels of compatibility between environmental performance and power by increasing the motor output by 1.5 times, greatly boosting the power supply voltage and achieving significant advances in the control system, aiming for synergy between motor power and engine power.Toyota has positioned hybrid technology as its key technology. Beginning with the development of EVs and through the commercialization of HVs and FCHVs, its continued efforts have now culminated in the development of THS II. Toyota will continue to endeavor to make technical advances in this area.What is a Hybrid System?Fusion between an internal combustion engine and electric motorachieving different functions through different power combinationsAutomobile hybrid systems combine two motive power sources, such as an internal combustion engine and an electric motor, to take advantage of the benefits provided by these power sources while compensating for each others shortcomings, resulting in highly efficient driving performance. Although hybrid systems use an electric motor, they do not require external charging, as do electric vehicles.3 types of Hybrid SystemsThe following three major types of hybridsystems are being used in the hybrid vehiclescurrently on the market:1) SERIES HYBRID SYSTEMThe engine drives a generator, and an electric motor uses this generated electricity to drive thewheels. This is called a series hybrid systembecause the power flows to the wheels in series,i.e., the engine power and the motor power are inseries. A series hybrid system can run a smalloutputengine in the efficient operating region relatively steadily, generate and supply electricity to the electric motor and efficiently charge the battery. It has two motorsa generator (which has the same structure as an electric motor) and an electric motor. This system is being used in the Coaster Hybrid.2) PARALLEL HYBRID SYSTEMIn a parallel hybrid system, both the engine and the electric motor drive the wheels, and the drive power from these two sources can be utilizedaccording to the prevailing conditions. This is calleda parallel hybrid system because the power flows to the wheels in parallel. In this system, the battery is charged by switching the electric motor to act as a generator, and the electricity from the battery is used to drive the wheels. Although it has a simple structure, the parallel hybrid system cannot drive the wheels from the electric motor while simultaneously charging the battery since thesystem has only one motor.3) SERIES/PARALLEL HYBRID SYSTEMThis system combines the series hybridsystem with the parallel hybrid system in order tomaximize the benefits of both systems. It has twomotors, and depending on the driving conditions,uses only the electric motor or the driving powerfrom both the electric motor and the engine, in orderto achieve the highest efficiency level. Furthermore,when necessary, the system drives the wheels while simultaneously generating electricity using agenerator. This is the system used in the Prius andthe Estima Hybrid.Engine and Motor Operation in each systemThe chart below shows how the ratio of usebetween engine and motor differs depending on the hybrid system.Since a series hybrid uses its engine to generate electricity for the motor to drive the wheels, the engine and motor do about the same amount of work.A parallel hybrid uses the engine as the mainpower source, with the motor used only to provide assistance during acceleration. Therefore, the engine is used much more than the motor.In a series/parallel hybrid (THS in the Prius), apower split device divides the power from the engine, so the ratio of power going directly to the wheels and to the generator is continuously variable. Since the motor can run on this electric power as it is generated, the motor is used more than in a parallel system.Three Objectives of THS II DevelopmentA new-generation hybrid system that seeks enhanced efficiency and greater powerCompatibility of Environmental &Power PerformanceAutomobiles of the future must increase both environmental and safety performance, while significantly increasing the all-important motor vehicle characteristic of being fun to drive. To achieve superior driving performance, which is the basis for driving enjoyment, the conventional approach has been to increase output and torque by increasing engine displacement or using supercharging. However, this approach decreases fuel efficiency, making it difficult to achieve compatibility of environmental performance and power. In other words, fuel efficiency and power are in a trade-off relationship. By using the Toyota Hybrid System (THS), the Prius was able to escape the inevitability of this relationship in a paradigm shift. The goal of the Hybrid Synergy Drive concept is to achieve compatibility of high levels of both environmentalperformance and power.THS, which is a series parallel hybrid, contains a power split device that splits power into two paths. In one path, the power from the gasoline engine is directly transmitted to the vehicles wheels. In the other path (electrical path), the power from the engine is converted into electricity by a generator to drive an electric motor or to charge the battery. This unique configuration achieves idling stop, stopping of the gasoline engine while the vehicle is running, running of the vehicle using the electric motor, motor assist at any speed, and highly efficient energy regeneration, without using a clutch or transmission. This is achieved through the use of a motor having large low-speed torque and large output.The newly developed hybrid system, THS II, targets both greater power and improved motor power transmission efficiency, advancing energy management control for the entire vehicle. As a result, Hybrid Synergy Drive has been developed, which markedly increases power performance, improves acceleration performance, and at the same time achieves the highest degree of environmental performance in the world.How the THS II System WorksSuperb coordination between engine and motorMotor power is used for starting the vehicle. For normal operation, the engine and the motor are optimally controlled to increase fuel efficiency. When powerful acceleration is needed, the high-output motor and the engine generate optimum power. This represents further evolution in smoothyet powerful running performance.System ConfigurationAll of the major components of THS II have been developed by Toyota on its own. The high-voltage power circuit, the motor,the generator and the battery have all been designed anew, enabling further evolution of the hybrid system.The system consists of two kinds of motive power sources, i.e., a high-efficiency gasoline engine that utilizes the Atkinson Cycle, which is a high-expansion ratio cycle, as well as a permanent magnet AC synchronous motor with 1.5 times more output,a generator, high-performance nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH) battery and a power control unit. This power control unit contains a high-voltage power circuit for raising the voltage of the power supply system for the motor and the generator to a high voltage of500 V, in addition to an AC-DC inverter for converting between the AC current from the motor and the generator and the DC current from the hybrid battery. Other key components include a power split device, which transmits the mechanical motive forces from the engine, the motor and the generator by allocating and combining them. The power control unit precisely controls thesecomponents at high speeds to enable them to cooperatively work at high efficiency.System Operation1 Start and low to mid-range speedsThe engine stops when in an inefficient range,such as at start-up and in low to mid-rangespeeds. The vehicle runs on the motor alone. (A)2 Driving under normal conditionsEngine power is divided by the power split device.Some of the power turns the generator, which in turndrives the motor. (B)The rest of the power drives the wheels directly. (C)Power allocation is controlled to maximize efficiency.3 Sudden accelerationExtra power is supplied from thebattery (A), while the engine andhigh-output motor provide smoothresponse (B+C) for improvedacceleration characteristics.4 Deceleration, brakingThe high-output motor acts as a high-output generator,driven by the vehicles wheels. This regenerative brakingsystem recovers kinetic energy as electrical energy,which is stored in the high-performance battery. (D)5 Battery rechargingBattery level is managed to maintain sufficient reserves. The enginedrives the generator to recharge the battery when necessary. (E)6 At restThe engine stops automatically.附录B：英文翻译丰田混合动力系统THS II导 言基于混合协同驱动系统概念下的环境与动力性能兼容性的新水平在2003年纽约车展上，丰田汽车公司总裁赵揭幕了装备有THS II系统的全新普锐斯，THS II系统意味着一个“混合协同驱动”的概念，它为您提供不仅比之前普锐斯更高的功率，而且具有更加优良的的燃油经济性。丰田第二代混合动力系统搜索最生态的车 丰田的使命就是提供清洁和安全的产品。因此，公司将环境定位为一个最为重要的问题，并一直朝着建立一个繁荣的社会和适宜居住的世界。有着这样的目标，丰田一直从实现能源安全和能源来源多样化的角度，积极发展着各种新技术。石油资源供应不断使之变得必需。例如，仅在汽车动力源，我们不断改进传统的发动机和发展稀薄燃烧汽油发动机、直喷汽油发动机和共轨直喷柴油发动机等，并使它们商业化。同样的，我们修改引擎，使他们能使用替代燃料，如压缩天然气（CNG），而不是汽油或轻质油，并已安装在商业出售的车辆上。丰田公司还开发并销售电动车（EV）、混合动力汽车（HV）和燃料电池混合动力汽车（FCHV）。电动车使用电动机驱动，混合动力汽车结合利用发动机和电动机，融合了这两种电源的优点，燃料电池混合动力使用燃料电池（FC）来产生电，这基于一个在空气中进行的氢气和氧气的化学反应，这个化学反应供应电来使电动机产生动力。1997年1月，丰田宣布丰田生态工程启动。作为这一努力的一部分，丰田决定对付国际上减少二氧化碳排放量以防止全球变暖的挑战，以实现两倍的传统汽车的燃油效率为目标，丰田加快发展混合车辆。同年3月，丰田宣布，一辆全新的、可供客运的、名为丰田混合动力系统（THS）的动力列车已经完成。这辆动力列车结合了汽油发动机和电动马达，因为它像现有电汽车一样，不需要外部充电，所以它能在现有的基础设施下工作，如加油设施。该系统还实现了传统的汽油发动机的近两倍的燃油效率。 THS安装在轿车普锐斯上，普锐斯作为世界上第一个大规模生产的混合动力轿车，于 1997年12月在日本市场上推出。2000年，普锐斯的海外市场开始。普锐斯已获得作为一个高度创新的汽车的信誉，其全球销售累计已超过110,000台。同时，THS继续发展，并于2001年，结合了THS和CVT（无级变速器）的THS- C，被安装在埃斯蒂马小型货车上。THS-M（一个轻度混合动力系统）被安装在了豪华轿车王冠上。既面向日本市场，又大大有助于二十一世纪的汽车创新。这就是我们寻求最终生态车的全部建立在以生态为重点的THS上，丰田已经发展了混合动力驱动的概念。基于这样的理念，丰田开发了新一代丰田混合动力系统THS II。通过发动机输出的1.5倍的增加，THS II实现了高水平的环境和动力性能的兼容并在控制系统取得重大进展，旨在于电机功率和发动机功率之间的协同作用。丰田将混合动力技术定位为其关键技术。首先是电动车辆的发展，通过混合动力汽车与燃料电池混合动力汽车的商业化，现在丰田的持续努力终于在THSII开发上取得了成功。丰田将继续努力在这方面的技术进步。 什么是混合动力系统？融合内燃机和电动机功率，力求通过不同的组合实现不同的功能， 汽车混合动力系统结合如内燃机和电动机两个动力源，电机利用这些能源的来源，从而弥补双方的缺点，提供更加优良的性能，造成高效的驾驶性能。串联混合系统虽然混合动力系统使用电动机，但他们并不需要像电动车一样外部充电。目前正在市场上使用的混合动力汽车3种混合系统以下三种主要类型混合系统： 1）串联混合系统该发动机驱动一台发电机，以及电汽车使用这种发电驱动车轮。这就是所谓的混合动力系统系列。因为目前的动力（即发动机的功率和电机功率）主要流向串联车轮。 A系列混合动力系统可以运行一个小输出的发动机，高效的经营区域相对稳定，给电动马达创造和提供电力，高效率给电池充电。它有两个发动机发电机（有着和电动机相同的结构）和一个电动机。2）并联混合系统并联混合系统在并联式混合动力系统，引擎和电动机驱动车轮，而两种来源的驱动电源可以根据目前的状况被利用。这就是所谓的并联式混合动力系统，因为动力并联地流向车轮。在这个系统中，电池通过切换电动机来充电，电池作为一台发电机，以及来自电池的电力用于驱动车轮。由于系统只有一个发动机，虽然结构简单，并联式混合动力系统无法在给电池充电的同时，驱动电动机的车轮。3）串并联混合系统。混联系统该系统结合了串联式混合系统和并联混合系统，从而最大限度地发挥这两个系统的好处。它有两个马达，视驾驶条件而定，仅使用电动马达或者使用来自电动机和发动机的动力，以达到最高效率。此外，必要时，该系统在利用发电发电机的同时驱动车轮。这是在普锐斯和埃斯蒂马混合上使用