跨文化交际教案chapter 2 culture dynamic.doc

Chapter II Cultural DynamicsTeaching Objectives1. To identify the definitions of enculturation, acculturation, separation, segregation, integration, assimilation, marginalization and culture shock 2. To identify the 5 stages of culture shock3.To be able to distinguish enculturation, acculturation and assimilation Leading in Teaching Procedures Step1Have students listen to the lead-in case The Lades Room. Ask students warming-up questions: l What should one do before entering into an unfamiliar culture?l How to adapt yourself for the new environment?l Is entering into an unfamiliar culture stressful?l What are the potential results of entering into a new culture?Step22.1 Enculturation Enculturation is the socialiation process you go through to adapt to your society.2.2 AcculturationAcculturation refers to an individuals learning and adopting the norms and values of the new host culture. 2.2.1 Predictors of acculturation a. similarity of cultureb. personal charateristics and experiencesYounger people adapt more easily than older ones. Education background also plays a part, and a persons personality (such as risktaking or being gregarious and curious or not) can determine how readily they will desire to blend in with a new culture. Finally, previous travel, contact with overseas friends or family, and mass media influence also come into play.RisktakingGregarious1Gregarious 2CuriousTravelc. the effects of media and transportation 2.2.2 Categories of acculturation:a. Separation and segregationSeparation and segregation refer to maintaining ones original culture and not participating in the new culture. b. IntegrationIntegration takes place when individuals become an integral part of the new culture while maintaining their cultural integrity.c. AssimilationAssimilation is the degree to which an individual relinquishes an original culture for another. When individuals are assimilated into a mainstream culture, they lose their previous culture.d. MarginalizationMarginalization, or deculturation, refers to losing ones cultural identity and not having any psychological contact with the larger society. The person has feelings of “not belonging anywhere”.The Process of Acculturation Home New Separation Integration Assimilation Marginalization Segregation 2.3 Culture Shock Why does Wu Lian feel uncomfortable in the new environment? Culture shock refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounter when entering a different culture.Reverse culture shock may occur upon returning to the home country if a person has adjusted exceptionally well to the host culture. 2.3.1 Symptoms of culture shocka. physical symptomsPhysical symptoms are over-concerned about cleanliness of food, bedding, and dishes, extreme stress on health and safety; fear or physical contact with anyone in the new country; great concern over minor pains and skin eruptions; craving “home cooking”; use of alcohol and drugs; and a decline in work quality.b. psychological symptoms Psychological symptoms are insomnia, fatigue, isolation and loneliness, disorientation, frustration, criticism of new country, depression, nervousness, self-doubt, irritability, , anger, and emotional and intellectual withdrawal.Home cookingAlcohol 1Alcohol 2DrugInsomnia FatigueDisorientation DepressionNervouseness2.3.2 Aspects of culture shocka. Cultural stressEntering an unfamiliar culture is stressful; in fact, transitions of any type are both psychologically and physically stressful. Problems with housing, climate, services, or communication in another language bring additional stress.b. Social alienationAn aspect of culture shock that can have adverse effects upon the newcomers to a culture is social alienation and the feelings of loneliness that are associated with being isolated from friends and the home culture. c. Social class and poverty-wealth extremesClass distinctions do exist in the United States but are so complicated and subtle that visitors from other countries often miss the nuances and even the existence of a class structure.d. Financial mattersAdapting to a new culture and reentering the home culture involve financial adjustments, such as cost and availability of housing, banking practices, use of credit cards and checks, and costs of schooling.e. Relationships and family considerationsProblems related with relationships such as failure of the spouse and other family members to adapt to the new culture are a major factor in the early return of expatriates.2.3.3 Stages of culture shocka. The first stage (the “honeymoon” stage)The first stage of initial contact, sometimes called the “honeymoon” stage or initial euphoria, is where everything is new and exciting.b. The second stage The third stage (the crisis or disenchantment stage)The second stage involves disintegration of familiar cues and irritation and hostility with the differences experienced in the new culture. c. The third stage (the reintegration stage)The third stage involves a reintegration of new cues and an increased ability to function in the new culture. In the third stage, the adjustment phase, you begin to accept the new culture.d. The fourth stage (the gradual adjustment stage)In the fourth stage, gradual adjustment continues toward gradual autonomy and seeing “good” and “bad” elements in both the home and new cultures.e. The fifth stage (the full adjustment stage)The final, fifth stage is described as reciprocal interdependence where the person has achieved biculturalism by becoming able to cope comfortably in both home and new cultures. Full adjustment can take years. 2.3.4 Strategies for Managing Culture Shock a. Study the host cultureb. Study the local environmentc. Learn basic verbal and nonverbal language skillsd. Develop intercultural relationshipse. Maintain an intimate social network f. Assume the principle of difference/Remember your perceptual contextg. Anticipate failure eventsStep3Raising Intercultural Awareness: 文化适应：学生通过回忆适应陌生环境和文化的过程以及在这一过程中发生的变化，来了解文化适应。 活动目的：帮助学生了解文化适应的过程，加强其跨文化交际意识，提高适应新环境、新文化的能力。 活动过程描述：步骤一：教师要求学生安静地回忆其接触陌生环境和文化的经历，教师可以要求学生结合其异地求学或旅游等经历来进行思考。在这一活动环节中，建议教师要求学生对其经历中的主要事件和情景作以简要的记录，并回忆其当时的心情、感受和想法。步骤二：教师引导学生对其接触陌生环境和文化的经历划分阶段。一般来讲，学生很难独立完成这一活动环节，教师应加以适当的指导，引导学生明了这些阶段主要指的是某些态度、感觉和行为反应较为突出的不同时期。教师可以要求学生尝试用简炼的词语或句子对每一阶段加以概括。表7-11 文化适应阶段实例EXAMPLES OF STAGES OF ADJUSTMENTSTUDENT ONELabel Statementa. interest and excitement a. everything is new and interestingb. impatience b. Why do they have to do things this way?”c. acceptance c. What is right for me may not be right for the other person.”d. questioning d. What are my true values?e. finding my place e. How can I live here and keep my own identity?STUDENT TWOLabel Statementa. observer a. I can learn by watching.b. confusion b. Who am I in this new place?c. anger c. How can I be myself and live in a place that is so very different?步骤三：教师要求学生分析产生以上不同阶段中态度、感觉和行为反应等方面变化的原因。建议教师要求学生将其所认为的原因作以简要的概括和归纳。表7-12 导致文化适应不同阶段中态度、感觉和行为反应等方面变化的原因STUDENT RESPONSESTo the Question:What caused the change(s) in attitude and behavior from one stage to another?Thinking/reflection Observation/watchingAsking questions about the new culture and about myselfTrying new thingsUnderstanding my own cultureLearning and practicing more languageTimeLearning more about U.S. cultureAcceptanceContact with peopleDesire to learn and adaptEmpathyIdentifying my valuesBeing nonjudgmental步骤四：教师将学生分成小组，讨论步骤二和步骤三中的内容。事实上，在这一课堂活动进行的时候，某些学生也很有可能处于文化适应的不同阶段，如“蜜月期”或“危机期”等，此时，教师最好建议学生结合其当前的经历和感受进行讨论。此外，在这一活动环节中，教师应提醒学生注意寻找共同或类似的观察结果，即共同或类似的的经历阶段。步骤五：教师要求每组学生选派代表就步骤四中的讨论结果进行简要的陈述，设置这一活动环节的目的是让学生有机会了解他人的经历和感受，并逐渐理解文化适应是大家都要经历的一个过程。在学生陈述讨论结果的过程中，教师应提醒学生避免过多的细节性描述，应该注重突出本小组在步骤四中得到共性结论；此外，教师还应引导学生探询引起这些变化的原因。步骤六：教师引导学生讨论实施本课堂活动的目的，思考以下问题：你怎样看待你适应陌生环境和文化的能力？这一环节可以以口头讲述的形式进行，也可以书面作业的形式完成，如果学生理解起来有困难，教师也可以将上述问题分解为两个问题：（1） 你的哪些行为和态度帮助你适应陌生的环境和文化？（2） 你的哪些行为和态度阻碍你适应陌生的环境和文化？Step4Homework and After-class activitiesl Write a paper about the predictors and categories of acculturation.l Surf on the Internet to collect the information about culture shock.Step 5*Culture Shock ProfileBelow is a list of 33 terms that may or may not describe how you feel about your experiences in your new culture. On a scale of 0 to 3, indicates the frequency with which you experience the feeling. 0=none, 1=moderate, and 3=great.I feel:1. _ Enthusiastic2. _ Impatient/irritable3. _ A desire to resign4. _Hapy /content5. _ Energetic6. _ Rejected7. _ Purposeful/desired8. _ Pessimistic/hopeless9. _ Contemptuous of others (natives)10. _ Angry/resentful11. _ A need to complain12. _ Creative13. _ Confident/self-assured14. _ Readyto cry15. _ Challenged16. _ Cynical17. _ A sense of discovery18. _ Helpless/vulnerable19._ Optimistic/hopeful20. _ Inadequate/self-doubt21. _ Isolated/homesick22. _ Physical ill23. _ I need to “get out”24. _ Confused/disorented25. _ Excited/stimulated26. _ Accepted27. _ A sense of loss28. _ Overwhelmed/bewildered29. _ Afraid/panic30. _ Depressed/withdrawn31. _ Frustrated/thwarted32. _ Exhuasted/sleep difficulty33. _ Apathetic/”I dont care”Scoring: to determine your level of culture shock, reverse your score for items 1.4,5, 7, 12,13,17,19,25, and 26. If your original score was a 0, reverse it to a 3. If your original score was a 3, reverse it to a 0. If your original score was a 2, reverse it to a 1, and if your original score was a 3, reverse it to a 0. After reversing the score for those 10 items, sum the entire 33 items. Scores must range from 0 to 99. The higher your score, the more culture shock your are experiencing, and you should engage in some of the strategies listed in this section.*African-American Acculturation ScaleOn a scale ranging from 1 to 7, indicate the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement. 1=totally disagree, 2=disagree,3=slightly disagree,4=dont know,5=slightly agree,6=agree, and 7=totally agree.1._Most of the music I listen to is by black artists.2._I like black music more than white music.3._The person I admire most is black.4._I listen to black radio stations.5._I try to watch all the black shows on TV.6._Most of my friends are black.7._I believe in the Holy Ghost.8._I believe in heaven and hell.9._I like gospel music.10._I am currently a member of a black church.11._Prayer can cure disease.12._The church is the heart of the black community.13._I know how to cook chitlins.14._I eat chitlins once in a while.15._Sometimes I cook ham hocks.16._I know how long youre supposed to cook collard greens.17._I went to a mostly black elementary school.18._I went (or go)to a mostly black high school.19._I grew up in a mostly black neighborhood.20._I avoid splitting a pole.21._When the palm of your hand itches, youll receive some money.22._Theres some truth to many old superstitions.23._IQ tests were set up purposefully to discriminate against black people.24._Most tests (like the SAT and tests to get a job)are set up to make sure blacks dont get high scores on them.25._Deep in their hearts, most white people are racists.26._I have seen people “fall out.” I know what “falling out ” means.27._When I was a child, I used to play tonk. I know to play bid whist.28._Its better to move your whole family ahead in this world than it is to be out for only yourself.29._Old people are wise.30._When I was young, my parent(s)sent me to stay with a relative (aunt, uncle, grandmother)for a few days or weeks, and then I went back home again.31._When I was young, I took a bath with my sister, brother, or some other relative.Scoring: Sum your responses to the above 33 items. Your score must range between 33 and 231.Scores 33-60=Acculturated.Scores 66-85=Mostly acculturated.Scores 99-130=Bicultural (slightly acculturated).Scores 165-185=Bicultural (slightly traditional).Scores 198-200=Mostly traditional.Scores 200-231=Traditional._Source: “The African American Acculturation Scale II” from H. Landrine & E.A. klonoff, “The African American Acculturation Scale II”, Journal of Black Psychology, Vo1.21, 1995, PP.124-153. Copyright 1995 Association of Black Psychologists. Used by permission of Sage Publications. Supplimentary Materials1. Key Terms: 2.2.1. 1 Enculturation（社会文化适应）： Enculturation is the socialization process you go through to adapt to your society. （社会文化适应指人们学习适应自己所在社会的文化的社会化过程）。2.2.1. 2 Acculturation（文化适应）： Acculturation, or cultural adaptation, refers to an individuals learning and adapting to the norms and values of the new host culture. （文化适应指人们学习和适应新文化的社会规范和价值观念的过程）。2.2.1.3 Separation and segregation（分离和隔离）：Separation and segregation refer to maintaining ones original culture and not participating in the new culture. （指在文化适应过程中保留了原有文化，完全没有接受和习得新文化）。2.2.1.4 Integration (文化整合): It takes place when individuals become an integral part of the new culture while maintaining their culture integrity. (文化整合指人们在文化适应过程中成为新文化中的一部分，同时又保留了自己文化的完整性)。2.2.1.5 Assimilation (文化同化)：It is the degree to which an individual relinguishes an original culture for another. When individuals are assimilated into the mainstream culture, they lose their previous culture. (文化同化指人们放弃原有文化接受新文化的程度。一旦被主流文化同化，人们就失去了原有的文化)。2.2.1.6Marginalization（边缘化）： Marginalization or deculturation refers to losing ones cultural identity and not having any psychological contact with the larger society. (边缘化指人们不仅失去自己原有的文化身份，而且与广大社会失去了心理联系)。2.2.1.7Culture shock（文化冲击，文化休克）: It refers to the traumatic experience that an individual may encounter when entering a different culture. （文化冲击指人们在进入一种新文化环境中遭遇的痛苦和难忘的经历）。文化冲击有五个阶段：即蜜月期、敌意期、恢复期、适应期、融合期。2. Additional Information: 2.2.2.1 Acculturation People do not want to abandon their past: therefore, they acculturate new ideas into their existing culture. Acculturation is the process of adjusting and adapting to a new and different culture. If people of two different cultures absorb a significant number of each others cultural differences and have a number of similarities, cultural synergy (协同效应) takes place with the two cultures merging to form a stronger and overriding culture. Corporate cultures are examples of the synergy of diverse cultures. A manager, in order to be productive and creative, must take his/her workers realize that the corporation is more important than individual differences. Differences are not to be suppressed but managed to maximize the groups productivity and creativity. Hofstedes work shows that what motivates a worker in one country may or may not be important to a worker in another country. For corporations to get the most from their people, they will have to have managers who can work effectively with many cultural groups.People who learn more than one culture are multicultural and can move between cultures very comfortably. An example of multicultural persons is the Royal Grimaldi family of Monaco. Princess Grace was a U.S. citizen and married Prince Ranier of Monaco. The Grimaldi children were raised in Monaco; however, due to the time they spent in the United States, they were acculturated to this country. Although acculturation increases the interconnectedness of cultures, differences are sources of potential problems. All differences will probably not be absorbed by either culture. Acculturation has four dimensions integration, separation, assimilation, and deculturation. When a minority moves into a majority culture, he or she will choose one of these modes either consciously or subconsciously. Although as a majority culture we may feel assimilation is the correct acculturation process, the individual may not feel this fits his or her needs. Assimilation takes place when individuals are absorbed into their new culture and withdraw form their old culture. Integration takes place when individuals become an integral part of the new culture while maintaining their cultural integrity. Separation happens when individuals keep their culture and stay independent of the new culture. Deculturation occurs when individuals lose their original culture and do not accept the new culture, leading to confusion and anxiety. The acculturation mode that an individual chooses will be governed by the individuals views and desired ways of life. (from Intercultural Business Communication )中文补充案例及材料：2.2.2.2文化休克 “文化休克”（Culture shock）一词系Oberg于1960年在他的一篇学术论文中首次使用，概括种种跨文化不适应症，之后广泛流传，如今已经成为人们常用的词汇。据Oberg的看法，文化休克有6个方面的表现：由于不断进行必要的心理调整而引起的疲惫；由于失去朋友、地位、职业、和财产而引起的失落感；不能接受属于新文化的成员或者（以及）被这些成员拒之门外；在角色、对于角色的期望、价值观念、感情和自我认同方面感受到混乱；在觉察到文化差异后感到的惊奇、焦虑、甚至厌恶和气氛；由于不能对付新环境而产生的无能为力的感觉。文化休克是人们对于另一种不熟悉的文化环境的心理反应。通俗地说，一个人从一地迁移到另一地，原来自己熟悉的一套符号、习俗、行为模式、社会关系、价值观念等被另一套新的自己不熟悉的符号、习俗、行为模式、社会关系、价值观念所替代，因而在心理上产生焦虑，在情绪上不安定，甚至沮丧。在严重的情况下，会产生各种心理和生理方面的疾病。最严重的甚至会患精神病或者自杀。这就是文化休克。自然，并不是所有进入异文化环境的人都会发生文化休克。进入异文化的人的情况多种多样，大致可以分为以下四种：1）旅游者。这类人通常在异国停留的时间短，而且有各种“保护”，例如，呆在旅馆里，与当地人很少接触，或只有很肤浅的接触；如果是旅游团，一般有向导为他们解决各种困难和问题，不需要他们自己出面；除了旅游，他们本身没有其他任务，不需要他们与当局或当地人有业务上的联系，因此，他们通常不感到生活上的不便或工作上