新概念英语第三册笔记 第20课.doc

Lesson20 Pioneerpilots 飞行员的先驱Randall Stevens. I conjured him out of thin air. he doesnt exist, except on paper. 变魔术般地创造出New words and expression 生词和短语Pioneer n.先驱 vi.vt.开拓, 为开路, 作先驱者a pioneer of/in sth 的创始人Youngpioneer 少先队员 A pioneer of operation 手术的开创者 the of the Womens Liberation Movement.动词句：Professor Alec Jeffreys, who invented and pioneered DNA testsAdvocate n.提倡者, 鼓吹者vt.提倡, 鼓吹 - pioneeradulteducation 倡导成人教育eer结尾的表示人的volunteer engineer mountaineer 登山者lord n.对（英国）贵族的尊称；勋爵 （主;上帝;领主;）（主;上帝;领主;）oh dear!=oh lord!天呢 lord bless me! lord have mercy! lord knows!天知道lord of war 战争之王= warlord 军阀 （清末民前）lordless adj.无君主的, 无丈夫的lordship n.贵族权力, 贵族身份lordly adj.adv.高傲的, 贵族般地, 有气派地duke n.公爵 (duchess)marquis n.(英国等的)侯爵（亦作：marquess）(marchioness)earl n.伯爵 （Countess） （count 法国）viscount n.(英国的)子爵 （viscountess）baron n.男爵(英国世袭的最低级的贵族爵位) , 大财主（女性为： baroness）皇后-皇贵妃-贵妃-妃子-嫔-贵人-常在-答应 （月银不同、下人数量不同，“旗头”装饰不同）（封建的等级制度，祭祀，车马，穿着，甚至喝酒的器皿）Calais n.加来（法国港市）kleNormandie 诺曼底Overland adj.陆上的；横跨大陆的Overnight n.头天晚上 adj.通宵的, 晚上的, 前夜的 adv.在前一夜, 整夜, 昨晚一晚上- an overnight trip一整夜的旅行 / an overnight guest 过夜的客人overpopulated adj.人口过密的, 人口过剩的overseas adv.海外 adj.外国的, 海外的over+动词（over表示超过）overeat vt.使吃过量 vi.吃得过多oversleep vt.(使)睡过头 vi.睡过头, 睡得太久overwork n.过度工作 v.(使)工作过度overcharge v.讨价过高, 使过量装填, 过度充电 n.超载, 过重的负担, 过度充电overestimate vt.评价过高 n.估计的过高补充个单词 aviation 航空；飞行术，航空学;飞机制造业;集合词飞机 aviator n.飞机驾驶员 aviate v 驾驶飞机，乘坐飞机pilot n.飞行员, 领航员, 引水员 engine n.发动机（引擎）；机车, 火车头Calais 加来（法国北部港市）Latest adj.最后的, 最迟的；最新的, 最近的 n.最新消息, 最新式样Last vi. 持续, 支持, 维持 Dover n.多佛（英国东南部的港口）Text 课文WhatwasthenameofthefirstplanetoflyacrosstheEnglishChannel?In1908LordNorthcliffeofferedaprizeoff1,000tothefirstmanwhowouldflyacrosstheEnglishChannel.offer sth to sb=offer sb sth 主动的提供 另与charge相反，出价报价 offer money for sthprovide sb with sth=provide sth for sb 一般的提供supply sth to sb= supple sb with sth 供给，支持 support sb in sth 资助、赞助、支持offer n 1、主动要求，主动提供；2、出价，报价；3、录取意向（职位，大学自主招生）从词义上说，award 是“授予，给予”，reward 是“回报”award 奖励（官方的，精神层面）They awarded John the first prize. （ sth to sb 或 sb sth）reward 奖励 （物质层面）They reward Jhon with 10000. （reward sb with sth）thefirstmanwhowouldflyacross = thefirstmantoflyacross.序数词和动词不定式to搭配连用可以代替其后的定语从句（最高级、限定词）- thefirstpersontogreethimwasalocalpoliceman- Shewastheonlyonetosurvivetheplanecrash. 她是唯一幸存与飞机失事的人。 = Shewastheonlyone thatsurvivetheplanecrash.fly across; sail across;横渡 swim across游过 come across 通过；碰到；遇上 get across to使观点,主意等被理解 getthis problemacrosstohim（get sth across to sb中sth应为抽象性名词）get through to向某人讲清楚自己的意思 He could not get through to meOverayearpassedbeforethefirstattemptwasmade.如果before所引导的时间状语从句之前出现段时间（则最佳翻译方法：才.）另外还有“还没来得及就”“就”1、跟情态动词can、could连用，虽然是肯定形式，但是表达的意思是“还没来得及就”。强调从句动作发生前，主句的动作就已经发生了。before I could catch the cat, it had run away.2、在肯定句中强调所表达的“时间、距离长；时间晚，或花费的精力多等，即程度高”翻译为“才”we had sailed four days and four nights before we saw landsIt was already evening before we finally arrived in the little town.3、在否定句中，和肯定句中表达相反的意思，“程度低的语气”翻译为“不到.就”we hadnt run a mile before he felt tired.2&3、在此种意义下的it be/take some time before +句子，其时态有两种 1、若主句是一般将来时，从句是一般现在时（主将从现）。肯定句翻译为“要过多久才.”否定翻译为“用不了多久就.” it will be many years before the situation improves it wont be long before we meet again 2、若主句是一般过去时，从句也是一般过去时（真实语气）。肯定句翻译为“很长时间之后才”否定翻译为“没过多久就.” it was some time before I realized the truth it wasnt long before she became a brave soldier 3、与其他类似句型的用法 it be+时间段+since (It issince. / It has beensince.意思相同，前者是规范说法，后者是口语说法) it is two years since we arrived here. it is two years since we lived here it is two years since we have lived here. it be+时间段+when 表示“某个动作发生时，是某个时间” it was Dec. 18th when I was born.4、主句含有hardly、scarcely等否定副词时，可以翻译为“刚就、一就”，这时主句用过去完成时，从句用过去时，且可以用when替代before.we had hardly/scarcely reached the school before/when the bell rang.5、before有时可以表示“宁愿”的意思（概念出处类似last）Id shoot myself before I apologized to him6、before long 不久、很快（before是介词，long是名词），在句中一般做状语，多与过去时或将来时连用。the work will be finished before long. long before “很久以前”（long是副词），可以单独使用，这时before是介词，如果接从句的话，before是连词long before there was civilization。常与过去时或者过去完成时连用，后接从句时也可以用于一般现在时。 she said that she had heard of it long before it will be long before he arrives.attempt n.努力, 尝试, 企图 vt.尝试, 企图（attempt的语气比try强烈）inonesattempt - ShefailedinherattempttoswimtheEnglish Channel. 她横度英吉利海峡的尝试失败了。makeanattempton sth- He made an attempt on the mountain. 他试图攀登那座山。makean attempttodo- She made every attempt to run away. 她想尽一切办法逃走。makenoattempt to do- She made no attempt to run away. 她没有想逃走。动词时：attempt sth he attempted a difficult task attempt to do sth 表示具体的尝试做什么,是很具体的一次性行为 he attempt to escape attempt doing sth（不如to do常见）指比较一贯性的,长期以来的 be afraid /to do sth.of doing sth he attempted swimming across the river动词产生分词：attempted （犯罪）未遂的 attempted murder/robbery 杀人/抢劫 OnJuly19th,1909,intheearlymorning,HubertLathamtookofffromtheFrenchcoastinhisplanetheAntoinetteIV.early,late的形容词用法，早期，早上的早些时候early this morning; late this night 晚上的晚些时候at dawn 黎明时分=at daybreak at midnight at night at noontake off 1、起飞 2、（产品，活动，事业）的腾飞 his career took offoff 常见的一个副词用法“离开、动身” draw off 撤离（=withdraw） liftoff （火箭、飞船）发射，升空 set off 出发，动身coast 海岸 （指陆地和海交界的狭长地带，也可指沿海地区。）beach n. 海滩，沙滩（通常为 shore 或 coast 的一部分，是被海（湖或河）水冲刷而成）shore n. 岸，滨 （含义较广，指海洋、湖泊及江河的岸，通常为陆地和较大水域的交界地带。）border n. 边界，边境 多指靠近两国或两地区分界线的区域。boundary n. 分界线，边界 frontier n. 尤英边界，边境 指两国接壤的前沿地区，多有军队驻防。HehadtravelledonlysevenmilesacrosstheChannelwhenhisenginefailedandhewasforcedtolandonsea.When = atthatmoment （此处也可以换成before，可以翻译成“就”，表示“突然、忽然”）Failed = breakdown=broken=stop working 失败；失灵, 出故障Fail 失败、忽视 （具体：机器、机械 抽象：身体部位、健康）fail to do 未能做某事 fail in sth 未能做某事 fail sb/sth 评定某人不及格/未通过/挂科（驾照，大学）- Shefailedtowintheprize. I failed to see why you find it so funny （注意see，fail to see 特化：不明白）- When I saw him, my words failed me.我不知道说什么好了。- the presidents health is failing fast - he died of heart failureforce sb to do sth force sbs hand 不得不，强迫（注意主语）I want to go with you, but the work left forced my handbeforcedtodo 被迫做某事forced 强迫的，勉强的 make a forced landingTheAntoinettefloatedonthewateruntilLathamwaspickedupbyaship.float （使）漂浮；飘浮；飘动 指因有液体或气体的支撑而不沉，表示动态或静态。可用于形容具体事物或声音、气味等抽象事物。 float around 传开；流传（常考） =go arounddrift 漂流，飘移 指随风或顺水缓慢移动，强调动态，常用于形容具体事物。pickedup = save = rescue 1、捡起，收拾，收捡 if you give up now, who will pick up the mess. pick up after sb 跟在某人后面收拾 who want to get married and spend their life time picking some man2、用车接走，取走 3、（非主动）偶然习得 he picked up Russian so quickly.4、得病，染上疾病（不常考） theyve picked up a really serious infection.5、重提，接过观点（捡起来，拾起来） Can I just pick up that gentlemans point.Twodaysalter,LouisBleriotarrivednearCalaiswithaplanecalledNo.XI.Bleriothadbeenmakingplanessince1905andthiswashislattesmodel.withaplane（with具有、带有）- a suitcase a handle 注意翻译，虽然是伴随，但是翻译为“驾驶”with复合结构=独立主格 名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，分词Aweekbefore,hehadcompletedasuccessfuloverlandflightduringwhichhecoveredtwenty-sixmiles.= Aweekbefore,hehadcompletedasuccessfuloverlandflightand duringthe flighthecoveredtwenty-sixmiles. - duringwhich=during theflight during 介词 既可指某个动作在某个时期里连续不断地进行,也可以指某个动作在这段时期里的某个时间发生cover 盖上、涉及、包含、覆盖（面积）行走了（多远）、看完、报道（新闻）、买单（全部支出）、保掩护 cover a lot of groud 1、到了很多地方（直译） 2、涉及很多内容（抽象） china covers 9.6 million square kilometers. an area of cover the Winter Olympics 报道 here is 100, that should cover all the expenses. all the pupils in the school are covered against accidentsLatham,however,didnotgiveupeasily. He,too,arrivednearCalaisonthesamedaywithanewAntoinette. give up 放弃、戒掉（smoking）、投降认输（放弃抵抗）give away 1、赠送（多指用于礼物一类的） 2、泄露（秘密） 3、（基督教婚礼上）将（新娘）交给新郎give out 1、分发（分发什么东西） 2、设备或身体部位停止运行; 停止起作用 3、发出(尖叫、叹息等）give in 1、上交=hand in 2、让步，退步，屈服giveoff发出 (光、热、声音、气味等)ItlookedasiftherewouldbeanexcitingraceacrosstheChannel.Itlookedasif 似乎, 看起来- Itlookedasiftherewouldbeaheavystorm.as if作为连词，本身不做成分，但是有意思。it seems as if/thoug. that/ whether/ if as/ if as thoug名词从句中引导表语从句。“好像，仿佛”（可用虚拟语气）当说话者认为句子所述的是真实的或极有可能发生或存在的事实时。保持时态一致。当说话人认为句子所述的是不真实的或极少有可能发生或存在的情况时。从句虚拟语气.（非事实或夸张）如果从句表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时。从句表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词用“had+过去分词”从句表示与将来事实相反，谓语动词用“would/could/might+动词原形”It seems as if it is raining. 外面看起来像是下雨了。（确实是下雨了）It seems as if it were raining. 外面看起来好像下雨一样。（虚拟语气，其实并没有下雨）it looks as if she didnt approve of our marriage, and it makes people talk.it looks as if it had been built yesterday.如果as if 引导的从句是“主语+系动词”结构，可省略主语和系动词，这样as if 后就只剩下名词、不定式、形容词（短语）、介词短语或分词。如：He acts as if（he were）a fool注意，as if+to do时，可以视为省略了be going to/ be to的结构，可表示将来，现在分词和过去分词则是behe raised his hand as if (he was going) to say something he opened his mouth as if (he were) to make some replyseem seem+不定式短语（不定式可以省略）seem+形容词，副词，介词短语，名词，分词形容词，其实都是to do省略。进行则用seem to be doingit seems that，名词性从句，主语从句。注意否定，it doesnt seem that.it seems to sb that=sb seems likethere seems to be there seems to be no point in refusing. there doesnt seem to be too much hope.it appears to be=it seems to be 同样 it seems that=it appears thatit promise to be 有的可能，有发生的迹象，吉象（积极的）消极的可以用it threatens to be，噩兆it promises to be a fine day the clear sky promises fine weather it threatens to snow immediately the dark clouds threaten a strom.there is a sign（of sth）that. 有迹象表明.there is no sign the recession has bottomed out yet 萧条 抵达极点there is evidence（of sth）that. 有证据/迹象表明.there is some evidence that a small amount of alcohol is good for you.BothplanesweregoingtotakeoffonJuly25th,butLathamfailedtogetupearlyenough.get out 出门，逃离，退出；消息泄露为人所知（vi） if word got out now, the scandal could be a disaster.get off 下车；出发；离远点，别碰 get off the farm, get off me!get over 恢复过来；战胜（解决，克服）困难；讲清楚，使明白（get across to）get the message over to himAftermakingashorttestflightat4,15a.m.,Bleriotsetoffhalfanhourlater.makeashorttestflight 做段距离试飞之后（主动）take a test 接受测试（被动）Hisgreatflightlastedthirty-sevenminutes.WhenhelandednearDover,thefirstpersontogreethimwasalocalpoliceman.= WhenhelandednearDover,thefirstpersonwhogreetedhimwasalocalpoliceman.greet 打招呼;欢迎，迎接;致敬，致意;（景象，声音等）映入眼帘（be greeted by） the child is shy and doesnt like to greet people （打招呼，回应） 不爱叫人 it is unlikely that this suggestion will be greeted. 欢迎，响应 I was greeted by a shocking sightLathammadeanotherattemptaweeklaterandgotwithinhalfamileofDover,buthewasunluckyagain.makeanotherattempt 做了另一次试飞within= no more thanHisenginefailedandhelandedontheseaforthesecondtime.for the first time / for the second timethe first time 第一次，是名词，在句子中只能做名词的成分。at the first time 是介词短语，是“在第一次” 强调顺序 “在”for the first time 也是第一次，是个副词短语，在句子中做状语。强调首次，“第一次”Key structures 关键句型 介词和关系代词搭配的用法：（决定介词位置的四个因素）1在正式的用法和用于书面语中, 当定语从句的关系代词是介词的宾语时, 能够把可移位的介词提前放在关系代词的前面。- ThisisthepersonaboutwhomIwastellingyou.- Isthisthebookforwhichyouaskedme?2在非正式的用法和口语当中, 介词一般要放在从句的末尾。3有些动词介词, 合成词组被看作是不可分隔的语言单位