植物学英文总结.docVIP

1.Photosynthesis 光合作用 respiration 呼吸作用 Reproduction 繁殖2.界门纲目科属种 Kingdom Division Class Order Family Genus Speices3.C.Linnaeus 提出两界分类系统4.R.H Whitaker 五界分类系统的优点：1）纵向展示了生物进化的三大阶段。原核生物、单细胞真核生物、多细胞真核生物2）横向展示了生物进化的三大方向。光合自养的植物、吸收方式的真菌、摄食方式的动物。5.M.Schleiden and T.Schwann: Cell Theory1)All living organisms are composed of one or more cells2)The chemical reactions of a living organism,including its energy-releasing processes and its biosynthetic reaction,take place within cells.3)Cells arise from other cells.4)Cells contain the hereditary information of the organisms of which they are a part,and this information is passed from parent cell to daughter cell.6.cellulose 纤维素分子 microfibril 微纤丝-构成细胞壁的基本单位 macrofibril 大纤丝7.细胞壁由外而内分为三层：Middle lamella -primary wall -secondary wall 胞间层-初生壁-次生壁8plasma membrane s function1)It mediates the transport of substances into and out of the protoplast.2)It coordinates the synthesis and assembly of the cellulose microfibrils that make up the cell wall.3)It receives and transmits hormonal and enviromental signals involved in the control of cell growth and differentiation.8.Organelle 细胞器：Plastid 质体 mitochondrion 线粒体 endoplasmic reticulum(Er) 内质网 Golgi apparatus 高尔基体 lysosome 溶酶体 spherosome 圆球体 microbody 微体 vacuole 液泡 ribosome 核糖体 质体：叶绿体 chloroplast 有色体：chromoplast 白色体：leucoplast9. Nucleusfunctions1) It controls the ongoing activities of the cell by determinning which protein molecules are produced by the cell and when they are produced.2) It stores most of the cells genetic information,passing it onto the daughter cells in the course of cell division.10. Cell Cycle and proliferation 细胞周期和增殖1） In somatic cells that are capable of dividing,the cell cycle is the period from the beginning of one division to the beginning of the next division commonly the cell cycle is divided into interphase and mitosis.10. Interphase 分裂间期：Before a cell can begin mitosis and actually divide.It must replicate its DNA and synthesis more of the proteins associated with the DNA in the chromosome.11. 中柱鞘-pericycle 初生木质部-primary xylem 初生韧皮部-primary phloem 维管形成层-vascular cambium 内皮层-endodermis 表皮-epidermis 皮层-cortex 根毛-root hair12. Mitosis-有丝分裂：Is the process by which a cell,which has previously replicated each of its chromosomes separates the chromosomes in its cell nucleus into two indentical sets of chromosomes,each set in its own new nucleus .Its a form of nuclear division.It is generally followed immediately by eytokinesis,which divides the nuclei ,cytoplasm,organelles,and cell membrance.13. 分裂:前期-prophase 中期-metaphase 后期-anaphase 末期-telophase14. 减数分裂的意义：1） 减数分裂是有丝分裂的前提2） 减数分裂保证了有性生殖生物在世代交替中染色体数目恒定3） 减数分裂是遗传变异的主要原因14. Cell growth: growth,and irreversible increase in size,is accomplished by a combination of cell division and cell enlargement.15. Cell differentiation: the process by which cells that have identical genetic constitutions become different from one another and from the meristematic cells which they originated.16. 维管植物：蕨类、裸子、被子植物。17. 地球上最先开始：化学进化，而后，生物进化。18. 顶端分生组织-apical meristems 侧生分生组织-lateral meristems 居间分生组织-intercalary meristems19. Meristem-分生组织：When plants grow,their cells divide only in specific areas,called meristems,which are composed of cells whose primary function is the formation of new cells.Meristematic cells dont differentiate ,instead,they retain the ability to divide by mitosis.20. 植物组织系统：基本组织-ground tissue 维管组织-vascular tissues 皮组织-dermal tissues21. Roots:1) Two primary functions: anchorage and absorption2) Two other functions: storage and conduction.22. Tissue:a tissue is a group of cells that forms a structural and functional unit.23. Organ:In biology,and organ is a collection of tissues joined in a structural unit to serve a common function.24. Casparian strip-A band of waterproof material around the transverse cells of the endodermis ensures that water and minerals enter the xylem only by passing through the endodermal cells.25. Main function of stems:1) support 2)conduction 3)storage 4) production of new living tissue 5) photosynthesis.26. Stems are composed of four kinds of tissues found in all organs of a plant: epidermis ,vascular,ground and meristematic tissues. 表皮，维管组织、基本组织、分生组织27. 禾本科植物主要通过居间生长-intercalary growth 伸长。28. 维管形成层中的纺锤状原始细胞通过平周分裂形成次生韧皮部和次生木质部；射线原始细胞通过平周分裂形成韧皮射线和木射线29. 束间形成层-interfascicular cambium 束中形成层-fascicular cambium30. Complete leaf :blade-叶片 petiole-叶柄 stipule-托叶Funtions:photosynthesis,transpiration,absorption,storage31. Vascular cambium 维管形成层：The vascular cambium is a thin layer of cells sandwiched between xylem and the phloem in the vascular bundles.32. Flower:The flower is a characteristic system of reproductive organs of angiosperms in which two basic processes of sexual reproduction,meiosis and the fusion of male and female gametes occur resulting in the production of a new generation,the embryo.33. carpel-心皮：具有生殖作用的变态叶，是组成雌蕊的基本单位。心皮中间相当于叶片中脉的部分称为背缝线，心皮边缘愈合的部分称为腹缝线。34. 完整的花包括五部分：花柄、花托、花被、雌蕊群、雄蕊群。35. 七细胞八核结构：三个反足细胞、两个助细胞、一个卵细胞，一个中央细胞（两个极核）36. 花粉管进入子房后：合点受精-核桃属 中部受精-南瓜属37. 双受精现象-double fertilization 被子植物花粉粒中一对精子分别于卵细胞和中央细胞结合的过程，被子植物特有的现象。结果：1）精卵结合成二倍体合子，发育成胚。 2）精核与两个极核结合成三倍体初生胚乳核发育成胚乳。意义：1）精卵结合把父母本具有差异的遗传物质重新组合，形成兼有父母本双重遗传性的合子（1） 恢复了植物原有的染色体数，保持物种的相对稳定性（2） 形成新的遗传性状，为产生新变异提供了物质基础2） 精子、极核结合，形成三倍体初生胚乳核，同样兼有父母本遗传特性，生理上更加活跃，发育成的胚乳作为营养物质提供胚发育之用。38. 核型胚乳是被子植物中最普遍的胚乳发育形式如水稻、小麦、玉米、棉花。另外还包括细胞型胚乳如番茄、烟草，沼生目型胚乳如慈姑39. Biodiversity:Biodiversity is the degree of variation of life.This can refer to genetic variation,species variation,or ecosystem variation within an area,biome,or planet.40. 植物命名法：双名法：瑞典