考博英语写作总结.doc

考博英语写作总结2012-2-11一、 考核要求及分析1、 写作体型：主要为“命题作文”、“看图作文”、尤其“议论文”2、 评分等级：2-5,7-9,10-12,13-153、 试题分析：主考两方面的基本功较强的英语表达能力，关心时政勤于思考（1） 考题特点：选题范围贴近生活，尤其“教育、科研”有关的一般性话题及“社会热点话题”：科技类、经济类、人生观价值观类、社会问题、教育类（2） 文体最主要是议论文，其次是说明文、记叙文和摘要写作（3） 出题方式无/有提纲型标题作文，图表作文，概要写作A、 无提纲型标题作文只给题目，自由发挥：关键“审题”，【步骤】：、 仔细分析确，定中心思想，切忌跑题、 选择正确的问题（选择熟悉的内容写，合适的文体，尽量避免用生僻的词）、 选择典型材料，拟定合适提纲、 按照提纲写作B、 有提纲型标题作文题目+提纲（中文或者英文）关键“紧扣提纲”【步骤】 、分析题意，确定中心思想、主旨，切忌跑题 审提纲，归纳出文章题目的涵义范围 列举提纲各条目的关键词，筛选出所需材料 选择正确的文体 切勿漏掉提纲中任何的一点，内容要全C、 看图作文图片作文审题、立意、选材；从图片信息中分辨或者综合处作文主题的层次【步骤】、 看清标题、要求、 仔细审图，把握每一个细节和情节、 按照时间的先后或者原因的主次顺序列出提纲、 按照提纲写作图表作文通过图表提供的数据，反映出一件事物的不同方面【步骤】：、 看清标题、要求、 把握 的文字或说明，找出其要表达的主题、 比较、归纳各信息，选出最有意义的信息，有侧重的叙述、 通过对图表的分析，进行概括性的评论，或得出结论图表作文最常见的固定的词汇、句型：As can be seen from the table/the table shows .As shown in the graph /the figures show that.As can be simply proved ./As has been mentioned before.As is well known /as expected./as indicated by the results.However ,it must be noted that./it should be noted that It must be realized ,however, that.It is also interesting to note that.The ratio X to Y is .D、 概要写作 概括能力，审题、立意、选材技巧：、 忠实原文，客观再现主要论点和事实严格按照原文的次序排列内容、 意义完整，表达清楚，特别注意连接词的使用、 语言简洁，通俗易懂，可借助分词短语、介词短语、同位语及定语从句等、 重点突出（相当于内容提要）抓住文章的主题句、段落的主题句，重要的任务、细节及结论等、 不同文体概要学做的重点：记叙文抓六要素：when/where/who/what/reason/progress描写文描述情感、态度等：抓住作者的打算、意图，以压缩简化的方式再现说明文常着重解释怎么样“how”，为什么”why”，段落中常可见主题句、扩展句，故抓主题及重要的事实及论证。议论文重点是说理，多用演绎、归纳两种方法，但是写概要则均以演绎手法展开。二、 写作基本方法及技巧重点：解题步骤1、 快速审题审题一定仔细，防止以偏概全及一词不懂无从下笔；确定明确立场，列出提纲（34短句或者句子）2、 正文写作三段式为多，第一段：开头引入主题，提出基本立场（34句）【常用开头写法】：（1） 用主题句直接点出主题多用于说明文和议论文（2） 引语法（名人名言及谚语等）画龙点睛，但是要确保无误（3） 提问法（正、反问或自问自答）多用于说明文和议论文（4） 通过给关键词下定义引出话题（5） 背景法多用于记叙文和描写文第二段：正文1-3段，主题明确。论证充分（1） 段落结构多23部分组成，即“主题句、扩展句和结尾句”主题句核心，表明作者的态度或者观点或意图等，为段落的中心思想（特别注意*一个段落一个中心思想）扩展句围绕主题句进行叙述、说明或论述结尾句多一句话，对整个段落的内容进行归纳、总结，和主题句呼应，以及承上启下（2） 段落发展的方法7种、 列举法主要为一系列的论据【常用连接词】：for one thing ; for another; finally ; besides ; moreover ; one another ; still another ; first ; second ; last ; also ; to begin with ; next ; still ; on one/another hand ;、 按照时间、空间顺序发展【常用表达时空的过渡词】：first ; second ; then ; before ; after; while ; when ; finally ; after a while ; as long as ; as soon as ; at last ; at that time ; in the meantime ; in the past ; lately ; later ; meanwhile ; until 、 举例法列举具体的典型的事例来阐述说明主题句的内容，是为列举法的一种，是文章更充实和富有内涵【常用连接词】：for example/instance ; one example is.; the following example ; besides; furthermore ; moreover ; afterall ; in addition /fact ; of course ; specifically ; such as ;to illustrate ; as an illustration ; in other words ; as follows ; let me cite as proof ; to substantiate ;、 对比法或比较法通过比较同类的事物以更清楚的表现所述对象间的异同和优缺点、【对比法常用连接词】：similarly ;also ; likewise ;yet; but ; however ; unlike ; resemble ; resembalance ; parallel ; otherwise ; both; in comparison ; compared with ; on the other hand ; in contrast to ; opposed to ; contrasted with ; on the contrary ; in contrast ; as well as ; to be parallel in ; 、 分类法用于阐述莫一概念，通过分门别类。分别加于叙述【分类法常用连接词】： kind ; sort ; type; group ; factors ;class ; classify ; contain ;classification ; category ; divide ; division ; regions ; bases ; constitute ;attributes ; belongs to ; fall into ; according to ; with respect to ; there be ; consist of ; include ; compose ;be composed of ; comprise ; be comprised ;make up ; 、 因果分析法解释某事发生的原因和结果【常用连接词】： because ; so ; as a result ; accordingly ; consequently ; thus ; hence ; then ; therefore ; for this purpose ; for this reason ; due to ; in the case ; that being so ; in these circumstance ; lead to ; result from/in ; arising from this ;so that 、 定义法对某一事物进行解释说明。以扩展段落并引导更直接的认识（尤其科普文）【常用连接词】： that is ; mean ; call ; be defined as ; be regard as ; refer to ; stand for ; 、 重复法步步紧逼，使文章结构紧凑，有感染力第三段：结尾段概括全文，重申立场，进一步强调或肯定文章的中心思想，同时展望未来或提出建议或提出令人深思的问题或今后的方向（34句）【常用写法】：A、 重新措辞，重叙主题思想（强调突出作用）B、 做出结论C、 用反问结尾（也是强调作用，引发思考）D、 使用引语（更有意境）E、 提出展望或建议3、 仔细检查侧重点：（1）、重新审题有无跑题（2）、文章结构有无开头。正文和结尾，每段又没有主题句（多在每段的开头或结尾）（3）、每段有无主题，立场是否明确（4）、展开恰当否举例是否恰当，有无连接词，句式有无变化等（5）、语言表达如何是否每句话都有谓语；时态是否一致（多现在时）；主谓是否一致；词性是否准确；拼写是否准确等4、 段落写作的提高：（1）、写好段落的三个标准统一性一段一个主题，一篇文章一个中心思想，所有的句子都围绕主题展开完整性若干扩展句连贯性句子排列符合逻辑（包括意连和形连）意连：内在的逻辑性，有机的联系；其排列方式按“间先后、位置远近、逻辑关系”包括按照“要性或一般到特殊或特殊到一般”顺序）形连：使用转换词，使行文流畅【常用的转换词】：first：so ; though ; and ; besides ;both ; and ; because ;however; finally ; consequently ; in particular ; as a result ; （3） 文章的过渡过渡词或可起过渡作用的代词、同义词、连接词及词的重复【常用的过渡词】A、 文章开始常用的过渡词或句子To begin with ; generally speaking ; first of all ; recently ; with the development /progress / growth of economy /societyB、 文章结尾常用的过渡词或句子In conclusion ; in brief ; in a word ; it is high time that ; it is only whenthat C、 表示“先后次序”常用的过渡词或句子 First ; second ; third ; to begin with ; moreover ; finally ; meanwhile ; since than ; therefore; D、 表示“因果关系及分析原因”常用的过渡词或句子As a result ; due to ; consequently ; One may criticize for,but the real case of lies deeper ; Among reasons ,one should be emphasized thatE、 表示“比较和对比”常用的词Unlike ; in contrast ; on the other hand ; likewise ; similarly 最常谈论的话题most talk-of subject 5、 写作中常出现的几种错误有损连贯性的几种情况（1） 不必要的时态改变事实：写作文时多一般现在时，且前后一致（2） 不必要的单复数改变（3） 不必要的人称改变三、 写作常用表达方式小结：1、 常用连接词：A、表层次first firstly in the first place to begin with to start with Second secondly furthermore also then next besides equally important to moreover in additionthird thirdly whats more last but not least finallyB、表转折by contrast in contrast with/to on the contrary on the other hand Although though yet but despite the fact that even so/though Nevertheless for all that however in spite of otherwise besides in addition regardlessC、表因果because of consequently for the reason clue to hence therefore thus owning to so since as for accordingly thanks to on this/that account in this way as a result as a consequence D、表让步still nevertheless in spite of all the same of course despite even so afterall E、表递进furthermore moreover likewise what is more besides also not onlybut also too in additionF、 表举例for example for instance for one thing that is to illustrate as an illustration a case in point G、 表解释in other words as a mater of fact frankly speaking in this case namelyH、 表总结in summary to summarize in conclusion in a word in brief in fact in short as has been said in simpler terms that is in particular in other words of course on the whole to pt it differently in all thus altogether indeed therefore namely 2、 常用句型A、 文章开头： Discussion today issue 、there is a general about/as to the /of people who Much nowadays problem object to (stiff doing ,stiff sb doing sth)oppose (sth /sb/what clause ) argue that however /on the other hand ,argue are for people who believe that advocate believe think of 、when it comes to most/many people think that but other people consider differently Argue regard Beginning believe .、now people in growing numbers are coming to realize that Getting be aware think、although many people believe that I maintain that Insist Widely belief、contrary to commonly held idea that I believe that Generally opinion Recent study indicates 、a new survey conducted /taken reveals that. Nationwide poll suggests provesB、 文章结尾From what has been discussed above draw、taking into consideration all these factors ,we may safely reach the conclusion thatJudging from the evidence offered come to Evidence supports、all the analysis justifies the conclusion that Shows Great the improvement、it is high time that we placed/put emphasis on development of Special increase Effective actions prevent、it is necessary/essential that appropriate steps should be taken to correct the. Proper measures endC、 习惯用语主要是用it做形式主语的句型表达习惯用语如人们、大家、有人或应该说、必须指出及已经证明等；It is considered(or thought ) that人们（有人或者大家）认为.It is generally (usually) accepted (or agreed ,recognized) that普遍（一般或通常）认为It is believe that.人们（大家，有人）相信.It is well known .众所周知It is learned( supposed ) that 据悉(推测).It is estimated (predicted ,calculated) that .据估计你（预计）It is reported that.据报道It must be pointed out that .必须指出It must (should )be admitted that.必须（应该）承认It will be seen that可见.It will be seen from this that.由此可见It is understood that 不用说（谁都知道）It cannot be denied that 无可否认.It has been proved that已经证明It may be confirmed that .可以肯定.It may be safely said that.可以有把握的说.It is sometimes asked that.人们有时会问.It is expected(hoped) that.人们希望.It is no exaggeration to say that.毫不夸张的说.四、 各专业领域专业表达【科技类作文】1、 网络通信词汇Internet Penetration 互联网普及率Cyber Citizen 网民Cyber Crime 网络犯罪Cyber City 网络城市、虚拟城市Cyber economy 网络经济Digital Divide 数字鸿沟Smart School Intelligent Schools 智能学校Multipurpose Card 多功能卡Software Development 软件开发Digital Business 数字化商业Informationization, Network-based Information Flow 信息化Software Packages 软件包Domain name application and registration 申请注册域名Virtual space 虚拟空间Intranet 局域网Ethernet 以太网Mind map 脑图Portable computer ;Laptop ; Notebook computer 手提电脑Personal digital assistant PDA 个人数字助理Palm computer 掌上电脑Router 路由器Network administrator 网络管理员Internet service provider ISP 网络服务提供者Network computer NC 网络计算机Multimedia personal computer MPC多媒体个人电脑Plug and play PNP 即插即用Dial-up connection 拨号连接Home page 主页Firewall 防火墙Floppy disk 软磁盘Hardware 硬件Certification 认证Confidentiality 机密性、保密性Bluetooth 蓝牙技术Generation three 3-GShort message service 短信服务Roaming 漫游Global system for mobile communication GSM全球移动通信系统General packer radio service GPRS通用分组无线业务General position system GPS 全球定位系统Wireless fidelity Wi-Fi 无限保真2、 航空词汇Manned spaceship/spacecraft 载人飞船Manned space flight 载人航天Manned space program 载人航天计划Space shuttle 航天飞机Unmanned spaceship /spacecraft 无人飞船Experimental spacecraft 实验太空船Shenzhou (Divine Vessel ) 神舟号Multistage rocket 多级火箭Recoverable satellite 返回式卫星Communication satellite 通信卫星Remote sensing satellite 遥感卫星Weather / meteorological satellite 气象卫星satellite In Sun-synchronous orbit 太阳同步轨道卫星Carrier rocket ;rocket launcher ; launch vehicle 运载火箭Payload capability 有效载荷能力Low earth orbit 近地轨道Capsule 太空舱Orbital module 轨道舱Re-entry module 返回舱Propelling module 推进舱Command module 指令舱Service module 服务舱Launch pad 发射台International Space Station 国际空间站Solar panel 太阳能电池板Lunar rover 月球车Outer space ;deep space 外太空Milk Way 银河系【经济类作文】Farming 农业Forestry 林业Animal husbandry 畜牧业Sideline production 副业Fishing 渔业Primary industry 第一产业Secondary industry 第二产业Tertiary industry 第三产业tertiary education 高等教育Means of production 生产资料Means of livelihood /subsistence 生活资料Relations of production 生产关系Productive forces 生产力Public ownership 公有制Private ownership 私有制Ownership by the entire/whole people 全民所有制Socialist collective ownership 社会主义集体所有制Foreign-funded enterprise 外资企业Joint venture 合资企业Cooperative enterprise 合作企业Wholly foreign owned/funded enterprise 外商独资企业Economist 经济学家Socialist economy 社会主义经济Capitalist economy 资本主义经济Collective economy 集体经济planned economy 计划经济Controlled economy 管制经济Rural economics 农村经济Liberal economy 自由经济Mixed economy 混合经济Protectionism 保护主义Autarchy 闭关自守Private factor 私营成分（部门）Public factor 公共成分（部门）Economic channels 经济渠道 Economic balance 经济平衡Economic fluctuation 经济波动Economic depression 经济衰退Economic stability 经济稳定Economic policy 经济政策Economic recovery 经济复苏Economic situation 经济形势Economic trend 经济趋势Economic indication 经济指标Concentration 集中Holding company 控股公司Infrastructure 基础设施建设Standard of living 生活标准，生活水平Purchasing power ,buying power 购买力Scarcity 短缺Stagnation 停滞、萧条、不景气Total product of society 社会生产总值Gross National Product GNP国民生产总值Gross Domestic Product GDP国内生产总值GDP per capita 人均国内生产总值Gross output value of industry and agriculture 工农业总产值National income 国民收入Purchasing power parity 购买力平价法State revenue 财政收入Total volume of retail sales 社会商品零售总额General retail price index 社会零售物价总指数Percentage points 百分点State monopoly over purchase and marking 统购统销Market economy 市场经济Market regulation 市场调节Optimize industrial structure ,ecological environment and the quality of population 实现产业结构、生态环境、人口素质“三个优化”Stress priorities over agriculture ,transportation and energy supply ,education and science and technology 抓好农业、交通能源、教育科技“三个基础”Establish operational mechanism of market economy , rule by law ,democratic supervision and incorruptible government 建立市场经济、法制、民主监督和廉政“三个机制”【人生价值类语言精华】谚语精粹：A bad beginning makes a bad ending 不善始者不善终A good beginning makes a good ending 善始者善终A bad thing never dies 遗臭万年A candle light others and consumers itself 蜡烛照亮了别人却毁灭了自己Action speak louder than words 事实胜于雄辩Adversity makes a man wise ,not rich 逆境出人才（逆境、厄运、困难）A fair death honors the whole life 流芳百世A faithful friend is hard to find 知音难觅A fall into a pit ,a gin in your wit 吃一堑长一智A fox may grow gray ,but never good 江山易改本性难移A friend in need is a friend in deed 患难见真情A friend is never known till a man has need 需要之时方知友A good beginning is half done 良好的开端是成功的一半A good conscience is a soft pillow 不做亏心事，不怕鬼敲门A good fame is better than a good face 美名胜过美貌A great talker is a great liar 说大话者多谎言A hedge between keeps friendship green 君子之交淡如水A joke never gains an enemy but loses a friend 戏谑不能化敌为友，之鞥使人失去朋友A leopard(母豹) cannot change its spots 积习难改A light heart liver long 静以修身A little knowledge is a dangerous thing 一知半解，自欺欺人All good things come to an end 天下没有不散的筵席All rives run into sea 海纳百川All roads lead to Rome 条条大路通罗马All that ends well is we