英语传统阅读强化训练.doc

“冲刺710”英语四级强化训练之仔细阅读专题讲义四级强化训练之仔细阅读一、概述1大学英语教学大纲的四级要求为：能顺利阅读语言难度中等的一般性题材的文章，掌握中心大意以及说明中心大意的事实和细节，并能进行一定的分析、推理和判断，领会作者的观点和态度，阅读速度达到每分钟70词。2大学英语四级考试中的阅读理解部分主要测试下述能力：（1）掌握所读材料的主旨大意；（2）了解说明主旨和大意的事实和细节；（3）既理解字面意思又能根据所读材料进行一定的判断和推论；（4）理解个别句子的意义，了解上下文的逻辑关系。大学英语四级考试的试卷构成中理解部分占总分的20%，是过去的一半，由2篇内容、难度和体裁不同的短文构成，总阅读量在600800词，要求学生在18分钟之内读完全部文章，并回答10个与短文有关的多项选择题。文章的题材通常包括历史、文化、人物传记、科技、地理、生物、化学、医学、电子、一般常识、文学等，文章的体裁可以是记叙文、议论文和说明文，其中说明文和议论文较为多见。3阅读理解的题型主要有主观性题型和客观性题型。前者主要包括主旨型、推理型、作者语气、态度型、结论型等。后者主要包括事实型、推测词义型、指代关系型、常识题、是非题等。4阅读练习方法及目标（目标20分）（1） 广泛阅读英文报刊杂志，阅读时不要受自己所学专业的限制，要有意识地涉猎其他专业常识性文章。（2） 阅读时找出文章较为固定的模式。（3） 阅读时要尝试训练自己读懂段落大意而不仅仅是逐个单词。（4） 阅读时总是练习如何预测到即将读到的内容。（5） 即使在平时的泛读训练中也总是试图总结每个段落大意。（6） 考生在阅读时经常过于关注自己不认识的生词，这是考场上的大忌。平时练习中要节省时间，在不影响全文理解的前提下，学会如何有选择地放过某些细节。（7） 每天确保拿出一段时间用于阅读，将阅读作为生活的一部分。（8） 没有必要将以上提到的方法和目标一次性做到，可以分阶段完成任务。甚至可以在某一段时间内仅仅达到一个目标。二、解题步骤第一步 迅速浏览文章这样做有两个目的。其一是判断文章的长度、难度，估计一下可能所需的时间。其二是判断文章的体裁，并针对不同的体裁考虑使用不同的应试策略。 如果是记叙文或故事，不要作太多的判断，直接进入下一步； 如果是议论文，首先要找出文章的论题（即谈论的是什么），其次看看文章的结构（文章被分成几段、由几个部分组成、各个部分的主要内容是什么），然后在此基础上试一试能不能发现文章的主题（或主题句）。注意：每段的主题句通常出现在该段的第一句话中。如果是说明文，先看说明的是何物、是哪个方面的（历史、时事、科普等），其次分析它的结构（与议论文类似）。这一步往往被许多考生所忽略，或被认为是浪费时间，其实不然。逐字或逐句阅读是阅读理解的大忌之一。我们往往在读完一篇文章之后，不知其所云，其原因就在于忽略了这一步。特别提示：在这一步中，切不可读得过细，通常只要看一看每段的第一句话就够了（而且这第一句话也无须全部都读完）。第二步 迅速浏览问题这样做有两个好处。其一上阅读材料后面的问题，有的提问文章的主要内容，有的提问文章中的细节，通过浏览题目可以进一步帮助了解文章的主要内容（尤其适合于难度较大的文章）；其二是能帮助我们做到心中有数，知道阅读时的重点所在，因而能在阅读中特别注意与问题有关的段落和句子。改革以来，出主旨题的概率减少，大概两篇只会有一篇问到。细节题偏多。第三步 通读全文并答题在这一步中，可适当对细节题作一些标记，以便检查时节省时间。但要注意不要划得面目全非。三、基本应试技巧1） 时间分配：由于阅读理解的分值很高，这部分可多用一点时间。试卷要求是18钟，但用20分钟也不为过。2） 注意解题顺序：一般来说，应先回答与细节和事实有关的问题，然后回答与文章大意有关的题目，最后再完成推理性的题目。这是因为文章中的细节或事实构成了文章的大意，而文章的大意又是推理的基础。3） 灵活采用解题方法：有的问题可直接找到文中对应的地方，但更多的题需要经过排除错误答案来得出结论，尤其有相当一部分题目问及某个事实或观点是否正确或是否提到。做这类题目时，一定要认真的阅读每个选择项，找出它们之间的不同点，然后把各个选择项与文章的内容一一对比，用排除其它的方法得出正确答案。排除法同时也是验证正确答案的常用方法。4） 在一篇文章后面所有的题都做完后，把五个题的答案连接起来，看看与文章的大意是否相符，是否有的话与整体相矛盾或不协调。如果是，则可能不是正确答案。（举例）细节类问题（Supporting Details）细节性问题是关于Supporting Details类的问题，通过Skimming找出主题后，应进一步掌握阐述和发展主题的主要事实，或按要求找出特定细节。在回答此类问题时，应采用查读法（Scanning），因为这些具体内容（Detai1s是用来说明、论证或分析文章中心的。这类题目常以WH-形式来提问，如who， what， when， where， why及how等形式。这些问题的表达常不采用文章中的原话提问，而是使用同义词语等，因此，在选择答案前应首先看准题干，看清问题所问；然后，在查读时注意寻找与题目相关的关键词语；最后，在充分理解原文、原题的基础上确定正确答案。当然，这类细节性问题所涉及的面是很广的。有的涉及数字计算，如问时间、距离、次数、数量等，认真计算后方可选定正确答案；有的涉及正误判断，要先看选项，根据选项提供的线索，寻找文中相应部分，最后在题中选出肯定答案；还有的询问事实、原因、结果、目的等。总之，做细节题切忌通过自己对某类知识的主观了解和认识做出想像判断，一定要紧扣文章内容，不可随心所欲。 细节类问题的命题方式有以下几种：(1) Which of the following is NOT true according to the information in the passage?(2) Which of the following is mentioned in the passage?(3) What is the example of . . . as described in the passage?(4) The author mentions all of the following except . . .(5) The reason for . . .is . . .(6) The author states that . . .(7) According to the passage, when (where, why, how, who, etc. ) .细节类问题例文（2002年12月阅读理解第一篇）Like many of my generation, I have a weakness for hero worship. At some point, however, we all begin to question our heroes and our need for them. This leads us to ask: What is a hero?Despite immense differences in cultures, heroes around the world generally share a number of characteristics that instruct and inspire people.A hero does something worth talking about. A hero has a story of adventure to tell and a community who will listen. But a hero goes beyond mere fame.Heroes serve powers or principles larger than themselves. Like high-voltage transformers, heroes take the energy of higher powers and step it down so that it can be used by ordinary people.The hero lives a life worthy of imitation. Those who imitate a genuine hero experience life with new depth, enthusiasm, and meaning. A sure test for would-be heroes is what or whom do they serve? What are they willing to live and die for? If the answer or evidence suggests they serve only their own fame, they may be famous persons but not heroes. Madonna and Michael Jackson are famous, but who would claim that their fans find life more abundant?Heroes are catalysts (催化剂) for change. They have a vision from the mountaintop. They have the skill and the charm to move the masses. They create new possibilities. Without Gandhi, India might still be part of the British Empire. Without Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King, Jr., we might still have segregated (隔离的) buses, restaurants, and parks. It may be possible for large scale change to occur without leaders with magnetic personalities, but the pace of change would be slow, the vision uncertain, and the committee meetings endless.11. Although heroes may come from different cultures, they_.A) generally possess certain inspiring characteristicsB) probable share some weaknesses of ordinary peopleC) are often influenced by previous generationsD) all unknowingly attract a large number of fans本题即对应于第_段第_句话。题干中的“Although heroes may come from different cultures”，完全对应于第二段的状语_.选项A）中的“generally possess”对应于主句中的_， “inspiring”对应于原主句中的定语从句_。推理性问题（Inference）推理性问题与细节性问题相似，也是对文章具体内容的判断。但推理不但要求掌握文章所表达的字面含义，还要掌握一定的逻辑判断能力及写作技巧知识，从文章表面推出更深层含义，这部分往往出题分量大，难度大，出错也最多，归根结底还是对文章内容没有做到真正的理解和掌握。文字表面往往没有明显反映作者的全部意图，有些含义需要读者从字里行间去体会，靠自己的逻辑推理能力去判断，从上下文的联贯及文中有关部分的暗示去明析作者隐含的意思。这类问题的命题方式有：(1)The writer implies but not directly states that_-.(2) It can be inferred from the passage that_.(3) The author strongly suggests that_ .(4) It can be concluded from the passage that_.(5) The passage is intended to_ .(6)The writer indicates that_ .Example 1（见上文2002年12月阅读理解第一篇）15. The author concludes that historical changes would_.A) be delayed without leaders with inspiring personal qualitiesB) not happen with out heroes making the necessary sacrificesC) take place if there were heroes to lead the peopleD) produce leaders with attractive personalitiesExample 2 （2002年12月阅读理解第四篇）In recent years, Israeli consumers have grown more demanding as theyve become wealthier and more worldly-wise. Foreign travel is a national passion; this summer alone, one in 10 citizens will go abroad. Exposed to higher standards of service elsewhere, Israelis are returning home expecting the same. American firms have also begun arriving in large numbers. Chains such as KFC, McDonalds and Pizza Hut are setting a new standard of customer service, using strict employee training and constant monitoring to ensure the friendliness of frontline staff. Even the American habit of telling departing customers to “Have a nice day” has caught on all over Israel. “Nobody wakes up in the morning and says, Lets be nicer, ” says Itsik Cohen, director of a consulting firm. “Nothing happens without competition.”Privatization, or the threat of it, is a motivation as well. Monopolies (垄断者) that until recently have been free to take their customers for granted now fear what Michael Perry, a marketing professor, calls “the revengeful (报复的) consumer.” When the government opened up competition with Bezaq, the phone company, its international branch lost 40% of its market share, even while offering competitive rates. Says Perry, “People wanted revenge for all the years of bad service.” The electric company, whose monopoly may be short-lived, has suddenly stopped requiring users to wait half a day for a repairman. Now, appointments are scheduled to the half-hour. The graceless El Al Airlines, which is already at auction (拍卖)，has retrained its employees to emphasize service and is boasting about the results in an ad campaign with the slogan, “You can feel the change in the air.” For the first time, praise outnumbers complaints on customer survey sheets.26. It may be inferred from the passage that _.A) customer service in Israel is now improvingB) wealthy Israeli customers are hard to pleaseC) the tourist industry has brought chain stores to IsraelD) Israeli customers prefer foreign products to domestic ones第一段开头即说“Israeli consumers have grown more demanding”，似乎正确答案是B），但中间几句说明其原因及新的standards，以及最后一句引用“Nothing happens without competition”将人们的注意力引向服务业。第二段说明了服务质量提高的另一个原因，即“privatization”。作者用了两个公司的例子说明服务业正在改善其服务质量。由此我们可以推断，A）应为正确答案。四级阅读应试策略（三）一、关于词汇量和词汇类问题许多人往往认为扩大词汇量是英语学习的唯一目的，以为只要词汇量够大，四级考试就能轻松通过。因而当他们遇到生词时就慌了，更有人干脆放弃词汇类问题，随便选出一个答案，去碰25%的运气。其实，我们每一个人都不可能认识所有的英语词汇，但学得好的人能够合理地对待生词。无论我们是在考试中，还是在平时的阅读中，对待生词的正确做法通常不外乎两种：猜测和置之不理 能利用各种猜词手段猜得出的单词就猜一下，如果猜不出的话，就让它去吧，只要不影响对全句或全段或全文的理解就行。当然，这里并不是在说平时不需要背单词。词汇是阅读的基础，也是猜生词的基础，平时该记单词还是要记的。由于词汇类问题在四级考试中所占的比例较大，而且考生的考试中遭遇生词几乎已不可避免，所以一定要培养和提高猜单词的能力。二、词汇类问题的特点词汇（Vocabulary）是四级阅读理解测试中非常重要的一项。词汇类其实也是就细节进行提问，所不同的是这是唯一关于词或词组的练习项目，词汇题往往要求对文章中的某个单词、短语甚至句子等找出近义词或最合适的解释。阅读理解中词汇类问题一目了然，常见提问方式有下列几种：(1) According to the author ,the word means_.(2) Which of the following is nearest in meaning to ?(3) The term .in paragraph can be best replaced by .(4) Whats the meaning of in line of paragraph.?(5) As used in the line , the word refers to _.三、猜测单词的技巧（一）利用同义关系和反义关系（Synonym and Antonym）1. Trembling with fear, our ancestors looked into the sky and wondered, “How can we control the mysterious forces that sometimes frighten us?” Today you and I have the same human feelings as those long-ago people. We have the same awe about forces beyond our control.“ancestors”的同义表达是后面的“those long-ago people”；“awe”的同义表达是问句中的“frighten”（词性不同罢了）。2. Two young men were interested in swimming. They both went to a large swimming pool with a shining diving board. The first man spent his days bouncing on it, which was no easy task. In fact he jumped so well that if there had been a diving competition, he would have won easily先猜“bounce”，它的同义词是最后一句中的“jump”，再由swimming pool和bounce等，猜出diving board.猜一猜下面句子中划线部分的单词：1. If you happened to be sitting in the woods outside the city, you might have witnessed a strange sight. You would have seen a very proud-looking man riding along on horseback, saying something to himself and suddenly disappearing down a pit 2. The old landlady was a gossipy woman. She kept talking all the time, and usually about other peoples business, leaving not a single second for me to say a word.3. In the breakout from the prison gate many of the fugitives stopped passing motorists and forced them out of their cars. But those who had tried to escape by stealing some cars from a local farm were soon caught.4. New houses had been built in the ruins of the old ones. This was because the river floods rose higher as the years went by and the people tried to live above them.5. Because of the great amount of salt in the water of the Dead Sea, many objects which sink in ordinary sea water stay afloat instead. For example, a person who swims in the Dead Sea need have no fear of being drowned, as his body will not sink.6. Whatever his position, however wealthy or poor, an Egyptian believed in another life after death, provided he had pleased the god.7. Because it may be socially beneficial or socially harmful to millions of people, it is necessary to examine that program carefully and scientifically. （二）利用上下义关系（Word Relations）E.g. 1. Cauliflower, like many other kinds of vegetables, can be grown in this part of the country.只要能猜出cauliflower是一种vegetable就OK了。E.g. 2. While radio and newspapers continue to be important, television, of all the mass media, has become the most powerful communication force.由radio、newspaper和television不难猜出它们的上义词mass media（大众媒体），进而猜出communication（传播）。猜一猜下面句子中划线部分的单词：1. It is surprising how well the new buildings fit in with the old architecture.2. As people spread out in a city, so will stores, theatres, hotels and other conveniences.3. Cars are important to the way of life in many countries. Yet the large number of vehicles on the roads have caused many problems. 4. Pygmies can move in the treetops almost as expertly as monkeys One of the most surprising facts about these small men and women is their great appetite.5. “Mr Cunningham,” said Mr Haydon to the man. “This is Dr Van Eyck. He is a surgeon who came all the way from Albany to try to save your boy.”6. Jogging has become very popular in some countries. It is believed to be a good exercise for old people.7. The fishermen make their canoes from tree trunks. They go from island to island in these light narrow boats and collect turtles eggs.8. Only archaeologists can find out about our early history. This story is an example of how these scientists work.（三）利用定义和举例（Defining and Exemplifying）例1 Jack is now a florist, who keeps a shop for selling flowers in our district.Who引导的定语从句说明了什么是florist。例2 Such experiences are not unusual for the amateur conchologists, people who collect shells.Conchologists即people who collect shells。猜一猜下面句子中划线部分的单词：1. When the people of La Gomera need to speak over a distance, and ordinary speech is impossible, they use the sible, which describes a whistled form of speech.2. The worlds nations vary markedly in size. Such giants as the Soviet Union, Canada, China and the US have large continental proportions. On the other hand, the tiny states of Monaco and the Vatican City appear as pinpoints on the map.3. A tornado can do a lot of damage. For example, east of Australia, people talk about a “rain of blood”. This is caused by a tornado picking up red dust and mixing it with water to make red rain. There are even stories about a rain of fish and frogs caused by a tornado sucking them up and then dropping them.4. Five hundred years ago a man now known as Lost John was killed by a huge rock in a cave. John was one of the earliest spelunkers and one of the unluckiest. A spelunker is a person with a strange hobby caves. A spelunker crawls into a hole in the ground for just one reason: he enjoys it.5. What is a species?All dogs belong to the one species. The different kinds of dogs have much more in common than they have with a cat, for example. All cats have a particular kind of paw that enables them to climb trees. Dogs have a different kind of paw and cannot climb trees.6. Perhaps the worlds most pressing problem is shortage of food, particularly of foods rich in proteins. Traditional sources of proteins are meat, fish, eggs and milk. Grains such as wheat and rice contain protein but in much smaller amounts.7. The process by which fires start themselves is called spontaneous combustion.8. Thales was an absent-minded professor. Here is an example of this absent-mindedness. One night as he walked along the road studying the stars, he fell down. （四）利用重复信息（Rephrasing）常见的重述标志有： that is, that is to say, in other words, namely, 以及破折号例1 If this is happening to you, you may have what is called a phobia an overwhelming fear of some thing or situation.即使破折号后面的overwhelming（极大的）不认识，能知道phobia是fear也可以了。例2 Finally the enemy surrendered. They threw down their weapons and walked out of the house with their hands above their heads.放下武器、举起双手，你说敌人在做什么？猜一猜下面句子中划线部分的单词：1. The fact that Britain is an island country has made its people very insular by nature. That is to say, the British, when they are in Britain, do not regard themselves as Europeans.2. During colonial times when the Congo was under the rule of France, Brazzavill was the capital of French Equatorial area.3. Psychology, the study of mans mind, depends on careful observation of people acting or learning under certain conditions.4. Because it combines sight, sound, and motion, television gives advertisers many ways of catching buyers attention. Therefore advertises often sponsor programs that is, they pay the costs of producing the program.补充：基本规律：1、“体现中心思想的选项是答案” 2、“看似合理的选项不是答案；看似不合理的选项是答案”3、“照抄原文的选项不是答案；和原文作同义替换的选项是答案”4、“含义肯定的选项不是答案；含义不肯定的选项是答案” 5、“含义绝对的选项不是答案” 6、“含义具体的选项不是答案，含义概括的选项是答案7、“含有some(包括someone、somebody、some time、something、certain等)的选项是答案”8、简单的不是答案，复杂的是答案9、英语里有一些含义丰富的“小词”，特别是一些形容词，副词，介词。10、发展变化是答案。11、“含有表示重要的选顷是答案”表示“重要”的词主要有：important、necessity, essential等 其中：1、“体现中心思想的选项是答案” 文中的细节、例子、引语都是为了说明文章主旨、段落主旨，所以考细节的题目，虽然不是主旨题，但能体现中心思想或段落主旨的选项是答案的可能要远远大于其他选项。2、“看似合理的选项不是答案；看似不合理的选项是答案”四个选择项中若有一个对问题而言、根据常识看似不合理，而其他几项根据常识都可合理地作为问题的答案，此时若我们没看懂(或在听力理解中未听懂)文中意思，我们可以大胆猜测这个看似不合理的选项是答案。作为答案的选项看起来不合理的原因可能是其中某个词不是常用意义，若根据其通常意义理解则该选项看起来当然不合理，也可能是一些特定的理由，无论是哪种情况，都有助于使试题具有难度。所以根据命题的难度原则及实践经验可得出如下猜题技巧：“看似不合理的选项是答案，看似合理的选项不是答案”。3、“照抄原文的选项不是答案；和原文作同义替换的选项是答案”在设计题目时，为了迷惑考生，命题者一般都会将原文中的内容换个说法作为正确答案的选项，而将某些与题干问题不符的原文原话作为干扰项，或将原文中的某些句子做了细微的改变引诱考生上当。4、“含义肯定的选项不是答案；含义不肯定的选项是答案” 选项中的might等词语可以表达 种委婉、中庸、不肯定的语气，为表达的观点留有余地，而含义肯定的词语则使得句意有些绝对、没有余地。凡事都不能太绝对，所以听力、阅读中的选项“含义肯定的不是答案，含义不肯定的是答案”，含义不肯定的标志有：can，couldprobably，may，might，be likely to，most(大多数)，more or less，relatively等。含有这些词的备选项是答案的可能性较大。5、“含义绝对的选项不是答案” 凡事不可太绝对，所以含义中庸、折中、不肯定、不确定的选项是答案的可能性要大于含义绝的选项。表示一种绝对含义的词语有：must，always，never, the most(最高级)，all, only，any，none，entirely等。也就是说，选项中含有上述词语时，是答案的可能性较小。、“含义具体的选项不是答案，含义概括的选项是答案 有些题目的四个备选项中，有些备选项的意思可以被另外-个选项包括进去、若选前者，则后者也说的过去，而一道标准化试题是不可能有两个答案的，所以答案必为能包含前者的后者。譬如六级听力00-6-9，若考生没听懂此题，分析一下四个备选项也可以猜出正确答案是d)：a)、b)、c)项的意思都可以包含在d)项中，因为不管是什么原因使得男士决定不去看电影，d)项都对。a)、b)、c)比较具体，都是说男士要做具体的某事而不去看电影，但总之都是不去看电影，d)项则舍弃了不看电影的具体原因，只是概括地说不去看电影；d项是“万金油”，适用于各种不去看电影的具体情况，所以d)是答案、如四级01-6-29；02-1-34；六级00-1-30；01-6-25；01-6-36。、“含有some（包括someone、somebody、some time、something、certain等）的选项是答案”。some常常表达一种不确定、模糊，泛指的含义，而这既符合“含义不肯定的选项是答案”，又符合“含义概括的选项是答案”。、简单的不是答案，复杂的是答案命题者为了使题有一定难度，通常要把干扰项设计成简单易懂的句子，而有意将作为答案的选项设计成句式复杂、意思含混：因此有以下猜题技巧：“含义矛盾的选项是答案”、“复合句是答案”：“含有比较结构的选项是答案”、“体现原文字面意思的选项不是答案，表达原文内在含义的选项是答案”。含义具体的选项不是答案，含义抽象的选项是答案。、英语里有一些含义丰富的“小词”，特别是一些形容词，副词，介词。他们本身并没有什么意思，但句子中加了这些词，含义会更加丰富，更加隐蔽，对付考生非常有效，而且这些词常作答案，可称之为“虚词型的答案”。(1)不考本身。但要考：another另一个，other剩下的，more更多的，earlier早点的，1ater晚点的，besides除此之外，：additional额外的，extra多余的，eventually最终的。(2)不考一般的，而要考：especially特别，different不同的，particularly特殊。(3)不考完全的，而要考：“nearly; almost。(4)不考具体的，而考