高中英语M5 Unit 1 Great Scientists warming up and reading必课件修五.ppt

unit1greatscientists unit1greatscientists whichscientistsdiscoveredthatobjectsinwaterareliftedupbyaforcethathelpsthemfloat archimedes阿基米德 287 212bc anancientgreekmathematician physicist whowroteabookexplaininghowanimalsandplantsdevelopedastheenvironmentchanged charlesdarwin达尔文 1808 1882 britishauthoroftheoriginofspecies whoinventedthefirststeamengine thomasnewcomen 1663 1729 british improvedthefirststeampumpandturneditintoasteamenginefortakingwateroutofminesin1712 jameswattimproveditandturneditintothefirstmodernsteamengineusedontherailways 纽可门 doyouknow 发明蒸汽机的并不是瓦特 他是改进纽可门的蒸气机并发明出双动作 使世界进入 蒸气时代 的 使他成为第一次工业革命中的名气最大的发明家 whousedpeastoshowhowphysicalcharacteristicsarepassedfromparentstotheirchildren gregormendel门德尔 1822 1884 czech 捷克人 1865年 修士门德尔在一个会议上报告了他通过长达八年的实验研究和他所统计的多达两万一千多件样本的实验结果 利用豌豆实验发现了植物的遗传规律 但是门德尔的理论超出了当时人们能够接受的水平 35年后 三国科学家几乎是同时发现了植物遗传的规律 而当他们准备发表论文 去查阅文献时 又不约而同地发现 早在35年前门德尔就发现这样的规律了 他们三个人在发表论文时 都提到了门德尔的文章 称自己的工作是证实了门德尔的定律 这就是生物学史上的有名的 门德尔定律的再发现 whodiscoveredradium mariecurie居里夫人 1867 1934 polishandfrench wontwonobelprizes whoinventedthewayofgivingelectricitytoeverybodyinlargecities thomasedison爱迪生 1847 1931 anamericaninventor whowasthepainterthatstudieddeadbodiestoimprovehispaintingofpeople leonardodavinci达芬奇 whoinventedalamptokeepminerssafeunderground humphrydavy汉弗莱戴维 1778 1829 british 英国化学家 诗人汉弗莱 戴维 1778年出生 他小时聪明 淘气 不喜欢读书 喜欢玩乐 他不到20岁时 父亲去世 为了养家糊口 他到当地一位医生那当学徒 从此接触并喜欢上化学 因为觉得自己知识浅薄 他就自订计划发奋用功 凭着他的天资和勤奋 很快掌握了七种语言和不少科学知识 并最终成为了英国皇家学会的主席 1798年戴维的名声随着他对笑气的发现而传遍了整个英国 他还带病专门研究火焰 发明了矿用安全灯 1816 这种灯一直到今天仍叫戴维灯 曾挽救了成千上万名矿工的生命 whoinventedtheearliestinstrumenttotellpeoplewhereearthquakeshappened 张衡 zhangheng 78 139 wasamathematician astronomerandgeographer in132heinventedthefirstseismographformeasuringearthquakes whoputforwardatheoryaboutblackholes stephenhawking斯帝芬霍金 putthestagesonpage1aboutresearchinexamineanewscientificideaincorrectorder 1234567 findaproblem makeupaquestion thinkofamethod collectresult analyseresult repeatifnecessary drewaconclusion pre reading cholera broadstreet king bacteriaofcholera kingcholeraisanusurper andfilthistreason whodefeats kingcholera whathappenedin1854 howmanypeoplediedin10days whyistherenodeathatno 20and21broadstreetaswellasatno 8and9cambridgestreet johnsnow choleraoutbreakhitlondon 500 thesefamilieshadnotdrunkthewaterfromthebroadstreetpump skimandscan johnsnowdefeats kingcholera johnsnow 1813 1858 wasbornandworkedasadoctoringreatbritain hewasoriginallyananaesthetist 麻醉师 hewassofamousthathebecamethedoctorforqueenvictoriaatthebirthsofhermanychildren atthattime cholerawasthemostfrighteningdisease fouroutbreaksofcholerainthe1830sand1840skilledmanypeopleinengland in1854 themostterribleoutbreakofcholerabegan itwassoviolentandsuddenthat127peoplediedinthefirstthreedays johnsnowbelievedthatcholeracamefromdrinkingpollutedwater henoticedthediseasebeganinthestomachandthatthevictimsdiedveryquicklyfromalossofliquidafterseverevomitinganddiarrhoea before1854heputforwardthetheorythatpollutedwaterspreadcholerabutitdidnotreceivemuchattention thenin1854hewasabletoprovethathistheorywascorrect hewasimportantbecausehewasthefirstpersontogatherinformationscientificallyaboutadiseasetofinditscause johnsnow经过流行病学调查推论 霍乱患者的粪便含有能繁殖的 病毒 霍乱在人群中的传播途径主要是被患者粪便污染的水源 1883年 robertkoch最终发现了霍乱弧菌 vibriocholera johnsnow约翰斯诺 1813 1858 英国麻醉学家 流行病专家 他首次提出了预防霍乱的措施 1854年 伦敦霍乱流行 斯诺通过研究霍乱病死者的日常生活情况 寻找到他们的共同行为模式 发现了霍乱与饮用不洁水的关系 由于及时切断了二者的联系 有效制止了霍乱的流行 whycouldn tthecholerabeundercontrolatfirst whichtheorydidjohnsnowbelievein topreventthecholerafromspreadingagain whatdidjohnsnowdo whycouldn tthecholerabeundercontrolatfirst whichtheorydidjohnsnowbelievein becauseneitheritscause noritscurewasunderstood peopleabsorbedcholeraintotheirbodieswiththeirmeals topreventthecholerafromspreadingagain whatdidjohnsnowdo suggestedthatthesourceofallwatersuppliesbeexamine suggestedthatnewmethodsofdealingwithpollutedwaterbefound instructedthewatercompaniesnottoexposepeopletothepollutedwateranymore 1 what sthemainideaofthepassage a johnsnowwasawell knowndoctorinlondon b thecauseofcholerawaspollutedwater c thesourceofalldrinkingwatershouldbeexamined d howdidjohnsnowcollect analyzedataandfindthecauseofthediseaseandsolvedit readandanswer 2 johnsnowfinallyprovedthetheoryhebelievedby a gatheringinformationwiththehelpofamapb lookingintothesourceofthewaterforbroadstreetandcambridgestreetc separatingthosewhosufferedcholerafromthosewhodidn td bothaandb findoutthemainidea ortopicsentence ofeachparagraph johnsnowwantedtousehisknowledgetosolvecholera hegotinterestedintwotheoriesexplaining heneededtoprovethesecondtheorywascorrect hefoundoutthatdirtywaterwasthecauseofcholera para 1 para 2 para 3 para 4 para 5 para 6 pollutedwatercarriedthedisease finally kingcholera wasdefeated asthediseasespreadquickly hemarkedonamapwhereallthedeadpeoplehadlived andfoundout wasthecause thenhesuggestedthatthesourceofalldrinkingwater johnbegantogatherinformation howdidjohnsnowfinallydefeatcholera analyzeallevidences thepollutedwater mustbeexamined comprehending 1 fillinthechartafterreadingthepassage scientificreportbyjohnsnow theproblem thecause nobodyknowthecauseoftheseriousdiseaseofcholera idea1 strangecloudintheairthatattackedvictimsidea2 peopleabsorbedthediseasewiththeirmeals themethod