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阅读基本功 - 长难句过关第一章 并列平行结构英语句子最常用的方法是通过使用一些关联词,如 and、or等,或标点符号如:分号,逗号,破折号等,若干个在语义上有联系或相互照应的单词、词组或子句连在一起组成一种并列或平行结构的长句,以表达一个复杂得多层次含义。这种句式虽然难度不一定很高,但在复杂长句中还是占了相当大的比例的.Exercise要点分析和参考译文Many of them shared with us their tremendous need to be informed , to be kept up-to-date on their medical condition and to be told when the end was near.要点:“need”后面有三个并列的不定式短语的被动式坐定语。即:“to be informed”,“to be kept up-to-date on their medical condition”和“to be told when the end was near”参考译文:他们中许多人和我们一样极其需要获得信息,享有最先进的医疗条件,以及在临终前得知自己就要离开人世。Second, we have tried to isolate some of the key factors that govern service quality, and offer examples of organizations that manage service well and of some that manage it poorly.要点:此句为并列复合句。从句that govern service quality是定语从句,修饰factors;第一个并列连词and连接的是第二个分句。其中,that manage service well 是定语从句,修饰organizations;第二个并列连词and连接的是examples的并列后置定语。Of some是指:examples of some organizations。从句that manage it poorly 作定语,修饰some。代词it指的是” service”参考译文:其次,我们力图挑选出一些决定服务质量的关键性因素,并提供一些实例来说明有些商业机构把服务管理得很好,而有些却很差。If you are a man, you can point out that most poets and men of science are male. if you are a woman, you can retort that so are most criminals.要点:这是一个句型结构十分对称的并列复合句。分号前为第一分句,从属连词if引导的是条件状语从句,that引导的从句是动词短语point out 的宾语。分句二的结构基本与分句一的相同。需要指出的是分句二由that引导的宾语从句中,作者使用了倒装的形式most criminals 是主语,so是表语,代替male以避免重复。本句是表示两种事物的对比,倒装的使用有较强的表现力。参考译文:如果你是男人,你会指出,大多数的诗人和科学家都是男性的;如果你是女人,你会反驳说,大多数罪犯也都是男性的ExerciseIn whatever company, they may find persons and conversations more or less pleasing. At whatever table , they may find meat and drink of better or worse taste, dishes better or worse prepared.要点:这两句为对偶句,结构工整。 In whatever company 意为无论和什么人交往不要误以为不论在什么公司。 persons and conversations的定语后置。同样道理meat and drink,dishes 也都带有后置定语。参考译文:无论和什么人交往,他们会发现有些人、有些谈话讨人喜欢,而有些则不然。同样,无论吃什么饭,酒和肉总有可口的和不可口的,菜肴的烹调亦总有优劣之分。Many workers stay at jobs they are too old for rather than face possible rejection.要点:they are too old for是定语从句修饰jobs。Rather than 前后为相同的语法成分即stay 和 face。参考译文:许多工人宁愿守着因自己年老已不适合的工作,而不愿意去面对(再找工作时)可能会遇到的拒绝But we remember with far greater pain that we did not see that beauty when it flowered, that we failed to respond with love when it was tendered.要点:remember 后面有两个并列的宾语从句,一个是that we did not see,另一个是that we failed to。 由于介词短语with far greater pain 的分隔和两个宾语从句又各带了一个状语从句,而使全句的结构变得较为复杂。参考译文:可是,我们更痛苦的回忆是,我们没有看见鲜花怒放时的美丽,没有在别人对我们施以爱之时也以爱回报。ExerciseKeeping your head, instead of crowding and pushing to get to an exit, may make the different between life and death when fire breaks out. The way space is used to enable the individual to achieve privacy, to build homes or to design cities is culturally influenced.And neither friends nor family can convince phobic people that most animals are harmless, that thousands of travelers fly safely every day, and millions of people ride safely in elevators several times each day.要点分析和参考译文要点:句中主语为动名词短语“Keeping” “crowding”和“pushing”两个动名词是并列平行结构。参考译文:当火灾发生时,保持冷静,不要向安全出口乱挤乱拥,这样就会使生与死的机会截然不同。要点:主语the way 有一个很长的定语从句修饰,定语从句中有三个并列的不定式短语作动词“is used”的目的状语即to achieve privacy, to build homes,和to design cities。本句的主干部分为:The way is culturally influenced。参考译文:怎样利用空间实现个人隐私,修建住宅及规划城市都受到文化上的影响。要点:neithernor连接并列主语。“convince”后接“people”作宾语,另外三个“that”从句并列作convince 的宾语,其中最后一个“that”从句前省略了“that”补齐则为(that) millions of。参考译文:朋友们及家庭成员都无法说服恐惧症患者,使他们相信:多数动物对人无害,数以千计的旅行者每日都安全的飞行,数百万的人每天都安全地乘好几次电梯.第二章 插入结构除了上一章的并列结构,英语长句中另一个常用结构就是插入结构。插入结构是在一个句子中某两个句子成分之间,如主谓,谓宾,定语和受定语等之间插入一个从句,短语或单词以对原来句子所表达的内容进行补充、添加、限定和说明。有时一个句子会有多个从句,分词短语等存在,再加上插入成分,就会使得句子结构显得很复杂,不易分清各部分得成分,而造成阅读上得障碍。插入成分最明显得标志是用逗号与主句隔开。但有时由于多种句子成分的存在,句子中会使用多个逗号,分号,从而导致插入得成分不易一眼看出,以至出现理解错误。本章我们就集中辨析这一类结构得句子。不好意思,这两天突然有事节目耽误一点时间。今天我们开始第二章,插入结构的学习咯。做为热身,今天的句子很简单哦!During the rest of this century , as never before, history will be the study of population.要点:要点:as never before为插入语,插入在状语和主语之间,意为“前所未有”参考译文:本世纪末,对人口的研究将前所未有的成为历史。The school, he said, consisted of one class of twenty-four boys, ranging in age from seven to thirteen.要点:“he said”为插入语,放在了主语“The school”和谓语“consisted of”中间。现在分词ranging在句中作定语修饰boys参考译文:他说,学校只有一个班,共24名男生,年龄从七岁到十三岁不等。Work, for most American and Chinese women aged 55 and under, involves responsibility for a household, a child or children, and a job outside the home as well.要点:句子的主语和谓语之间有一插入语,放在这里起强调作用,即强调只是对于中国和美国妇女来说,而不是其他国家的妇女。而且对年龄作了限定。参考译文:对于55岁或以下的大多数美国和中国妇女来说,要做的工作包括料理家务和照料一个或多个孩子,以及一份在家庭以外的工作。Ideally then, a school system should be one in which the love of learning, rather than the acquisition of facts , is cultivated.要点:one 后面有一个in which 引导得定语从句,其中rather than the acquisition of facts是插入语,可以看成是主语the love of learning的并列成分参考译文:因此,理想的教育制度应该是培养学生酷爱学习,而不是获得实际的东西Still, he could not help thinking that if anything should happen, the nearest person he could contact by radio, unless there was a ship nearby , would be on an island 885 miles away.要点:虚拟条件句“if anything 885 miles away.”是thinking的宾语从句,作thinking的宾语。在这个虚拟条件句的主句中,主语和谓语之间插入了一个条件状语从句“unless there was a ship nearby”,使得主谓分离。参考译文:他仍禁不住寻思起来,要是果发生什么意外,如果附近连一条船也没有,他用无线电能联系上得最近得人远在885英里以外得岛上。Yet this other life has its interests, its enjoyments, its satisfaction, and , at certain rare intervals, a peaceful glow or a sudden excitement.要点:句中 interests, enjoyments, satisfaction, glow和excitement共五哥并列成分,皆作宾语。 At certain rare intervals为插入语,意为“间或,偶尔”。参考译文:然而这另一种生活也有它的趣味,欢乐和满足,并间或有一种宁静得喜悦或一阵突发得激动。第二章 插入结构除了上一章的并列结构,英语长句中另一个常用结构就是插入结构。插入结构是在一个句子中某两个句子成分之间,如主谓,谓宾,定语和受定语等之间插入一个从句,短语或单词以对原来句子所表达的内容进行补充、添加、限定和说明。有时一个句子会有多个从句,分词短语等存在,再加上插入成分,就会使得句子结构显得很复杂,不易分清各部分得成分,而造成阅读上得障碍。插入成分最明显得标志是用逗号与主句隔开。但有时由于多种句子成分的存在,句子中会使用多个逗号,分号,从而导致插入得成分不易一眼看出,以至出现理解错误。本章我们就集中辨析这一类结构得句子。ExerciseOur forefather had no idea that human population would increase faster than the supplies of raw materials; most of them, even until very recently, had the foolish idea that the treasures were “limitless” and “inexhaustible”要点:分号前后为两个并列句。在第二个分句中,even until very recently 时间状语插入在主语 most of them和谓语had之间。Them指代前一句的forefathers。参考译文:我们前辈不知道人口会比原材料供应增长得要快;甚至到最近以前大多数人还错误得认为自然资源是无限的,永远不会消耗尽。But one thing is certain: information and knowledge will become even more vital, and the people who possess it, whether they work in manufacturing or services, will have the advantage and produce the wealth.要点:并列句and 之后的主语 the people和谓语will have之间插入whether引导的状语从句。参考译文:可是有一点是肯定的:信息和知识将变得更加重要。拥有信息和知识的人无论是在生产行业还是在服务行业工作,都会有优势并能创造财富。They appear to do everything in a rush, with an eye on the clock, as if they had a short time to live.要点:介词短语“with an eye on the clock”为插入语,在句子中做状语。“as if”引出方式状语从句,谓语动词是虚拟语气。参考译文:他们看上去做每件事都匆匆忙忙,眼睛盯着时钟,仿佛他们的有生之年极其短暂似的。Americans admire the self-made personthe one who, with neither money nor family influence, fights his or her way to the top.要点:破折号后的“the one”是前面person的同位语,“the one”后面又有一个由who引导的定语从句,其中主语和谓语之间有一个插入语:with neither money nor family influence.参考译文:美国人钦佩靠个人奋斗而成功的人士:这种人既没有金钱也没有家庭背景,靠自己的奋斗攀登到最上层。Silly or wise, terrible or delightful, it is a further helping of experience, an additional joy after dark, another slice of life cut differently for which, it seems to me, we are never sufficiently grateful.要点:Silly or wise, terrible or delightful为平行结构,在句中作让步状语。另外句子的表语也是平行结构“a further helping of experience, an additional joy after dark”“it seems to me”为插入语,插入到for which引导的定语从句中。参考译文:不管是愚蠢还是聪明,可怕还是愉悦,梦中的生活都是更深一层的另外一种体验,是天黑以后才有的另一种欢乐,是生活另一个不同的侧面,对此我似乎觉得怎么感激也不为过。Quite a different problem, but one that is causing growing concern, is that computers may violate peoples privacy.要点:句中“but one that is causing growing concern”,在句中作插入语。在意义上是对“Quite a different problem”的补充说明。One代替上文提到的“problem”参考译文:一个截然不同但却越来越引起人们关注的问题是:计算机可能会侵犯人们的隐私。第二章 插入结构除了上一章的并列结构,英语长句中另一个常用结构就是插入结构。插入结构是在一个句子中某两个句子成分之间,如主谓,谓宾,定语和受定语等之间插入一个从句,短语或单词以对原来句子所表达的内容进行补充、添加、限定和说明。有时一个句子会有多个从句,分词短语等存在,再加上插入成分,就会使得句子结构显得很复杂,不易分清各部分得成分,而造成阅读上得障碍。插入成分最明显得标志是用逗号与主句隔开。但有时由于多种句子成分的存在,句子中会使用多个逗号,分号,从而导致插入得成分不易一眼看出,以至出现理解错误。本章我们就集中辨析这一类结构得句子。ExerciseIt is, everyone agrees, a huge task that the child performs when he learn to speak, and the fact that he does so in so short a period of time challenges explanation.Do the constantly changing fashions of womens clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of inconstancy and instability?It was probably not until the 1880s that man, with the help of more advanced steam locomotive, managed to reach a speed of one hundred mph (英里)要点分析和参考译文要点:“everyone agrees”为插入语。“and”连结两个并列句,前一句为”it is that”强调句型;后一分句”the fact”后为同位语从句”that he does so in so short a period of time”,因此,后一分句的主要部分为the fact challenges(需要)explanation参考译文:每个人都同意孩子学说话确实是件困难的事,并且孩子能在这么短的时间里做到的确需要很好的解释才行。要点:“one wonders”为插入语,本句主干结构为“Do the fashions reflect qualities?”,“fashions” 有两个定语“constantly changing”和“of womens clothes”。“qualities”也有两个定语“basic”和“of inconstancy and instability”。参考译文:我们不知道女性服装不断变化的时尚是否反映出不可靠和不稳定的基本特点。要点:此句为强调句型“It was that”; that 从句中主语man和谓语managed 之间插入介词短语“with the help of ”作状语。参考译文:大概直到19世纪80年代,人类借助一种更为先进的蒸汽机车,才达到每小时100英里的速度。第三章 分隔结构含有分隔结构得复杂句通常是指那些句子结构主谓、谓宾、宾补之间存在着其他成分。而有时这些介入成分又较长,从而使本来应该紧联在一起得句子成分被分隔开了。另外还有一种分隔结构是同位语和定语同它们所修饰得成分分隔,由于作同位语和作定语得句子太长,而后面得部分又太短,为了保证全句意思表达得完整性常常把同位语或定语放到句子最后,形成分隔得结构。一般来说分隔结构本身不难辨认,但当句子较长,成分较多,被分隔得部分又相距较远时就容易造成理解障碍,而且常常被分隔得成分又恰恰是句子得主干。因此准确判断分隔结构,理顺句子主干就成了理解这类句子得关键。Exercise:We live in a time when, more than ever before in history, people are moving about.要点:定语从句“people are moving about”被比较状语“more than ever before in history”分隔。此现象为“分隔定语”参考译文:我们生活在一个四处奔波甚于历史上任何时期得时代。Evening had now come, the last of Adolf Hitlers life.要点:the last of Adolf Hitlers life 作为evening得同位语,因为比较长而放在了句子后面,使句子平衡。参考译文:夜晚已经来临,这是阿道夫希特勒生命中最后的一个夜晚。Several neighbors hope to find safety in the only bomb shelter on their street when an announcement comes over the radio that enemy missiles are approaching.要点:when引导的时间状语从句的主语 an announcement后带有一个that 引导的同位语从句(that enemy missiles are approaching),说明其内容,因为谓语部分太短,所以将同位语从句置于其后,以保持句子平衡。参考译文:当广播里传出敌方导弹正在接近,几个邻居都希望在街道的唯一的一个防空洞中寻求完全。第三章 分隔结构含有分隔结构得复杂句通常是指那些句子结构主谓、谓宾、宾补之间存在着其他成分。而有时这些介入成分又较长,从而使本来应该紧联在一起得句子成分被分隔开了。另外还有一种分隔结构是同位语和定语同它们所修饰得成分分隔,由于作同位语和作定语得句子太长,而后面得部分又太短,为了保证全句意思表达得完整性常常把同位语或定语放到句子最后,形成分隔得结构。一般来说分隔结构本身不难辨认,但当句子较长,成分较多,被分隔得部分又相距较远时就容易造成理解障碍,而且常常被分隔得成分又恰恰是句子得主干。因此准确判断分隔结构,理顺句子主干就成了理解这类句子得关键。ExerciseBut the invalid(病弱的人) who, forgetful of self, takes a strenuous(热烈的) and indestructible(顽强的) interest in everything and everybody, as she did, and to whom a dull moment is an unknown thing, is a formidable(难对付的) adversary(敌手) for disease.要点:此句由于表达的意思层次多,含义覆盖面大,因此结构比较复杂,但仍能找出主干结构。句子的主干结构是:the invalid.is a formidable adversary for disease,其余的部分都是修饰成分。 forgetful of self 是一个插入成分,把定语从句who takes a strenuous and indestructible interest in everything and everybody 的主语和谓语部分分隔开来。as she did也是一个插入成分,其作用同forgetful of self一样,对整个定语从句做修饰。and to whom a dull moment is an unknown thing是一个定语从句,它同who takes.everything and everybody是平行结构,其作用也是限定the invalid,因此the invalid一共带了两个定语从句,两个插入语,形成较为复杂的句子结构。译文:但是一个身体有病的体弱的人,只要忘掉自己,像她那样对一切事物和所有的人都有热烈而顽强的兴趣,并且一生不知愁怨为何物,那么对于病魔他就是劲敌。Although her characters were portrayed in many settings and situations, they all reflected, by the often tragic outcome of their lives, her profound conviction that no human could be happy if that happiness was rooted in the wretchedness of another.要点:这是一个主从复合句。reflected的宾语是her profound conviction.that no human could be . of another是 conviction的同位语从句。该从句也是一个主从复合句。by the often tragic outcome of their lives是状语,说明reflected。by在此处的意思是by means of。 often是副词,修饰形容词tragic。由于reflected的宾语过场,所以把by短语插在reflected和它的宾语之间,结果使reflected和它的宾语被分隔。译文:如果幸福是建立在另一个人的痛苦之上,那就没有人会有幸福,她的这种深切信念全都反映在一些人生结局通常都很悲惨的人物身上,虽然她笔下的人物出现在多种多样的背景和情节当中。The described dichotomy is clearly part of a much wider one:civilization fall apart yet their component societies live on; societies disintegrate but their citizens survive; individuals die while their cells, perversely, still metabolize; finally, cells can be disrupted yet the enzymes they release may, for a while, remain active.要点:在本句中,冒号后面的四个分句是并列的分句,用来说明冒号前面的主句的意思。译文:上面所描述的对死亡的二分法显然不过是一个范围更大的二分法的一部分而已:整个文明社会崩溃了,而其组成部分还继续存在;社会崩溃了,而其中的公民还生存;人死了,而身上的细胞依然倔强地进行新陈代谢;最后,细胞死了,而细胞释放出的酶还能暂时保持活性.第三章 分隔结构含有分隔结构得复杂句通常是指那些句子结构主谓、谓宾、宾补之间存在着其他成分。而有时这些介入成分又较长,从而使本来应该紧联在一起得句子成分被分隔开了。另外还有一种分隔结构是同位语和定语同它们所修饰得成分分隔,由于作同位语和作定语得句子太长,而后面得部分又太短,为了保证全句意思表达得完整性常常把同位语或定语放到句子最后,形成分隔得结构。一般来说分隔结构本身不难辨认,但当句子较长,成分较多,被分隔得部分又相距较远时就容易造成理解障碍,而且常常被分隔得成分又恰恰是句子得主干。因此准确判断分隔结构,理顺句子主干就成了理解这类句子得关键。ExerciseI plan to see her soon in England, though not, she reminded me, again at 10 Downing Street.要点:让步状语though not again at 10 Downing Street 被插入语she reminded me所分隔。而且该让步状语是一个省略的结构,全句应为though(it will) not(be)again at 10 Downing Street. 还应看出让步状语所转达的意思正是插入语的宾语所要转达的意思。 she reminded me (it will not be again at 10 Downing Street)。省略和插入的使用使全句的意思得以很好地衔接连贯、结构紧凑,无多余的成分。参考译文:我打算不久和她在英国见面,不过她提醒我地点不再是唐宁街十号了。The cessation of the employment of extraordinary means to prolong the life of the body when there is irrefutable evidence that biological death is imminent is the decision of the patient and/or her immediate family.要点:此句话的主谓被很长一段定语成分所分隔,句子主干应是“The cessation.is the decision of the patient and/or her immediate family”,由于主干中的is前没有逗号分开,而且前面又出现了一个is imminent,还由于同主语The cessation拉开的距离太远,所以不容易很快找到。When前面的部分如果不注意很容易错误地理解为一个句子,即“The cessation.means to prolong the life of body.”实际上means是个名词,意为“方法,手段”,不是动词“意味着”。而且means前面有个形容词extraordinary作定语,不可能是动词,尽管意思上说得通。when引导的状语从句里带了一个定语从句that biological death is imminent,它们一起插入了主语和谓语之间。把means错当动词和状语带定语的插入使得整句的结构复杂化了,致使主干句的主谓不容易看出来。参考译文:在有不可反驳的证据表明病人即将进入生理死亡时,停止采取非常措施来延长其生命应该由病人和(或)其直系亲属来作出决定。With rock,illusion of shared feelings, bodily contact and grunted formulas, which are supposed to contain so much meaning beyond the speech, are the basis of association.要点:主干结构应是illusions.,.contact and . formulas are the basis of association,但实际上这个主谓结构被一个长定语 which are supposed .beyond the speech 所分隔。定语 which are supposed to contain so much meaning beyond the speech 所限定的词应该是illusions.contact and . formulas 三个部分,而不是某一个词。参考译文:有摇滚乐的伴随、共同情感的幻觉、身体的接触及惯用的嘟囔话语-这一切包含着许多语言之外的意义,构成了人们相互交往的基础第四章 倒装结构英语中有时为了强调突出某一句子成分,或当否定词出现在句首时,或是由于同上文衔接等的缘故,常常采用倒装的结构,即:把正常的主+谓+宾(表)+补+状的语序打乱,把应该在后面出现的成分提到前面去,如:谓语出现在主语前面,谓语、宾语出现在主语前面,或状语放在句首等。简单句中的倒装较容易辨认,但在长句中当同其他的句子结构混在一起时,倒装结构的辨认就有一定的困难,有时会误认为是其他的句子成分,如:分句独立结构,定语等,导致错判全句的主干,形成理解障碍。ExerciseOnly when total production expands faster than the rate of labor force growth plus the rate of productivity increase and minus the rate at which average annual hours fall does the unemployment rate fall.要点:这是一个倒装句。不倒装的话,应为:the unemployment fall only when .hours fall. when引导的从句主干为: total production expands faster than the rate . plus the rate . and minus the rate.,最后一个rate又是由at which引导的从句修饰的。译文:只有当总产量增长快于劳工数量加产量的增长,并减去平均工作小时时,失业率才会下降。In addition, difficult as it is to believe, there are desert fish which can survive through years of drought in the form of inactive eggs.要点:在由as引导的让步状语从句中,句中的形容词或副词甚至动词根据强调的需要放在句首,而as置于其后。译文:此外,让人难以置信的是,有一种生长在沙漠地区的水生动物在干旱时能以其非活性卵的形态存活多年。In reality, though, the BBC dictionary will be purchased by a far wider range of language learners, as will the other two dictionaries.要点:as承接前面从句之语,意为“如。一样”,并且要求主谓倒装。译文:尽管如此,实际上购买英国BBC广播公司的字典的语言学习者的范围将会更大一些,其他两本字典也是这样.否定词提前倒装否定词用于句首时,句子应进行部分倒装否定词常用的有:Not only(but also), Not until(直到.才),No sooner.(than)(一.就) Never/ Rarely/SeldomHardly/Scarcely (when) Few/LittleNeither/Nor (也不) At no time Under no circumstances(决不)On no account (决不) In no way其中not only, no sooner, hardly, scarcely 分别和but (also), than, when搭配使用,需注意:后一组词之后的部分不进行倒装,只有否定词之后的部分倒装如:Hardly had I arrived home when it began to rain.Not only was he able to enter the final round of the contest, but he came out first as well.No sooner had I got any chance to speak than the clerk slammed the door in my face.Seldom does he travel about.Under no circumstances should you betray your own country.此类倒装句一般出现在填空题中,需填入的是倒装部分,只要在句首见到上述的词,就应条件反射的想到用倒装句。介词、分词词组提前倒装当句子没有宾语,且主语偏长时,往往将句中作状语的介词短语或作表语的形容词短语或作表语的分词短语提至句首,引起主谓的全部倒装。如:In the middle of the river floated the cluster of plants that she had cast.Characteristic of an anarchist was her strong opposition to the government, which she had blamed for all the social injustices.Lying on the grassland is a pretty girl in her early twenties.副词提前倒装副词提至句首引起倒装,可分以下几种情况:1. only + 副词(when, before, if, after等)或only+介词状语(由in, under, by, on, after等引导)提前,必须部分倒装如:Only then did he realize how stupid he had been.Only after entering the store did Arthur realize that there was danger.Only in the library can she concentrate on her study.2. often, such, so等副词提前,部分倒装如: So diligently did he work that he got hight scores on the final exam.=He worked so diligently that he got hight scores on the final exam.Such was his wish that the world would stay away from war forever.Often did we go on a holiday in hot summer.注意,so的另一种倒装是表示“也”California relies heavily on income from crops, and so does Florida.加利福尼亚过多的依赖于来自农作物的收入,佛罗里达也是这样。同理,体会一下neither, nor的倒装He cant dance, neither/nor can I.= I cant, either.他不会跳舞,我也不会。3. in, out, down, up, away, off, here, there, over等副词提前,全部倒装如:Off got the staggering gentlemen.Here are the photos I took at the seaside.第五章 分词和从句分词(包括现在分词和过去分词)和分词短语在英语中使用非常普遍,在句子中可以充当补语,定语,状语等成分。在成分复杂的句子中,有时分词的出现易同谓语动词的被动式或者进行时搞混,造成句子主干的判断错误。带有自己主语的分词独立结构由于同非限制性定语从句和插入语一样需要逗号同句子的其他成分分开,因此常会误认为是非限制性定语或插入语。有些从句,尤其是定语从句,其形式变化很多,在句子中也易同其他句子成分混淆。ExerciseFacing the Atlantic, it is on the northeastern coast of the United States, and most of the city is built on islands.要点: Facing the Atlantic为现在分词短语,在句中做方式状语.译文:它濒临大西洋,位于美国东北海岸线上,城市的大部分建在海岛上.He sat in front of them, dressed in a plain , ill-fitting suit, never moving,his dusty face masking his age要点: dressed in ., never moving, his dusty face.为句子的三个伴随状语。第一个状语为过去分词,第二个为现在分词,第三个为独立主格结构。译文:他坐在他们前面一动不动,穿着

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