仪表等级飞行员理论培训stage1-105.ppt

PRINCIPLESOFINSTRUMENTFLIGHT AttitudeInstrumentFlying BasicAttitudeInstrumentFlying Properinterpretationoftheinstrumentsrequiresanunderstandingofthefollowing Attitude pitch bank andpowerrelationshiprequiredtoachievedesiredaircraftperformance Fundamentalsofflight Principleofoperation errorsandlimitationsoftheinstruments BasicAttitudeInstrumentFlight Goodinstrumentflightisattainedbysmoothattitudecontrol AttitudeControlisachievedby Settingadesiredpowerandattitudecombination EvaluatingtheresultingperformanceMakingcalculatedattitudeandpowercorrectionsTRIM AttitudeControl Althoughpowerandattitudechangesarealmostsimultaneous inmostcasesweshouldleadwithpowerandsetanewpitchattitudeaswecontinuetoadjustpower ThenTRIM Thisisknownas P A T PowerAttitudeTrim Therearesomeexceptionsto P A T suchaslevelingofffromaclimb APTtoclimb AttitudePowerTrim BasicAttitudeInstrumentFlight Ifitisnecessarytochangetheattitude airspeed oraircraftconfiguration simplyusepowerwithcoordinatedprimarycontrolsurfaceaction Note Allattitude powerandtrimchangesinvolvetheattitudeindicator TheAttitudeIndicator Istheonlydirectindicatinginstrument Primaryforallfullpanelmaneuvers Hasacceleration decelerationandbankingerrors The3FundamentalSkillsofBasicAttitudeInstrumentFlying CIA Cross checkInstrumentInterpretationAircraftControl InstrumentCross Check ReducesworkloadofinstrumentflyingwhendoneeffectivelyThefocalreturnpointisalwaystheAttitudeIndicatorinstantanddirectaircraftattitudeinfoallelseisaverificationofpitch bank andpower ScanningErrors Commoncross checkerrors FOE Fixation staringatoneinstrument Omission youleavesomeimportantinstrumentsoutofyoursight Emphasis placinginappropriateemphasisononeinstrument InstrumentInterpretationandAircraftControl Knowhowtoacquirethewholepicturewithascanpattern Aircraftcontrolistheresultofcross checkingandinterpretationWheredoyouwanttheairplane PrecisionrequiresalighttouchTrim trim TRIM 2AttitudeInstrumentFlyingConcepts 1 ControlandPerformanceATTITUDE POWER PERFORMANCEControl AttitudeIndicator Tachometer orMP Performance everythingelse2 Primary SupportPITCHBANKPOWER INSTRUMENTS Primary Supporting Primaryinstrumentsprovidethemostpertinent essentialinformationSupportingbackup supporttheprimary PITCH BANK POWER CHANGE STRAIGHT LEVEL Straight and LevelFlight Whatareweinterestedinmaintainingwhenstraightandlevel AltitudeSoALTIMETERisprimarypitchHeadingSoHEADINGINDICATORisprimarybankAirspeedSoAIRSPEEDindicatorisprimarypower UsingtheAttitudeIndicator OnlyinstrumentthatprovidesinstantanddirectATTITUDEinformationPrimaryforpitch bankCHANGESThenAIbecomessupportingwhileothersbecomeprimaryIfAIfails wehaveapartialpanel StandardRateTurns BankControl LevelFlightAItosetbankbasedon10 TAS 1 2CheckTCtoverifyandestablishAltimeterandAirspeedIndicatorarestillprimaryforpitchandpowerLeadrolloutby1 2bankangleThenHIbecomesprimaryonceagain RulesofThumb Descents pitch TASX100 VSIperdegreeofpitch60i e 120KTASx100 200fpm 1 pitch60Descents power Every100rpmor1 manifoldreductionofpower 100fpm RulesofThumb StandardRateTurns 3 persecond TAS ofthatamount bankrequired10i e 120 12 6 18 ofbank10 ClimbsandDescents Youhavetwobasictypes1 Constantairspeed2 ConstantrateClimbsandDescentswillbepracticedlevelandinturns ConstantAirspeedClimb Cruise VX VYAIbecomesprimaryforpitchwhileestablishingthenewpitchPrimarypowerisRPMtosetthedesiredclimbpowerOnceestablished airspeedisprimaryforpitch ifpowerisnotvaried ConstantRateClimb Maintainaspecificrateaswellasairspeed UseAIasprimaryforpitchtoestablish butthenVSIwillswitchtoprimaryforpitch Airspeedindicatorwillbeprimaryforpoweroncepowerisset AnychangeswillflipbacktoRPM ConstantAirspeed RateDescents ReducepowerandsimultaneouslypitchdownForconstantairspeed airspeedindicatorisprimaryforpitchafteryou veestablishedpitchattitudeontheAI Forconstantrate VSIisprimaryforpitchafteryou veestablishedpitchattitudeontheAI LevelOff Pilottechniquerules butaguideis 10 verticalvelocitywhenmaintainingspeed500fpm leadby50ftspeedchangesinadescentmayrequireapoweradditionabout100to150feetaboveleveloffaltitudeAIisprimarypitchintransitionRPMisprimarypowerintransition CommonErrors Over controllingtheaircraftChasingVSIAlwaysfightingforaltitudeinturnsBuckinghorseduringrolloutfromturnsTrimmingtoattitude rath