「science and technology 文体学【讲课复习】」.ppt

TheEnglishofScienceandTechnology 英语一班何荣华20113557罗靖20113566罗瑶20113568杨迎20113577 1 上课复习 TheEnglishofScienceandTechnology ThescopeoftheESTWiththedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology scientistsandengineersneedeconomical efficientandimpersonalwaysofexpressiontocommunicate hencethetermofESTborn ESTincludesmanyfieldsofdiscourse theEnglishofmathematics ofphysics ofchemistry ofbiology ofpsychology oflinguistics etc Englishlanguageisthemostcommonforthepublicationofsciencepapers Twosubvarieties ESST ECST 2 上课复习 ESTisusedinscientificworks academicthesis researchpapers experimentalreports thedescriptionorexplanationofnaturalphenomena InoneworditisavarietyofEnglish dealingwiththetheoriesandapplicationsofscienceandtechnology 3 上课复习 Generallyspeaking theEnglishofallscientificfieldshavesomethingincommonandonwhichwebaseourstudies 4 上课复习 Letuscomparethefollowingtwoparagraphsabout man Whatapieceofworkisaman Hownobleinreason Howinfiniteinfaculties 天赋 informandmoving howexpressandadmirable inaction howlikeanangel inapprehension howlikeaGod Thebeautyoftheword Theparagon 典范 ofanimals WilliamShakespeare Hamlet 5 上课复习 Manismetazoan met z u n 后生动物 多细胞动物 triploblastic tripl bl stik 三胚层的 vertebrate v tibrit 脊椎动物 pentadactyl pent d ktil adj 有五指的 mammalian m meilj n 哺乳动物 eutherian ju i ri n 真哺乳亚纲的 动物 primate praimit 灵长目动物 Themainoutlineofeachofhisprincipalsystemoforgansmaybetracedback likethoseofothermammals tothefishes Fromatextbookofbiology 6 上课复习 Ofthetwopassages thefirstoneisapieceofliterarywork andthesecond EST Bycomparison wecanseethesharpdifferencesbetweenthestylesofthesetwopassagesalthoughtheyaredealingwiththesamesubjectmatter humanbeing 7 上课复习 GeneralfeaturesofEST TherearefourmajorfeaturesofESTasfollowsObjective 客观性 Logical 逻辑性 Concise 简约性 Accurate 准确性 8 上课复习 GeneralfeaturesofEST 1 Objective notambiguousorpolysemy 客观性 Wearestruckbytheimpersonalformalstyleandaveryhighconcentrationoftechnicaltermsandanumberofmathematicalsymbols Theopinionsshouldnotbepersonalandshouldbewidelyacknowledged 9 上课复习 GeneralfeaturesofEST Weusesomesentencestructurestoproveitsobjectivity e g 1 Thestudy researchhasshownthat 2 Theprocessiscalled 3 Ashasbeentimelyexamined Passivevoiceseemsmuchmoreobjectivethansubjectivevoice 10 上课复习 GeneralfeaturesofEST 2 Logical 逻辑性 ReasonablesentencestructureshouldbeappliedintoEST ThebeautyofESTliesinitsuniquesentencestyle a Thesentencecouldbearrangedbytime space figures plot evenagesetc 横向逻辑 b Theformofsentences general special special general 纵向逻辑 11 上课复习 GeneralfeaturesofEST e g Manufacturingprocessmaybeclassifiedasunitproductionwithsmallquantitiesbeingmadeandmassproductionwithlargenumberofidenticalpartsbeingproduced 纵向逻辑 译 制造方法可分为单件生产和批量生产 单件生产指小批量生产 批量生产指大量相同零件的生产 12 上课复习 GeneralfeaturesofEST C Sometimeswehavetohighlightthepurposeorthefunctionofaprocess thusweputthefunctionorthepurposeatthebeginningofthesentences ThisisthelogicalthinkingofEST e g Toensurethecertaindestructionoftuberculosisandotherdiseasegermsinmilk itmustbeheldatafixedtemperature 13 上课复习 GeneralfeaturesofEST 3 Concise 简洁 ESTarecommonlycompressedbyomittingwordsorpartsofasentence orbyusingstandardabbreviation 14 上课复习 GeneralfeaturesofEST Examples Shortformandabbreviationscp cooperativeprinciplesCA constructiveanalysissonar soundnavigationandranging 声波定位仪 SentencecomparisonScientistsmightsay TheAMXresultsshowsignificanthandeyecoordinationimpairmentRatherthan theresultsofthisexperimentshowthatAMXsignificantlyimpairsthecoordinationofhandandeye 15 上课复习 GeneralfeaturesofEST AccurateAccuracyisthesoulofEST Thus ESTtranslationshouldbetransferredinacomprehensivewaywithoutpersonalfeelings 16 上课复习 GeneralfeaturesofEST Examples a WearesatisfiedwiththeresultthatL x y 0 Theresultsseemtobesatisfatory notconcreteandspecific b Door to doortranspotation送货上门 delivergoodstoyourhome notformalandformalizedwayofexpression clutch离合器deadair静空气 17 上课复习 StylisticFeaturesofEST Grammaticalfeatures 语法特征 Lexicalfeatures 词汇特征 Semanticfeatures 语篇特征 18 上课复习 Field technicalMode writtenTenor formalimpersonalinaccessible 19 上课复习 StylisticsfeaturesofEST 1 Grammaticalfeatures1 1useoflongerandstatement typesentences1 2impersonalsentencepatterns passivestructure1 3participlephrases1 4expandedpremodification1 5nominalization1 6simplepresenttense 20 上课复习 StylisticsfeaturesofEST 1 1useoflongerandstatement typesentenceslongest 38unemotionalstateofmindshortest 20objectivewayofnarrating 21 上课复习 StylisticsfeaturesofEST StatementtypeEg ThefindingsconfirmtheoriesofhowtheUniversegrewfrombeingalmostuniformlysmoothtohavingdenseclustersofstarsandgalaxies ThisestablishesafirmlinkbetweenprimordialinstabilitiesintheUniverseandthegraininessweseeinthecosmostoday 22 上课复习 StylisticsfeaturesofEST 1 2impersonalsentencepatterns passivestructure 1 3 4 5 11 etcThePassiveVoiceinImpersonalScientificStatementsProbablyone thirdoftheverbsinESTwritingsareinthepassivevoice ThetenseofthesepassiveverbsisthePresentSimpleortheverbisusedwithmodals 23 上课复习 Grammaticalfeatures WhyDoesthePassiveMostFrequentlyOccurinEST Itisclearinmeaning Peopleheatthegascarefully Thegasiscarefullyheated Itallowsscientiststointroducethemostimportantinformationatthebeginning Electronsclosertothenucleusareheldmoretightlythanthoseintheouterorbits 24 上课复习 Grammaticalfeatures 1 3participlephrasesnon finitestructureandprepositionalphrases 非谓语结构和介词短语 Scientistsandengineersoftenwanttoexpresswhattheymeanclearlyintheleastpossiblewords sotheyoftenshortentheirsentencebynon finitestructure 25 上课复习 Grammaticalfeatures Examplesfromtextbooka Whentheyareheatedunderpressure theconstituents 化学成分 fusetogether b Whenheatedunderpressuretheconstituentsfusetogether c Heatedunderpressuretheconstituentsfusetogether 26 上课复习 Grammaticalfeatures participlephraseseg Seeingtheripplesfromthemicrowavebackgroundradiationamplifiedintothepatternofgalaxiesisevidenceforaconnectionbetweenthetwo saysDanielEisenstein amemberoftheSDSSteamfromtheUniversityofArizona Tucson TinyfluctuationsinthedensityofmatteraftertheBigBangaredefinitelyreflectedinthedistributionofgalaxiesinourUniverse accordingtotworesearchgroups 27 上课复习 StylisticsfeaturesofEST 1 4expandedpremodificationeg ThesefluctuationswereseenasripplesinthecosmicbackgroundmicrowaveradiationbyNASA sCosmicBackgroundExplorerin1992 andNASA sWilkinsonMicrowaveAnisotropyProbein2003 28 上课复习 StylisticsfeaturesofEST 1 5nominalizationNominalizationreferstothegrammaticalprocessofformingnounsfromotherpartsofspeech usuallyverbsoradjectives Nominalizationismoreformalthanitscounterpart thereforemorefrequentlyoccurinEST e g 29 上课复习 Nominalizationisanotherwayofmakingsentencescompact impersonalandformal Thedependence todepend oftherateofevaporation toevaporate ofaliquidontemperatureisenormous Theaddition toadd andremoval toremove ofheatmaychangethestateofmovingobjectsbyradiowaves 30 上课复习 eg Twoskysurveyshavenowseenevidenceofthefluctuationsintheseparationsofgalaxiesthatexisted10billionyearsaftertheBigBang Therestisdarkmatter whichmayconsistofmoreexotic undiscoveredparticlesthatareonlydetectablethroughtheirgravitationalinfluenceonthesurroundings 31 上课复习 StylisticsfeaturesofEST 1 6simplepresenttenseTheSimplePresentTense TimelessPresent TheSimplePresentTenseisusedformakinggeneralizations ItisthemostcommonlyusedtenseinEST Carbondioxide CO2 consistsofcarbonandoxygen 32 上课复习 2 LexicalFeatures ESTvocabularyusuallyconsistsofthefollowingkindsofwords commonwordswithspecificmeaning highlytechnicalwords semi technicalwords nouncompounds newlycoinedwords 33 上课复习 2 1specificuseofhighly technicalwordsHighlytechnicalwordsareoftenusedforaparticularscientificdiscipline usuallyformedfromelementsprovidedbyGreekorLatin suchasthewordslikemetazoen triploblastic chodal vertebrate pentadactyletc usedintheexampleoftheIntroductionofthischapter Manyofthehighlytechnicalwordsremainforeigntooutsiders eventoeducatednativespeakers 34 上课复习 eg bigbang microwaveradiation afterglow subatomicparticles etc9 551 1 35 上课复习 2 LexicalFeatures 2 2semi technicalwordsSemi technicalwordsrefertowordsthathavethesameorslightlydifferentmeaninginseveralscientificortechnicaldisciplines buthavemeaningdifferentfromtheirnon technicaluse suchasenergy force mass matter power movement solution etc 36 上课复习 Echo反射回波 37 上课复习 2 3useofabbreviation 38 上课复习 39 上课复习 Semanticfeatures ThemostconspicuoussemanticfeatureofESTistheuseoflanguageinwhichmostofthewordsareintheirconceptualmeaningInotherwords Rhetoricaldevices figuresofspeechcanhardlyfindtheirplaceshere sincethemainpurposeofESTistogiveinformation nottoshowfeelings ClarityandfactualityaremoreimportantinESTthaninothervarieties whichresultedinthefrequentuseofconnectives 40 上课复习 Semanticfeatures WideuseofconnectivesBackwardreferencewithuseofpronounit thed