英语教材 应用文体学-Chapter III 文体学 (2).ppt

II LexicalMeaning GeoffreyLeech Britishlinguist Grammaticalmeaningisdominantinfunctionwords whilelexicalmeaningisdominantincontentwords butinneitherisgrammaticalmeaningabsent Lexicalmeaningisdifferentfromgrammaticalmeaningintworespects first thelexicalmeaningofawordisthesameinalltheformsofoneandthesameword whilethegrammaticalmeaningvariesfromoneword formtoanother second everywordhasadifferentlexicalmeaning whereasthegrammaticalmeaningisthesameinidenticalsetsofindividualformsofdifferentwords Hencewemaydescribelexicalmeaningasthatcomponentofmeaningpropertothewordasalexicalitem 1 Conceptualmeaning denotation extensional intensionalmeaning referentialmeaning descriptivemeaning a conceptualmeaning basicmeaningincommunication womanpigfox b conceptualmeaningcanbeclassifiedintoseveralsensecomponents componentialanalysis pig animal domesticated havingalongbroadsnout havingathick fatbodycoveredwithcoarsebristles tiger animal wild flesh eating havingatawny 黄褐色的 coatstripedwithblack c 概念意义是客观事实的反映或概括 是泛指 不是确指 因此客观事物变化了 conceptualmeaningmayalsochange penmanuscriptmarshaldeer barn 存大麦的粮仓 谷仓 牲口仓wife woman amarriedwomaninrelationtoahusband d apolysemicwordmayhaveseveralconceptualmeaningsaccordingtodifferentcontexts operationpowerhead Conceptualmeaningisthecoreoflexicalmeaning andalltheotheraspectsoflexicalmeaningfallintoassociativemeaning 2 Connotativemeaning Woman frail pronetotears emotional inconstant compassionate 有同情心的 hard working Anyway sheisawoman Tomisapig 脏 贪吃 Heispigheaded stubborn Heisanass foolish stupid a Thesamewordmayhavedifferentconnotativemeaningsfordifferentpeople Home sweethome thereisnoplacelikehome Christmas快乐 快活收礼物 发愁 Chinese年关 b 在不同语言中 connotation可相同或不同 fox lamb 宝贝 乖乖 mother tiger wolf 色狼 goat 色鬼 white Outinwestwheremenaremen Bloodisthickerthanwater Theworldisastage Lifeisadream Magpie吉利 喜气 汉语 唠叨 饶舌的 英语 Owl恶运 Chinese 冷静 智慧 English Yellow 帝王 胆怯 chicken hearted chicken livered 胆小如鼠 dragon Anostrichpolicy toburyone sheadinthesandlikeanostrich 逃避政策 3 Reflectedmeaning taboocontamination a taboowords sex cock intercourse ejaculation Humanlanguageisatoolof intercourse communication b euphemisticexpressions Yourproductsareofbadquality yourproductsarenotquitetothestandard Yoursonismad yoursonisinsane yoursonissomewhatoutofhissenses c 有些词语本无不好的意义 但语言在发展 Bottomsup streetwalker 小姐 4 Stylisticmeaning Leech说有些词汇概念意义相同 只是文体意义不同 horsesteed poetic nag slang gee gee forbaby Homeresidence F domicile 官方 makeone sabode poetic 居住 throw cast chuckTheychuckedastoneatthecopsandthendidabunkwiththeloot escapewiththemoney Aftercastingastoneatthepolice theyabscondedwiththemoney daddy maleparent father bodily corporal nose nasal skin cutaneous tooth dental eye ocular 5 Affectivemeaning a 通过概念意义表达感情意义 You reavicioustyrantandavillainousreprobate 堕落者 andIhateyouforit b 通过内涵意义表达感情意义 Janeisanangelofagirl Thatfellowisanass c 通过感叹词 hurrah好哇 ouch dearme goodness d 有些词本身就有喜怒哀乐affectivemeaning lovecherishadmirecharmadoreworshipSnarlwordsandpurrwords statesman politician oldsoul oldwoman oldwitch e Someaffixeshaveaffectivemeanings weaklinghirelinggangstergamesterprofiteerroutineerpamphleteerdrunkarddullard 笨蛋 braggart 吹牛者 laggard 迟钝者 slim thin skinny heavy fat obese f Endearments darling sweetheart honey bore good for nothing 6 Collocativemeaning beautiful prettywoman handsomeman handsomewoman Hemountedhisgee gee Hegotonhissteed totremblewithfear cold toquiverwithexcitement wide fullyawake sound fastasleep farapart tosailaboat tonavigateaship aherdofcattle cows elephants aflockofbirds sheep aschool shoaloffish aswarmofbees atroopofmonkeys antelopes schoolchildren apackofwolves liars 7 Thematicmeaning Leech认为 主题意义 一般是通过 词序 和各种强调方式表达出来的意义 Mrs Smithdonatedthefirstprize Thefirstprizewas