GET和CET6作文辅导.docx

CET-6和GET作文复习纲要第一部分 篇章学生习作中常见问题是内容不充实，分段不科学，篇章结构不清楚，缺乏条理，容易跑题。所以应根据文章要求，仔细审题、构思，同时掌握各种过渡词，做到层次分明，连贯性好。为了使文章思想连贯，即从一个思想顺利、自然过渡到另一个思想，写作中常需要使用某个衔接性的词语，能起这种作用的连词、副词或词组统称为过渡词。常见过渡词如下： 表示时间过渡词(1) afterward, at present, at the same time, currently, in the meantime, lately, meanwhile, recently, since, then, soon, soon after, today(2) At present/ Currently/ Today/ Recently/ Lately, more and more people are realizing the importance of protecting our environment.(3) Meanwhile/ In the meantime/ At the same time, students should have more free time for reading. 表示顺序的过渡词first/ first of all, second,lastly,; Firstly, secondly, lastly, ; to begin with/ in the first place, next, finally, 这组过渡词既可表叙事顺序，也可表论述层次。这里的first和second是副词，不是序数词，前面不能加定冠词。first表论述层次也不能用at first（起先，开始）。实际使用过程可灵活掌握，主要结合补充过渡词用。 表补充的过渡词besides, moreover, furthermore, in addition, what is more, most important of all, last but leastThe house is too small, and furthermore, its too far from the city./ The house is too small; furthermore, its too far from the city.Obviously computers are becoming more and more popular. There are several reasons for this. First, computers facilitate us in many aspects of life. Second/Also/In addition, the fast development of the Internet enlarges our demands for using computers. We can easily contact with friends in remote places through the Internet. Besides/Lastly, the prices of computers are getting lower and lower, which enables more students to purchase them. 表原因、理由和结果的过渡词because (conj.), because of (prep.), due to (prep.), accordingly, as a result, consequently, so, therefore, thus(1) Because of/ Due to/ Owing to/ science, we now live safer, more comfortable and convenient.(2) The supply exceeds the demand. As a result, the price is declining.(3) It is important to have good plans if we want to be successful. In this way/ For this reason/ Consequently, it is most important to have a good beginning whenever we want to accomplish something. 表转折或对照尽管despite, in spite of(+n.);但是 however, nevertheless; 而，然而while, whereas; on the contrary, in contrast, conversely; on the one hand,on the other hand,; for one thing,for another,(1) Despite/ In spite of all the difficulties, a college education is till our best passport to success.(2) However/nevertheless, television can also be harmful to our health.(3) Some people like it, while (whereas) others hate it. 表示例证for example, for instance, that is(to say), namely, such as, from.to.Many countries, for example, Mexico and Japan, have a lot of earthquakes.(1) Take our university for instance/example.(2) His spelling is terrible. For example, look at this word. （不能用such as）(3) I visited several cities such as New York, Chicago, and Boston.such as 与for example/for instance的区别用法。such as 用于列举（例如.,象这种的），后面接名词，名词后不能接etc.。如以下错误：His spelling is terrible. such as, look at this word. I have such hobbies as dancing, singing, etc. 表示部分some people, and other people; some, others, and still others,Some people like to play football, and others are fond of basketball. 表示总结In a word, in short, in brief, in conclusion, in my opinion, to sum up, generally speakingTo sum up, weve achieved a lot, but we still need to work harder.第二部分 段落段落是写作的重要部分。学生写作中段落问题主要表现为主题不明显，内容杂乱、单薄，跑题等。阅卷员主要通过主题句及扩展方式形成总体印象，所以掌握段落主题句、发展句写作方法至关重要。一 主题句和发展句段落主要特点为：一个段落只有一个主题，包含一个支配思想；主题句一般在句首，有时在句尾；所有发展句必须服务于主题句；如有必要，以结论句重述段落主题。段落写作的基本方法是扩张（演绎）和收缩（归纳）。如扩张法先总后分：In our daily life, there are many occasions on which we should not hesitate to refuse when asked for help. For one thing, when it is beyond our ability, we should give a direct reply “no”. For another, when the thing we are asked for is unreasonable or even illegal, we should say “no” without hesitation.本段中第一句为主题句，many occasions是支配思想， for one thing, for another,是发展句，结论句省略。归纳法是先分后总，如：An early morning walk can help one to keep fit and work efficiently. It can change ones mood and make ones life happier. I think that everyone, young or old, female or male, should get up early and take morning walks. Taking early morning walks makes a man healthy and wise.主题句是最后一句，围绕其支配思想makes a man healthy and wise，前面用了两个发展句。二 主题句、发展句写作常用句式段落围绕主题句展开方式有很多种，取决于写作的文体及作者的风格。以下着重介绍适用于议论文、说明文和记叙文三种文体的主题句及其段落展开法（即举例法、描述法、因果法、定义法、比较法和分类法）常用句式。（黑体字部分为主题句，斜体词引导部分为发展句）1. 提出现象1) . has become a hot topic among people recently.2) As we all know, the general public has been debating whether is a blessing or a curse.3) There is a heated debate over.(sth.).4) With the explosion of knowledge came public concern over the effects of new discoveries and technologies随着 ，公众对产生关注5) The cloning of an animal in 1997 raised concerns that humanity might be moving toward a “brave new world” of genetically engineered people. 引起关注6) .has/have caused much controversy. 引起争议2. 表示原因 1）There are three reasons for this. 2）The reasons for this are as follows. 3）The reasons why teaching English is not linguistic imperialism are stated in the following. 4）The reason for this is that. Another reason for sth. (why 从句）is that.5）The question is a significant one, not just because you will encounter it, in some form, as part of a job interview, along with other “open-ended” queries designed to uncover your understanding of the position and of the suitability of your qualifications.3. 表示重要性常用词：important, significant, urgent, essential, crucial, critical, etc.an important cross-cutting issue贯穿各领域的重要问题recognizes the importance (of sth. for sth.)承认(对)的重要性It is critical that we.我们必须pose a significant challenge to 带来重大挑战be integral to sth./ doing sth. 对必不可少be a vital part of.是必不可少的一部分1）College education is a must for professional growth and for good quality of life. (be a must for sth.)2） plays an important role/is of great importance in all aspects of social life. (play an important role in起重要作用)3） is critical to the success of your business. (be critical/crucial/essential to sth.对至关重要)4) The question is a significant （重要的）one, not just because you will encounter it as part of a job interview. The question is also important to consider in preparing your resume and application letter-documents crucial to creating possible interviews.5) The new findings highlight the urgent need for（迫切需要） strong policy action which will help existing smokers to quit, and ensure that others never start.6) In Washington, the Obama administration welcomed the new report, with the presidents science adviser, John P. Holdren, calling it yet another wake-up call （警钟）to the global community that we must act together swiftly and aggressively（立即采取强有力行动） in order to stem climate change and avoid its worst impacts.7) The new report comes just a month before international delegates convene in Lima, Peru, in an effort to devise a new global treaty or other agreement to limit emissions, and it makes clear the urgency of their task（任务的紧迫性）.8) Appearing at a news conference in Copenhagen Sunday morning to unveil the report, the United Nations secretary general, Ban Ki-moon, issued an urgent appeal for strong action （对采取强有力的行动发出紧急呼吁）in Lima.4. 表示影响1) The anti-Vietnam protests of the sixties and early seventies brought forth (引起) quite another kind of song. 2) Recordings have impact/effect on （影响）our perceptions.3) Whatever the direct effects of musical recordings on our attitudes and behaviors , they are certainly an ever-present and important part of our communication environment, and they contribute to （导致，促成）the realities in our heads. 4) Whats less certain is what rising temperatures mean for the planet. Some climate modals predict ( subtle changes ). Others forecast ( rising sea level )which could flood coastal areas around the world. ( Weather patterns )would change, making (hurricanes) more frequent. (Severe droughts )would become more common in warm areas and (species ) unable to adapt to the changing conditions would face extinction.（全球变暖导致的结果）5. 表示好处坏处好处：1) It has the following advantages. /It does us a lot of good. /It benefits us quite a lot. /It is beneficial to us. /It is of great benefit to us. 2) Books are like friends. They can help us know the world better，and they can open our minds and widen our horizons. Therefore，reading extensively is of great benefit to us. （先因后果）3) As the century drew to a close , the potential for human invention and understanding appeared boundless （的潜力似乎无穷无尽）. Scientific understanding expanded daily（日新月异）, from the fundamental building blocks of matter to the source code of all life to the origins, and perhaps the eventual demise, of the universe. The technological advances of the 1990s ushered in （开创）what appeared to be a social and economic revolution that would rival the Industrial Revolution two centuries earlier, creating a new society of technologically connected citizens with a world of digitized information, commerce, and communication at its fingertips.4) Yet many people see English as a blessing（把英语当作福音）. Let me leave aside here the obvious advantages possessed by any world language, such as a large communicative network, a strong literary and media complex, and a powerful cultural and educational apparatus. Let us instead look at something rather different: the issue of politics, justice, and equality. 5) Music is used not only to （用作）add persuasive bits of information for the messages in our heads about war. Persuasive music plays an important role in （在起重要作用）peacetime also.6) It provides each generation of young people a common and cherished experience. (provide sb.sth.提供给)7) Popular music serves another function of a relatively harmless source of rebellion for the young. （起作用）8) Popular music also serves a rite of passage function for young girls.（对起作用）坏处：9) It has more disadvantages than advantages. / It does us much harm. /It is harmful to us.10) However，everything divides into two. Television can also be harmful to us. It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching television （举例法展开主题句）11) We know that global warming is real,that if we dont do anything about global climate change, that we could see catastrophic results(灾难性后果）.12) Companies and individuals alike worried that their private information would be compromised （损坏）when sophisticated computer technologists could hack into protected computer systems and erase or steal important data. Computer viruses, self-replicating codes written by malicious individuals, could steal into personal computer systems through e-mail or the Web and wreak havoc with (大肆破坏) the data stored there. Protecting privacy over the Internet was not easy, and many people worried that government attempts to intervene would only cripple (disable) the development of the Internet. Similar fears were sparked （引起了担心）when concerned groups lobbied the government to outlaw pornography and other disturbing materials on the Web in the name of protecting the children.13) For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to （构成威胁）the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh. that their long-term future must be considered. very greatly at risk.【pose a threat to /threaten sth.威胁】14) It certainly isnt hard to look for situations (examples) where people might call English a curse（把英语当作祸害）.15) Spanish has adversely affected （负面影响了）indigenous languages in so-called Latin America, and Russian has spread from Europe to the Siberian Pacific. 16) If English is a curse and a killer, it may only be so in the sense that any large language is likely to influence and endanger （影响和危害）smaller languages.6. 表示措施与方法 1）We can figure out the following ways to2）We should take some effective measures. /We should try our best to overcome（conquer）the difficulties. 3）We should do our utmost in doing sth. / We should solve the problems that we are confronted（faced）with. 4）Therefore, to find new ways to save water is an urgent task. First, we should pass strict laws to control any waste of water. Second, scientists must work even harder to purify sea water and polluted water, and try to find substitutes to reduce the use of fresh water. （举例法展开主题句）5）Although much remains to be learned about global warming, many organizations advocate提倡（ cutting greenhouse gas emissions ） to reduce the impact of global warming. Consumers can help, by ( saving energy )around the house, switching to ( compact fluorescent light bulbs )and ( driving fewer miles )in the car each week. These simple changes may help keep the earth cooler in the future.6）That sort of adaptation of songsgiving them new lyric-has been a favorite tactic of many groups （成为很多人常用的方法）who want to use music for persuasive purposes. 7. 表赞同反对的用法赞同：1) in favor ofIm in favor of his opinion.These are arguments in favor of this hypothesis. 这些就是支持这个假设的论据。 2) approve of I approve of your choice.I cant approve of your decision.3) agree to 接受(想法、计划、建议、条件等)：She doesnt agree to this arrangement.她不赞同这个安排。4) be foursquare for完全同意subscribe/ hold to the view that坚持观点反对：5) object toIf she does not object to it, why should we?6) oppose sth/ doing sth. 7) be opposed to sth./doing sth. Admittedly, those who oppose the viewpoint also have their reasons to a certain extent.8. 表示看法、态度 1)People have（take，adopt，assume）different attitudes towards sth. 2)People have different opinions on this problem. 3)People take different views of（on）the question. 4)Some people believe that.Others argue that. 5) Al Gore, for instance, has insisted that （坚持认为）he will do everything he can to keep cigarettes out of the hands of children.6) Responsibility-minded Americans accept the argument that （接受这种看法）individuals have the right to poison themselves, although studies showing that the vast majority of smokers began as minors raise questions about informed consent.7) Official tobacco apologists spent years insisting their product did not cause cancer, and then that it was not addictive (n.). Now theyve done a 180, arguing that （辨道）since there is no such thing as a safe cigarette, the FDA, created to regulate the safety of products, cannot touch them. 9. 倍数表示法1）主语+ be + times+ adj. &adv. -er+ than +times +被比对象地球比月亮大49倍。The volume of the earth is 49 times larger than that of the moon.2）主语+ be + times+ as + adj. &adv. + as +被比对象The oxygen atom is nearly 16 times as heavy as the hydrogen atom.We are therefore “the doubly affluent society”which double what money buys including twice as many cars per person, not to mention microwave ovens.3）主语+ be + times+ n. (of ) +被比对象地球是月亮大小的50倍。The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.4）主语+ be + times+ that of +被比对象据最新统计，67%的美国人能上网，该比例是中国的6倍。(GET)According to the latest statistics, 67% of the U.S population have access to the Internet, a percentage 6 times that of China (as large as Chinas ). 5）倍数多种表达法u 生产相同数量的电，中国消耗的能源是世界平均水平的4倍。To generate (produce) the same amount of electricity, China consumes four times as much energy as the world average., the consumption of energy in China is 4 times (as much as) the world average., China consumes 3 times more energy than the world average.u 粮食产量翻了两番。The grain output is quadrupled. 三年内他的收入增加了一倍。（double)He doubled his income in 3 years.10. 数量增减表达法主语+ increase (go up, soar, )/ decrease ( go down, reduce, drop, fall)+ by (净增减多少）/to （增减到多少）+百分数（数字，倍数）+被比对象1) The production of detergent（洗涤剂） has been increased by 3 times since 1990.2) The total consumption of coal in this city has decreased to 300,000 tons.3) 今年与去年相比耗电量增加52%。This year the consumption of electricity has gone up by 52% as compared with that of last year.11. 调查百分比表示法1) The survey found that （调查显示）as online shopping continues to grow as a consumer preference, there is a mutually beneficial relationship between stores and online channels. For example, while in the 6 months prior to the survey, 73% of respondents indicated that （73%受访者指出）they participated in the practice of showrooming （先逛店后网购）, or browsing at least once in-store and then buying