中国状元职场状况调查.doc

中国状元职场状况调查披露1977年到2006年的30年全国各省状元全军覆没 发布日期: 2009-5-11 刚刚看到的一个新闻：其中这句话震动我心：他透露，首份中国状元职场状况调查无奈披露1977年到2006年的30年全国各省状元全军覆没，没有发现一个在从政、经商、做学问等方面的杰出人才。我不知道该怎么说了，这个跨三十年统计样本量和时间足够了，说明了我们选择人才的尺度上面有了很严重的偏差，或者是中小学教育出问题或者就是我们大学教育出现严重问题！一个省冠军基本上来说就是一个考试绝顶高手了，因为每个省同一批几百万（几十万）个同年或者临近年份出生的孩子，经历我们严格的幼儿园-小学-初中-高中，层层考试选出来的都是绝对符合我们现在教育体制要求的高级精英，完全在试卷上是个符合的明星了！再经历我们当时最好的高校栽培，这些精英完全是我们社会需要的顶尖的高级复合型人才，技能上面说在我们名牌大学进修过的高考尖子，成绩基本上也是顶尖的好苗子，这样的人才起码账面上面是可塑性极强，极其适应考试和学习，同时又是名牌大学的骄子，在毕业后最强的好工作岗真的不掉线吗？、？位基本也是这些人的囊中物了，所以就表面看高考状元的路已经展开，剩下的就是摘果子了可是不知为什么专家有这种痛心的呼吁，我们真该好好看看这份调查，什么原因使得高考状元变成了默默无闻的平常人了！高考状元某种意义上面就是我们自己标准选拔的精英，我们社会的顶尖才子，他们的事业上的沉默是不是因为我们过去的某些原因还是有更深层的含义，欢迎大家讨论！就业怪现象:“人才给蠢才打工”田文江认为，人才种类多种多样，具体标准也是多种多样的。但有个通用标准情商与智商。一流人才情商高、智商高:二流人才情商高、智商不高；三流人才情商不高、智商高；四流人才情商不高、智商不高。田文江介绍，情商与智商培养的时效性不同:情商教育的时效性特别强，一般在初中以下完成；而智商培养则不同稍晚一点没有关系。他打比方说，把那些智商高情商差的学生比作是扁平状，而高考就是长方形的，符合形状的扁平状学生被筛子选进了，相反那些情商高智商不高的圆球型人才就被淘汰了，但目前85%到90%老板是没上过大学的，所以才出现“人才给蠢才打工”的就业怪现象，这就说明高考定位有问题，错在这是选拔应试人才的标准。田文江反对把上名牌大学、考上状元作为子女教育的终极目标，人生是个万米长跑，讲究终身学习，有些家长在应试教育下拿鞭子拼命抽着孩子用 100米冲刺速度跑1万米，过早把孩子潜力用尽了，后来的9900米也真的不掉线吗？、？就跑不动了。他透露，首份中国状元职场状况调查无奈披露1977年到2006年的30年全国各省状元全军覆没，没有发现一个在从政、经商、做学问等方面的杰出人才。培养人才:要应用反木桶理论“ 高考分数面前人人平等”是真的公平吗？田文江表示，这只是表面和形式上的公平，而实质上并不公平，因为这是以一种人才标准来衡量所有类型的人才，就像歌唱方面的人才嗓子再好在高考文化考试能有突破吗？只有同一种类型人才，去比“分数”那才叫真公平。田文江指出，乐感好的人，学英语轻松；有数学天赋的人很多怕英语，为什么？因为人的大脑潜质有差异，思维方式不一样，人的天赋不同，成才的类型就不同。“什么样的人是人才？人才的标准是什么？90%以上的答案:科学家、大教授；北大、清华的毕业生！这对吗？”田文江说，家长和教育界在教育实践中有严重的偏向，子女教育是在用体育上“训练专业运动员”的方式搞“全民健身运动”即用“训练科学家”的方式培养“普通劳动者”，这样实践的后果是全体受教育者均受到 “运动伤害”。田文江称，家长要树立多元的人才观。人人都可以培养成才，但不是同一类人才；“蕃茄树上长不出苹果”，每个孩子都有自己的特长，世界是由偏才创造的，所以在人才培养上要应用反木桶理论，太多家长只知道在短板上强行钻，却不知道在长板上多下功夫，将孩子的特长挖出、因才施教。田文江指出，少部分家长不承担责任，把孩子教育的希望完全寄托于学校，自己当甩手掌柜，这也是误区，家庭学校社会三者在子女成长的不同时间所起作用的大小是不一样的，一个孩子教育“只能是零售，不能批发”！ 真的不掉线吗？、？SAT 数学必备词汇1，add，plus加subtract减difference差 multiply,times乘product积divide除divisible可被整除的dividedevenly被整除dividend被除数divisor因子，除数quotient商remainder余数factorial阶乘power乘方radicalsign,rootsign根号roundto四舍五入tothenearest四舍五入2.有关集合union并集proper subset真子集solution set解集 3.有关代数式、方程和不等式algebraic term代数项like terms,similar terms同类项numerical coefficient数字系数literal coefficient字母系数 inequality不等式triangle inequality三角不等式 range值域 original equation原方程equivalent equation同解方程 等价方程linear equation线性方程(e.g.5x+6=22)4.有关分数和小数真的不掉线吗？、？proper fraction真分数improper fraction假分数mixed number带分数vulgar fraction，mon fraction普通分数simple fraction简分数plex fraction繁分数 numerator分子denominator分母(least)mon denominator(最小)公分母quarter四分之一decimal fraction纯小数infinite decimal无穷小数recurring decimal循环小数tenthsunit十分位 5.基本数学概念 arithmetic mean算术平均值weighted average加权平均值geometric mean几何平均数 exponent指数，幂base乘幂的底数,底边cube立方数，立方体square root平方根cube root立方根 mon logarithm常用对数 digit数字constant常数variable变量 inversefunction反函数plementary function余函数linear一次的，线性的factorization因式分解absolute value绝对值，e.g.-32=32round off四舍五入6.有关数论natural number自然数positive number正数negative number负数odd integer,odd number奇数真的不掉线吗？、？even integer,even number偶数integer,whole number整数positive whole number正整数negative whole number负整数 consecutive number连续整数rea lnumber,rational number实数,有理数irrational(number)无理数 inverse倒数posite number合数e.g.4,6,8,9,10,12,14,15prime number质数e.g.2,3,5,7,11,13,15reciprocal倒数 mon divisor公约数multiple倍数(least)mon multiple(最小)公倍数 (prime)factor(质)因子mon factor公因子ordinaryscale,decimalscale十进制nonnegative非负的 tens十位units个位 mode众数median中数 mon ratio公比 7.数列arithmetic progression(sequence)等差数列geometric progression(sequence)等比数列8.其它approximate近似(anti)clockwise(逆)顺时针方向cardinal基数ordinal序数directproportion正比distinct不同的estimation估计，近似parentheses括号proportion比例permutation排列bination组合真的不掉线吗？、？table表格trigonometric function三角函数unit单位,位几何部分1.所有的角alternate angle内错角corresponding angle同位角vertical angle对顶角central angle圆心角interior angle内角exterior angle外角supplement aryangles补角plement aryangle余角adjacent angle邻角acute angle锐角obtuse angle钝角right angle直角round angle周角straight angle平角included angle夹角 2.所有的三角形equilateral triangle等边三角形scalene triangle不等边三角形isosceles triangle等腰三角形right triangle直角三角形oblique斜三角形inscribed triangle内接三角形 3.有关收敛的平面图形，除三角形外semicircle半圆concentric circles同心圆quadrilateral四边形pentagon五边形hexagon六边形heptagon七边形octagon八边形nonagon九边形decagon十边形真的不掉线吗？、？polygon多边形parallelogram平行四边形equilateral等边形plane平面square正方形，平方rectangle长方形regular polygon正多边形rhombus菱形trapezoid梯形 4.其它平面图形arc弧line,straight line直线line segment线段parallel lines平行线segment of a circle弧形 5.有关立体图形cube立方体，立方数rectangular solid长方体regular solid/regular polyhedron正多面体circular cylinder圆柱体cone圆锥sphere球体solid立体的 6.有关图形上的附属物altitude高depth深度side边长circumference,perimeter周长radian弧度surface area 表面积volume体积arm直角三角形的股cros ssection横截面center of acircle圆心chord弦radius半径真的不掉线吗？、？angle bisector角平分线diagonal对角线diameter直径edge棱face of a solid立体的面hypotenuse斜边included side夹边leg三角形的直角边medianofatriangle三角形的中线base底边，底数(e.g.2的5次方，2就是底数)opposite直角三角形中的对边midpoint中点endpoint端点vertex(复数形式vertices)顶点tangent切线的transversal截线intercept截距 7.有关坐标 coordinate system坐标系rectangular coordinate直角坐标系origin原点abscissa横坐标ordinate纵坐标numberline数轴quadrant象限slope斜率plex plane复平面 8.其它plane geometry平面几何trigonometry三角学bisect平分circumscribe外切inscribe内切intersect相交perpendicular垂直pythagorean theorem勾股定理congruent全等的multilateral多边的真的不掉线吗？、？其它 1.单位类cent美分penny一美分硬币nickel5美分硬币dime一角硬币dozen打(12个)score廿(20个)Centigrade摄氏Fahrenheit华氏quart夸脱gallon加仑(1gallon=4quart)yard码meter米micron微米inch英寸foot英尺minute分(角度的度量单位，60分=1度)squaremeasure平方单位制cubicmeter立方米pint品脱(干量或液量的单位) 真的不掉线吗？、？胡壮麟语言学笔记无私分享（全；免“支持”版：）语言学教程重难点学习提示 第一章语言的性质 语言的定义：语言的基本特征（任意性、二重性、多产性、移位、文化传递和互换性）；语言的功能（寒暄、指令、提供信息、询问、表达主观感情、唤起对方的感情和言语行为）；语言的起源（神授说，人造说，进化说）等。 第二章 语言学 语言学定义；研究语言的四大原则（穷尽、一致、简洁、客观）；语言学的基本概念（口语与书面语、共时与历时、语言与言学、语言能力与言行运用、语言潜势与语言行为）；普通语言学的分支（语音、音位、语法、句法、语义）；语言学的应用（语言学与语言教学、语言与社会、语言与文字、语言与心理学、人类语言学、神经语言学、数理语言学、计算语言学）等。 第三章 语音学 发音器官的英文名称；英语辅音的发音部位和发音方法；语音学的定义；发音语音学；听觉语音学；声学语音学；元音及辅音的分类；严式与宽式标音等。 第四章 音位学 音位理论；最小对立体；自由变异；互补分布；语音的相似性；区别性特征；超语段音位学；音节；重音（词重音、句子重音、音高和语调）等。 第五章 词法学 词法的定义；曲折词与派生词；构词法（合成与派生）；词素的定义；词素变体；自由词素；粘着词素（词根，词缀和词干）等。 第六章 词汇学 词的定义；语法词与词汇词；变词与不变词；封闭词与开放词；词的辨认；习语与搭配。 第七章句法 句法的定义；句法关系；结构；成分；直接成分分析法；并列结构与从属结构；句子成分；范畴（性，数，格）；一致；短语，从句，句子扩展等。 第八章 语义学 语义的定义；语义的有关理论；意义种类（传统、功能、语用）；里奇的语义分类；词汇意义关系（同义、反义、下义）；句子语义关系。 第九章 语言变化 语言的发展变化（词汇变化、语音书写文字、语法变化、语义变化）； 第十章语言、思维与文化 真的不掉线吗？、？语言与文化的定义；萨丕尔-沃夫假说；语言与思维的关系；语言与文化的关系；中西文化的异同。 第十一章语用学 语用学的定义；语义学与语用学的区别；语境与意义；言语行为理论（言内行为、言外行为和言后行为）；合作原则。 1.1.What is language? “Language is system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human munication. It is a system, since linguistic elements are arranged systematically, rather than randomly. Arbitrary, in the sense that there is usually no intrinsic connection between a work (like “book”) and the object it refers to. This explains and is explained by the fact that different languages have different “books”: “book” in English, “livre” in French, in Japanese, in Chinese, “check” in Korean. It is symbolic, because words are associated with objects, actions, ideas etc. by nothing but convention. Namely, people use the sounds or vocal forms to symbolize what they wish to refer to. It is vocal, because sound or speech is the primary medium for all human languages, developed or “new”. Writing systems came much later than the spoken forms. The fact that small children learn and can only learn to speak (and listen) before they write (and read) also indicates that language is primarily vocal, rather than written. The term “human” in the definition is meant to specify that language is human specific. 1.2.What are design features of language? “Design features” here refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal munication. They are arbitrariness, duality, productivity, displacement, cultural transmission and interchangeability 1.3.What is arbitrariness? By “arbitrariness”, we mean there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds (see I .1). A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig. Language is therefore largely arbitrary. But language is not absolutely seem to be some sound-meaning association, if we think of echo words, like “bang”, “crash”, “roar”, which are motivated in a certain sense. Secondly, some pounds (words pounded to be one word ) are not entirely arbitrary either. “Type” and “write” are opaque or unmotivated words, while “type-writer” is less so, or more transparent or motivated than the words that make it. So we can 真的不掉线吗？、？say “arbitrariness” is a matter of degree. 1.4.What is duality? Linguists refer “duality” (of structure) to the fact that in all languages so far investigated, one finds two levels of structure or patterning. At the first, higher level, language is analyzed in terms of binations of meaningful units (such as morphemes, words etc.) ; at the second, lower level, it is seen as a sequence of segments which lack any meaning in themselves, but which bine to form units of meaning. According to Hu Zhanglin et al. (p.6) , language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is important for the workings of language. A small number of semantic units (words), and these units of meaning can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences (note that we have dictionaries of words, but no dictionary of sentences!). Duality makes it possible for a person to talk about anything within his knowledge. No animal munication system enjoys this duality, or even approaches this honour. 1.5.What is productivity? Productivity refers to the ability to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in ones native language, including those that has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation. No one has ever said or heard “A red-eyed elephant is dancing on the small hotel bed with an African gibbon”, but he can say it when necessary, and he can understand it in right register. Different from artistic creativity, though, productivity never goes outside the language, thus also called “rule-bound creativity” (by N.Chomsky). 1.6.What is displacement? “Displacement”, as one of the design features of the human language, refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. In other words, one can refer to real and unreal things, things of the past, of the present, of the future. Language itself can be talked about too. When a man, for example, is crying to a woman, about something, it might be something that had occurred, or something that is occurring, or something that is to occur. When a dog is barking, however, you can decide it is barking for something or at someone that exists now and there. It couldnt be bow-wowing sorrowfully for dome lost love or a bone to be lost. The bees system, noheless, has a small share of “displacement”, but it is an unspeakable tiny share. 1.7.What is cultural transmission? This means that language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but that the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker. It is true that the capacity for language in human beings(N. Chomsky called it “language acquisition device”, or LAD) has a geic basis, but the 真的不掉线吗？、？particular language a person learns to speak is a cultural one other than a geic one like the dogs barking system. If a human being is brought up in isolation he cannot acquire language. The Wolf Child reared by the pack of wolves turned out to speak the wolfs roaring “tongue” when he was saved. He learned thereafter, with no small difficulty, the ABC of a certain human language. 1.8.What is interchangeability? Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages. We can say, and on other occasions can receive and understand, for example, “Please do something to make me happy.” Though some people (including me) suggest that there is sex differentiation in the actual language use, in other words, men and women may say different things, yet in principle there is no sound, or word or sentence that a man can utter and a woman cannot, or vice versa. On the other hand, a person can be the speaker while the other person is the listener and as the turn moves on to the listener, he can be the speaker and the first speaker is to listen. It is turn-taking that makes social munication possible and acceptable. Some male birds, however, utter some calls which females do not (or cannot?) , and certain kinds of fish have similar haps mentionable. When a dog barks, all the neighbouring dogs bark. Then people around can hardly tell which dog (dogs) is (are0 “speaking” and which listening. 1.9.Why do linguists say language is human specific? First of all, human language has six “design features” which animal munication systems do not have, at least not in the true sense of them(see I .2-8). Lets borrow C. F. Hockets Chart that pares human language with some animals systems, from Wang Gang(1998,p.8). Secondly, linguists have done a lot trying to teach animals such as chimpanzees to speak a human language but have achieved nothing inspiring. Washoe, a female chimpanzee, was brought up like a human child by Beatnice and Alan Gardner. She was taught “American sign Language”, and learned a little that made the teachers happy but did mot make the linguistics circle happy, for few believed in teaching chimpanzees. Thirdly, a human child reared among animals cannot speak a human language, not even when he is taken back and taught to lo to so (see the “Wolf Child”in I.7) 1.10.What functions does language have? Language has at least seven functions: phatic, directive, Informative, interrogative, expressive, evocative and performative. According to Wang Gang (1988,p.11), language has three main functions: a tool of munication, a tool 真的不掉线吗？、？whereby people learn about the world, and a tool by which people learn about the world, and a tool by which people create art . M .A. K.Halliday, representative of the London school, recognizes three “Macro-Functions”: ideational, interpersonal and textual(see !.11-17;see HU Zhuanglin et al.,pp10-13,pp394-396). 1. 11What is the phatic function? The “phatic function” refers to language being used for setting up a certain atmosphere or maintaining social contacts(rather than for exchanging information or ideas). Greetings, farewells, and ments on the weather in English and on clothing in Chinese all serve this function. Much of the phatic language (e.g. “How are you?” “Fine, thanks.”) is insincere if taken literally, but it is important. If you dont say “Hello” to a friend you meet, or if you dont answer his “Hi”, you ruin your friendship. 1.12. What is the directive function? The “directive function” means that language may be used to get the hearer to do something. Most imperative sentences perform this function, e. g., “Tell me the result when you finish.” Other syntactic structures or sentences of other sorts can, according to J.Austin and J.Searles “indrect speech act theory”(see Hu Zhuanglin et al.,pp271-278) at least, serve the purpose of direction too, e.g., “If I were you, I would have blushed to the bottom of my ears!” 1.13.What is the informative function? Language serves an “informational function” when used to tell something, characterized by the use of declarative sentences. Informative statements are often labelled as true(truth) or false(falsehood). According to P.Grices “Cooperative Principle”(see Hu Zhuanglin et al., pp282-283), one ought not to violate the “Maxim of Quality”, when he is informing at all. 1.14.What is the interrogative function? When language is used to obtain information, it serves an “interrogative function”. This includes all questions that expect replies, statements, imperatives etc., according to the “indirect speech act theory”, may have this function as well, e.g., “Id like to know you better.” This may bring forth a lot of personal information. Note that rhetorical questions make an exception, since they demand no answer, at least not the readers/listeners answer. 1.15.What is the expressive function? The “expressive function” is the use of language to reveal something about the feelings or attitudes of the speaker. Subconscious emotional ejaculations are good examples, like “Good heavens!” “My God!” Sentences like “Im sorry about the delay” can serve as good examples too, though in a subtle way. While language is used for the informative function to pas真的不掉线吗？、？s judgement on the truth or falsehood of statements, language used for the expressive function evaluates, appraises or asserts the speakers own attitudes. 1.16.What is the evocative function? The “evocative function” is the use of language to create certain feelings in the hearer. Its aim is , for example, to amuse, startle, antagonize, soothe, worry or please. Jokes(not practical jokes, though) are supposed to amuse or entertain the listener; advertising to urge customers to purchase certain modities; propaganda to influence public opinion. Obviously, the expressive and the evocative functions often go to