从语篇衔接和连贯看英语商务文本的汉译硕士学位论文.doc

AcknowledgementsI am greatly honored to have this opportunity to express my sincere thanks to all those who have offered me their considerate help and continuous encouragement throughout these two years. I will inevitably miss all of the wonderful tutors and friends.First and foremost, I want to express my heartfelt thanks and appreciation to Prof. Zuo Biao, my supervisor. It has been a great privilege and joy to work under his guidance and with his encouragement. I thank him for opening my eyes to the wonders of two of the most precious gifts we have: the human mind and the ability to share what is in it with others. My research has brought home to me in a new way the truth that we are wonderfully made.矚慫润厲钐瘗睞枥庑赖。I thank Prof. Han Zhonghua for his encouragement and for his comments on the dissertation which underlies this dissertation. I thank Prof. Zheng Lixin, Prof. Wang Dawei Associate Prof. Yuan Yongfang, Associate Prof. Shi Dongqin the staff and fellow-students in the College of Foreign Languages, Shanghai Maritime University as well as other colleagues for their feedback on my research. 聞創沟燴鐺險爱氇谴净。In the meantime, I wish to express my gratitude to the persons that relieved me of other chores, so that I could devote my time entirely to the completion of this dissertation. I also want to express my gratitude for the financial help I received from my relatives and my former classmates. 残骛楼諍锩瀨濟溆塹籟。Last but not least, a very special thank goes to my wife Yin Naimin and my son Liu Xianyu for supporting a husband and father whose mind was not always free to give them the attention they needed. It is my pleasure to dedicate this dissertation to them.酽锕极額閉镇桧猪訣锥。毕业设计（论文）原创性声明和使用授权说明原创性声明本人郑重承诺：所呈交的毕业设计（论文），是我个人在指导教师的指导下进行的研究工作及取得的成果。尽我所知，除文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，不包含其他人或组织已经发表或公布过的研究成果，也不包含我为获得 及其它教育机构的学位或学历而使用过的材料。对本研究提供过帮助和做出过贡献的个人或集体，均已在文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。彈贸摄尔霁毙攬砖卤庑。作 者 签 名： 日 期： 指导教师签名： 日期： 使用授权说明本人完全了解 大学关于收集、保存、使用毕业设计（论文）的规定，即：按照学校要求提交毕业设计（论文）的印刷本和电子版本；学校有权保存毕业设计（论文）的印刷本和电子版，并提供目录检索与阅览服务；学校可以采用影印、缩印、数字化或其它复制手段保存论文；在不以赢利为目的前提下，学校可以公布论文的部分或全部内容。謀荞抟箧飆鐸怼类蒋薔。作者签名： 日 期： 学位论文原创性声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的论文是本人在导师的指导下独立进行研究所取得的研究成果。除了文中特别加以标注引用的内容外，本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写的成果作品。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。本人完全意识到本声明的法律后果由本人承担。厦礴恳蹒骈時盡继價骚。作者签名： 日期： 年 月 日学位论文版权使用授权书本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，同意学校保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版，允许论文被查阅和借阅。本人授权 大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文。茕桢广鳓鯡选块网羈泪。涉密论文按学校规定处理。作者签名：日期： 年 月 日导师签名： 日期： 年 月 日指导教师评阅书指导教师评价：一、撰写（设计）过程1、学生在论文（设计）过程中的治学态度、工作精神 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、学生掌握专业知识、技能的扎实程度 优 良 中 及格 不及格3、学生综合运用所学知识和专业技能分析和解决问题的能力 优 良 中 及格 不及格4、研究方法的科学性；技术线路的可行性；设计方案的合理性 优 良 中 及格 不及格5、完成毕业论文（设计）期间的出勤情况 优 良 中 及格 不及格二、论文（设计）质量1、论文（设计）的整体结构是否符合撰写规范？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、是否完成指定的论文（设计）任务（包括装订及附件）？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格三、论文（设计）水平1、论文（设计）的理论意义或对解决实际问题的指导意义 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、论文的观念是否有新意？设计是否有创意？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格3、论文（设计说明书）所体现的整体水平 优 良 中 及格 不及格建议成绩： 优 良 中 及格 不及格（在所选等级前的内画“”）指导教师： （签名） 单位： （盖章）年 月 日评阅教师评阅书评阅教师评价：一、论文（设计）质量1、论文（设计）的整体结构是否符合撰写规范？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、是否完成指定的论文（设计）任务（包括装订及附件）？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格二、论文（设计）水平1、论文（设计）的理论意义或对解决实际问题的指导意义 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、论文的观念是否有新意？设计是否有创意？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格3、论文（设计说明书）所体现的整体水平 优 良 中 及格 不及格建议成绩： 优 良 中 及格 不及格（在所选等级前的内画“”）评阅教师： （签名） 单位： （盖章）年 月 日教研室（或答辩小组）及教学系意见教研室（或答辩小组）评价：一、答辩过程1、毕业论文（设计）的基本要点和见解的叙述情况 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、对答辩问题的反应、理解、表达情况 优 良 中 及格 不及格3、学生答辩过程中的精神状态 优 良 中 及格 不及格二、论文（设计）质量1、论文（设计）的整体结构是否符合撰写规范？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、是否完成指定的论文（设计）任务（包括装订及附件）？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格三、论文（设计）水平1、论文（设计）的理论意义或对解决实际问题的指导意义 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、论文的观念是否有新意？设计是否有创意？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格3、论文（设计说明书）所体现的整体水平 优 良 中 及格 不及格评定成绩： 优 良 中 及格 不及格（在所选等级前的内画“”）教研室主任（或答辩小组组长）： （签名）年 月 日教学系意见：系主任： （签名）年 月 日摘 要本文从语篇衔接和连贯看英语商务文本的汉译在前人研究的基础上，利用语篇衔接理论的部分研究成果，并结合大量商务文本实例，从语篇衔接和连贯两个角度对英语商务文本汉译进行了广泛、深入的探讨。全文共分为五章。鹅娅尽損鹌惨歷茏鴛賴。第一章主要介绍了翻译以及商务文本翻译理论。包括翻译的定义、发展、历史和标准；商务文本翻译的类别、功能和现状等。第二章从词汇、句子和风格三个方面对英汉商务文本的特点进行了对比分析。籟丛妈羥为贍偾蛏练淨。第三、第四、第五章是本文的主体。第三章主要介绍了语篇分析理论，是本文作者进行研究的理论基础。本章详细阐述了语篇、文本、语篇衔接和语篇连贯等概念，以及它们与商务文本翻译的联系。与此同时，本章也强调了语篇分析理论对提高商务文本翻译水平的重要意义。預頌圣鉉儐歲龈讶骅籴。第四章作者从语篇衔接角度出发，利用语法衔接和词汇衔接两个方面探讨商务文本翻译。本文作者对比分析了指代关系、省略关系、替代关系、连接关系、复现关系（重复、概括词、同（近）义词、上下义词）和同现关系（反义词、对比词、部分整体）与商务文本翻译的联系，从而帮助翻译工作者找到其中联系，提高翻译水平。渗釤呛俨匀谔鱉调硯錦。第五章从语篇连贯角度出发，利用局部连贯和整体连贯两个方面研究商务文本翻译。作者对比分析了原因、连接、评价、扩张、整体结构和思维模式与商务文本翻译的关系。铙誅卧泻噦圣骋贶頂廡。韩礼德和哈桑夫妇对语篇衔接理论进行了深入的探讨，但对语篇连贯研究较少，并且其有些语篇连贯见解尚有商榷之处。魏在江博士对语篇连贯也进行了探讨，但还不够深入。本文的成果在于作者运用大量的实例对语篇分析理论进行了研究。最后作者得出结论，语篇分析理论虽有待完善，但能够指导商务文本翻译活动顺利进行，提高翻译工作者的翻译水平。另外，本文作者虽在商务文本翻译的基础上对语篇衔接和连贯进行了有益的探讨，但还有待进一步深入和完善。擁締凤袜备訊顎轮烂蔷。关键词：商务文本翻译， 语篇分析， 衔接， 连贯ABSTRACTThis dissertation explores E-C business document translation from the perspectives of discourse cohesion and coherence. It consists of five chapters besides the preface, the conclusion, and the bibliography.贓熱俣阃歲匱阊邺镓騷。Chapter One briefly introduces translation and business document translation, including general theory of translation, such as definition, history, criteria of translation, and business document translation, such as categories, functions and present situation of business document translation. Chapter Two presents a general contrastive analysis of English and Chinese business documents at the lexical, syntactic and textual levels. 坛摶乡囂忏蒌鍥铃氈淚。The next three chapters, that is, Chapter Three, Four and Five, are the principal part of this dissertation. 蜡變黲癟報伥铉锚鈰赘。Discourse analysis theory is introduced in the third chapter, where discourse, text, business document translation, discourse cohesion and coherence are discussed in detail. And the author emphasizes the importance of textual components (cohesion and coherence) in business document translation. The author also points out a theory should be treated and developed based on translating practice, no matter how authoritative it is. Or no theory is perfect.買鲷鴯譖昙膚遙闫撷凄。In Chapter Four, the author uses Halliday and Hasans (1976, 1985) framework, the description of cohesion in English, which as Brown and Yule (1983) say is “by far the most comprehensive treatment of the subject”, to contrast E-C business documents translation. This chapter clarifies the view that cohesion in English and Chinese should be regarded as a key link of discourse structure in spite of their differences in specific forms.綾镝鯛駕櫬鹕踪韦辚糴。In Chapter Five, the author discusses coherence phenomenon in business English documents. Coherence is one of the most important and the most complicated topics in discourse analysis. It has become one of the focal issues in discourse analysis in the recent two decades. Combined with examples, this chapter discusses the coherence in business document translation. By emphasizing the importance of clear coherence awareness in translation process, the author points out that Hallidays systemic functional linguistics can provide a theoretical support and basis for translation to improve the business document translation.驅踬髏彦浃绥譎饴憂锦。On balance, the author has come to a conclusion through all the above analyses, argument and illustrations. All theories of translation have their respective strengths and weaknesses and they complement each other in guiding translating practice. As no specific theory so far is directly aimed at offering guidelines for the translation of business documents under discussion, it is necessary to view the task from some new perspectives based on existing theories concerning language, culture and translation. This dissertation is intended as an attempt to fill the gap between translation theories in general and business translating practice in particular.猫虿驢绘燈鮒诛髅貺庑。Although the ideas presented in the dissertation may appear to be tentative and immature, yet it approaches the topic of business document translating from a new angle, i.e. the angle of discourse analysis, and may hopefully contribute to the improvement of business document translation.锹籁饗迳琐筆襖鸥娅薔。KEYWORDS: business document translation, discourse analysis, cohesion, coherence 構氽頑黉碩饨荠龈话骛。ContentsAcknowledgementsI輒峄陽檉簖疖網儂號泶。摘 要II尧侧閆繭絳闕绚勵蜆贅。ABSTRACTContentsV识饒鎂錕缢灩筧嚌俨淒。Preface1凍鈹鋨劳臘锴痫婦胫籴。0.1. The object of this research1恥諤銪灭萦欢煬鞏鹜錦。0.2. Literature review1鯊腎鑰诎褳鉀沩懼統庫。0.3. An overview of the dissertation2硕癘鄴颃诌攆檸攜驤蔹。Chapter One Business Document Translation3阌擻輳嬪諫迁择楨秘騖。1.1. Translation in general3氬嚕躑竄贸恳彈瀘颔澩。1.1.1. What is translation?4釷鹆資贏車贖孙滅獅赘。1.1.2. A general review of translation5怂阐譜鯪迳導嘯畫長凉。1.1.2.1. Bible and other translation until c.15305谚辞調担鈧谄动禪泻類。1.1.2.2. From the Luther Reformation to the French Revolution: c.1530-17905嘰觐詿缧铴嗫偽純铪锩。1.1.2.3. From the French Revolution to the Second World War: 1789-19406熒绐譏钲鏌觶鷹緇機库。1.1.2.4. Decolonization and the Cold War: 1945-c.19706鶼渍螻偉阅劍鲰腎邏蘞。1.1.2.5. The expansion of the European Union to the end of the Cold War: c.1970-c: 19907纣忧蔣氳頑莶驅藥悯骛。1.1.2.6. 1990 to the present day7颖刍莖蛺饽亿顿裊赔泷。1.1.3. Translation criteria8濫驂膽閉驟羥闈詔寢賻。1.1.3.1. Some western views on translation criteria8銚銻縵哜鳗鸿锓謎諏涼。1.1.3.2. Some Chinese views on translation criteria10挤貼綬电麥结鈺贖哓类。1.2. Business document translation11赔荊紳谘侖驟辽輩袜錈。1.2.1. Business document and its categories12塤礙籟馐决穩賽釙冊庫。1.2.2. Functions of business document translation13裊樣祕廬廂颤谚鍘羋蔺。1.2.3. Present situation of business document translation13仓嫗盤紲嘱珑詁鍬齊驁。1.2.4. Criteria of business document translation14绽萬璉轆娛閬蛏鬮绾瀧。1.2.5. Importance of business document translation from the perspective of discourse cohesion and coherence16骁顾燁鶚巯瀆蕪領鲡赙。Summary16瑣钋濺暧惲锟缟馭篩凉。Chapter Two The Features of Business English Documents17鎦诗涇艳损楼紲鯗餳類。2.1. Lexical features of business English documents17栉缏歐锄棗鈕种鵑瑶锬。2.1.1. Archaisms18辔烨棟剛殓攬瑤丽阄应。2.1.2. Loan words19峴扬斕滾澗辐滠兴渙藺。2.1.2.1. Words of Latin origin19詩叁撻訥烬忧毀厉鋨骜。2.1.2.2. Words of French origin20则鯤愜韋瘓賈晖园栋泷。2.1.3. Other formal words21胀鏝彈奥秘孫戶孪钇賻。2.1.4. Words used in coordination22鳃躋峽祷紉诵帮废掃減。2.1.5. Frequent use of modal verbs23稟虛嬪赈维哜妝扩踴粜。2.1.5.1. “Shall”23陽簍埡鲑罷規呜旧岿錟。2.1.5.2. “May”24沩氣嘮戇苌鑿鑿槠谔應。2.1.5.3. “Must”25钡嵐縣緱虜荣产涛團蔺。2.1.5.4 “Would”26懨俠劑鈍触乐鹇烬觶騮。2.2. Syntactic features of business English documents26謾饱兗争詣繚鮐癞别瀘。2.2.1. Declarative-prominent sentences27呙铉們欤谦鸪饺竞荡赚。2.2.2. Long & complex sentences27莹谐龌蕲賞组靄绉嚴减。2.2.3 Full sentences27麸肃鹏镟轿騍镣缚縟糶。2.2.4. Direct and explicit expression dominance28納畴鳗吶鄖禎銣腻鰲锬。2.2.5. Nominalization29風撵鲔貓铁频钙蓟纠庙。2.3. Stylistic features of business English documents29灭嗳骇諗鋅猎輛觏馊藹。2.3.1. Clearness & conciseness30铹鸝饷飾镡閌赀诨癱骝。2.3.2. Preciseness & rigorousness31攙閿频嵘陣澇諗谴隴泸。2.3.3. Courtesy & consideration31趕輾雏纨颗锊讨跃满賺。Summary32夹覡闾辁駁档驀迁锬減。Chapter Three Discourse Analysis and Business Document Translation33视絀镘鸸鲚鐘脑钧欖粝。3.1. General view of discourse analysis33偽澀锟攢鴛擋緬铹鈞錠。3.2. Discourse, text and business document translation34緦徑铫膾龋轿级镗挢廟。3.2.1. Discourse and text35騅憑钶銘侥张礫阵轸蔼。3.2.2. The definitions of discourse and text35疠骐錾农剎貯狱颢幗騮。3.2.3. Text and business document translation36镞锊过润启婭澗骆讕瀘。3.3. Discourse cohesion and coherence37榿贰轲誊壟该槛鲻垲赛。3.3.1. Concepts about cohesion and coherence37邁茑赚陉宾呗擷鹪讼凑。3.3.2. Relationship between cohesion and coherence38嵝硖贪塒廩袞悯倉華糲。3.4Discourse cohesion and coherence and business document translation39该栎谖碼戆沖巋鳧薩锭。3.5. The importance of discourse cohesion and coherence in business document translation41劇妆诨貰攖苹埘呂仑庙。Summary41臠龍讹驄桠业變墊罗蘄。Chapter Four Discourse Cohesion in Business Document Translation42鰻順褛悦漚縫冁屜鸭骞。4.1. Categories of cohesion42穑釓虚绺滟鳗絲懷紓泺。4.2. Grammatical cohesion in business document translation42隶誆荧鉴獫纲鴣攣駘賽。4.2.1. Reference in business document translation43浹繢腻叢着駕骠構砀湊。4.2.1.1. Personal reference45鈀燭罚櫝箋礱颼畢韫粝。4.2.1.2. Demonstrative reference46惬執缉蘿绅颀阳灣熗鍵。4.2.1.3. Comparative reference47贞廈给鏌綞牵鎮獵鎦龐。4.2.2. Substitution in business document translation48嚌鲭级厨胀鑲铟礦毁蕲。4.2.2.1. Nominal substitute48薊镔竖牍熒浹醬籬铃騫。4.2.2.2. Verbal substitute49齡践砚语蜗铸转絹攤濼。4.2.2.3. Clausal substitute49绅薮疮颧訝标販繯轅赛。4.2.3. Ellipsis in business document translation50饪箩狞屬诺釙诬苧径凛。4.2.4. Conjunction in business document translation51烴毙潜籬賢擔視蠶贲粵。4.2.4.1. English conjunction51鋝岂涛軌跃轮莳講嫗键。4.2.4.2. Chinese conjunction52撷伪氢鱧轍幂聹諛詼庞。4.3. Lexical cohesion in business document translation53踪飯梦掺钓貞绫賁发蘄。4.3.1. Reiteration in business document translation54婭鑠机职銦夾簣軒蚀骞。4.3.1.1. Repetition54譽諶掺铒锭试监鄺儕泻。4.3.1.2. Synonym & near-synonym55俦聹执償閏号燴鈿膽賾。4.3.1.3. Hyponym56缜電怅淺靓蠐浅錒鵬凜。4.3.2. Collocation in business document translation57骥擯帜褸饜兗椏長绛粤。4.3.2.1. Antonyms58癱噴导閽骋艳捣靨骢鍵。4.3.2.2. Oxymoron59鑣鸽夺圆鯢齙慫餞離龐。4.3.2.3. Part-whole relation59榄阈团皱鹏緦寿驏頦蕴。Summary60逊输吴贝义鲽國鳩犹騸。Chapter Five Discourse Coherence in Business Document Translation61幘觇匮骇儺红卤齡镰瀉。5.1. The importance of coherence61誦终决懷区馱倆侧澩赜。5.2. Functions of coherence62医涤侣綃噲睞齒办銩凛。5.3. Categories of coherence63舻当为遙头韪鳍哕晕糞。5.4. Local coherence and business document translation63鸪凑鸛齏嶇烛罵奖选锯。5.4.1. Cause and business document translation64筧驪鴨栌怀鏇颐嵘悅废。5.4.2. Evaluation and business document translation64韋鋯鯖荣擬滄閡悬贖蘊。5.4.3. Linkage and business document translation65涛貶騸锬晋铩锩揿宪骟。5.4.4. Expansion and business document translation66钿蘇饌華檻杩鐵样说泻。5.4.4.1. Expansion in English66戧礱風熗浇鄖适泞嚀贗。5.4.4.2. Expansion in Chinese68購櫛頁詩燦戶踐澜襯鳳。5.4.4.3. Examples of E-C business document translation69嗫奐闃頜瑷踯谫瓒兽粪。5.4.4.4. Summary70虚龉鐮宠確嵝誄祷舻鋸。5.5. Global coherence and business document translation71與顶鍔笋类謾蝾纪黾廢。5.5.1. Macrostructure and business document translation72結释鏈跄絞塒繭绽綹蕴。5.5.1.1. Linear organization & circular organization72餑诎鉈鲻缥评缯肃鮮驃。5.5.1.2. An example in E-C business document translation73爷缆鉅摯騰厕綁荩笺潑。5.5.2. Mental model and business document translation75锞炽邐繒萨蝦窦补飙赝。5.5.2.1 Abstract thinking and concrete thinking76曠戗輔鑽襉倆瘋诌琿凤。5.5.2.2. Examples in business document translation76轉厍蹺佥诎脚濒谘閥糞。Summary78嬷鯀賊沣謁麩溝赉涞锯。Conclusion79讯鎬謾蝈贺綜枢辄锁廪。Bibliography80兒躉讀闶軒鲧擬钇標藪。Appendixes83繅藺詞嗇适篮异铜鑑骠。- 95 -Preface0.1. The object of this researchThis dissertation has been one year in the writing. Sections of it have twice been written, hopefully better than the first one, which was published in Foreign Language Research Waiyu Xuekan 2008(7)：30-31.鮒簡觸癘鈄餒嬋锵户泼。The author feels that much contemporary academic theory has little to do with the practicalities of business document translation work. Therefore, in this thesis, the author makes preliminary study of business document translation from the perspectives of cohesion and coherence at textual level, expecting to provoke interest in the subject with his own superficial observations and bring out further discussions and more valuable ideas on business document translation.眯毆蠐謝银癩唠阁跷贗。0.2. Literature reviewAlthough translation is an old topic, the study of business document translation is a new field. So it is a new challenge to study business document translation from the perspectives of cohesion and coherence. As discourse analysis is in the early age, it also has some fuzziness. Especially, the study of coherence is not further and complete. Here，the author points out there are no absolutes in business document translation. Everything is conditional, and any principle may be in opposition to another or at least there may be tension between them.闵屢螢馳鑷隽劍颂崗鳳。The balance in this dissertation is not necessarily superior to that of others, but I have done my best to avoid making it excessively theoretical by using exemplification that covers the facts from the angle presented in this dissertation. It will also be noted that I do not provide precise information about where exactly I found specific examples (e.g. page numbers).檁傷葦开阈灯伞馑諧粮。0.3. An overview of the dissertation Writing a dissertation about business document translation, I am aware that this is a new profession and that the body of knowledge and of assumptions that exists about business document translation is tentative, often controversial and fluctuating. This dissertation will not cover everything in business document translation studies, not even all aspects that are worth further study. It will only focus on which I consider pertinent in the context of this dissertation.鄭饩腸绊頎鎦鹧鲕嘤錳。Comments and criticism are welcome.Chapter One Business Document Translation1.1. Translation in general100 years ago, the majority of translated texts were religious, literary, scientific and philosophical. They were mainly read by educated elite in each country. In this century, translation has become a force and an instrument of democracy. The subject matter translated has extended to the whole range of human knowledge.弃铀縫迁馀氣鰷鸾觐廩。 “It is impossible to obtain any figures about the quantity and the areas of the total mass of translation. UNESCO publishes figures for the production of original and translated books, from which it transpires that in 1973 out of a world production of 47,000 translated books, literature occupied 49%, followed by social sciences 12%, applied sciences 8.5%, geography 8%, history 7.5%, pure science 6%