如何写英语论文提纲.doc

在选题以及撰写提纲的过程中，自己对以下问题应该是“一清二楚”的：1、写作本论文的目的是什么？你想告诉别人什么？你能否用一两句话来归纳论文的中心思想？2、本论文所依据的理论是什么（简称“理据”）？你有没有一个较为明确的理论分析工具？要注意，一篇文章一般只依据一个理论，只运用一个理论分析工具，只围绕一个实践活动展开分析，不可能面面俱到。3、你的论文打算写给谁看？读者是什么人？这对写作视角、选材和写作口气都有影响。4、提纲的各个部分是否围绕大题目这个中心来展开，有无离题现象？逻辑是否严密？风格是否统一，要么全用句子，要么全用短语？一般用短语居多。第二、第三层次的小标题依此类推。层次最好不要太多，太多了会显得过于繁琐。5、要多看几篇图书馆数据库中的优秀硕博论文，借鉴别人的思维方法。对别人的提纲可以采取“拿来主义”，如果研究的对象不同，便不会出现抄袭的情况。如果研究的对象相同，则需另辟蹊径。1.9. OUTLINING1.9.1. Working OutlineSome writers like to work from an outline; others do not. For research papers, outlining can be a particularly useful intermediate activity between research and writing. You may find a series of outlines helpful, whether or not your instructor requires them, especially if you are a beginning writer of research paper. An outline will help you to get an overall view of your paper and, perhaps more important, to figure out how each section of the paper relates to the others. Thus, developing an outline can help you to see the logical progression of your argument.A working outline will make it easier to keep track of all important aspects of your subject and to focus your research on relevant topics. Continual revision of the working outline, moreover, will encourage you to change your thinking and your approach as new information modifies your understanding of the subject.1.9.2. Thesis Statement对论文中心思想的简洁陈述As you get close to writing, you can begin to shape the information you have at hand into a unified, coherent whole by framing a thesis statement for your paper: a single sentence that formulates both your topic and your view. In a sense, the thesis statement is your answer to the central question or problem you have raised. Writing this statement will enable you to see where you are heading and to remain on a productive path as you plan and write. Try out different possibilities until you find a statement that seems right for your purpose. Moreover, since the experience of writing may well alter your original plans, do not hesitate to revise the thesis statement as you write the paper. Two factors are important to the shaping of a thesis statement-your purpose and your audience;* What purpose will you try to achieve in the paper? Do you want to describe something, explain something, argue for a certain point of view, or persuade your reader to think or do something?* What audience are you writing for? Is your reader a specialist on the subject? Someone likely to agree or disagree with you? Someone likely to be interested or uninterested in the subject?The answers to these questions should to a large extent give your research the appropriate slant or point of view not just in your thesis statement but also in the final outline and the paper itself.Many instructors require students to submit thesis statements for approval some two or three weeks before the paper is due. If you have difficult writing one, talk with your instructor about the research you have done and about what you want to say; given this information, your instructor can probably help you frame an appropriate thesis statement.1.9.3. Final OutlineAfter you have a satisfactory thesis statement, you can transform your working outline into a final one. This step will help you organize your ideas and the accumulated research into a logical, fluent, and effective paper. Start by carefully reviewing all your notes to see how strongly they will support the various points in the working outline. Next, read over your working outline critically and delete everything that is irrelevant to the thesis statement or that might weaken your argument.Eliminating material is often painful since you might have a natural desire to use everything you have collected and to impress your readers (especially teacher readers) with all the work you have done and with all you now know on the subject. But you should resist these temptations, for the inclusion of irrelevant or repetitive material will detract from the effectiveness of your paper. Keep your thesis statement and your audience in mind. Include only the ideas and information that will help you accomplish what you have set out to do and that will lead your readers to care about your investigation, your presentation, and your conclusions.As you continue to read, reread, and think about the ideas and information you have decided to use, you will begin to see new connections between items, and patterns of organization will suggest themselves. Bring related material together under general headings, and arrange these sections so that one logically connects with another. Then order the subjects under each heading so that they, too, proceed logically. Finally, plan an effective introduction and a conclusion appropriate to the sequence you have worked out.Common organizing principles are chronology (useful for historical discussions-e.g., how the Mexican War developed); cause and effect (e.g., what consequences a scientific discovery will have); process (e.g., how a politician got elected); and logic, deductive or inductive. A deductive line of argument moves from the general to the specific (e.g., from the problem of violence in the United States to violence involving handguns), while an inductive one moves from the specific to the general (e.g., from violence involving handguns to the problem of violence in the United States).As you choose an organizational plan, keep in mind the method or methods you will use in developing your paper. For example, do you plan to define, classify, or analyze something? to use descriptive details or give examples? to compare or contrast one thing with another? to argue for a certain point of view? The procedures you intend to adopt will influence the way you arrange your material, and they should be evident in your outline.It is also a good idea to indicate in the outline, specifically and precisely, the quotations and reference sources you will use. All this plann