综合英语教程第五册 课后答案 课件Unit-07-the art of smart guessingppt课件.ppt

Unit7TheArtofSmartGuessing 新世纪高等院校英语专业本科生系列教材 修订版 综合教程第五册 第2版 电子教案 上海外语教育出版社 Contentspage Contents LearningObjectivesPre readingActivitiesGlobalReadingDetailedReadingConsolidationActivitiesFurtherEnhancement LearningObjectives LearningObjectives Rhetoricalskill featuresoftypicalexpositionKeylanguage grammarpointsWritingstrategies exemplificationTheme quizandanswer tosolveaFermiproblem Pre R pictureactivation Whatdoyouseefromthepicture PictureActivation Pre questions Pre R Q1 1 Whenmakingdecisions wearesupposedtorelyontheexactinformationrelevant However forreasonssuchaslackoftime orstatistics wesometimeswouldhavetoresorttoguessing Doyouoftenmakeguesses Areallyourguesses wild onesoraretheysometimesbasedonestimations PictureActivation Pre questions Opendiscussion Pre R Q2 2 Youmustknowaboutquiteanumberofgreatscientists ButyoumaynothaveheardofEnricoFermi TrytofindsomeinformationaboutEnricoFermi suchaswhoheisandforwhatcontributionhewasawardedtheNobelPrizeforPhysics PictureActivation Pre questions SeeNote5onyourstudent sbook G R textintroduction 1 Thisexpositoryessaydiscussesasignificanttopic howtohazardaguesstimatesoastosolveaFermiproblem AFermiproblemisnamedafterNobelPrize winningscientistEnricoFermi whousedFermiproblemstoteachhisstudentshowtothinkcreativelyforthemselvesandhowtoobtainapproximatelycorrectanswers AFermiproblemdoesnotcontainalltheinformationyouneedtosolveitprecisely Itpresentsaspecificquestion withorwithoutacontext butitdoesnotrequiretheexactanswer itmerelycallsforthemostapproximateanswer TextIntroduction CultureNotes Author Structure G R textintroduction 2 GroupDiscussionCanyougiveanexampleofaFermiproblem TextIntroduction CultureNotes Author Structure Asweallknow Chinahasthelargestpopulationintheworld themajorityofwhichareengagedinagriculture HowmanywomeninChinadoyouthinkengageinagriculture G R culturenotes 1 theMarianaTrench Paragraph2 adepressioninthefloorofthePacificOcean thedeepestseafloordepressionintheworld ItislocatedjusteastoftheMarianaIslandsinthewesternpartoftheoceanbasin whichembracesthedeepestpointonearth theChallengerDeep whichisestimatedtobe11 033m 36 198ft deep TextIntroduction CultureNotes Author Structure G R culturenotes 2 Fermi Enrico Paragraph9 1901 1954 Italian bornAmericanphysicistandNobelPrizewinner whomadeimportantcontributionstoboththeoreticalandexperimentalphysics Fermi sbest knowncontributionwasthedemonstrationofthefirstcontrolledatomicfissionreaction Hewonthe1938NobelPrizeinphysicsforhisworkinbombardingatomswithneutrons subatomicparticleswithnoelectriccharge TextIntroduction CultureNotes Author Structure G R culturenotes 3 StanMason Paragraph15 Bornin1921inTrenton NewJersey Masoncreatedhisfirstinventionattheageof7 aclothespinfishinglurethathesoldtohisfriends Masoncallshimself aninventorofordinary everydayproducts nothigh tech butcommon usefulthings Inthelast50years hisover100inventionsand55patentsincludethesqueezableketchupbottle granolabars heatedpizzaboxes heatproofplasticmicrowavecookware stringless Band Aid packaging dentalflossdispensers and instant splintsandcastsforbrokenlimbs TextIntroduction CultureNotes Author Structure G R authorinfo 1 BryanW Mattimore presidentofTheMattimoreGroupconsultingcompanyinStamford Connecticut majorsinappliedbusinesscreativity andhasdesignedandfacilitatedideationprogramsforsuchorganizationsasPepsiCo H agen Dazs AT T HeleneCurtis andtheU S Government TextIntroduction CultureNotes Author Structure G R authorinfo 2 AcumlaudegraduateofDartmouth hewritestheannual BreakthroughIdeas coverstoryforSuccessmagazine Heisauthorof99 Inspiration Tips Tales TechniquesforLiberatingYourBusinessCreativity 1993 fromwhichthecurrenttextistaken TextIntroduction CultureNotes Author Structure G R structuralanalysis Thetext whichcomprises20paragraphs maybedividedintothreeparts TextIntroduction CultureNotes Author Structure Part1 Part2 Part3 1 5 theintroductorypartthatprovidesthebackgroundoftheessay 6 18 significanceofsmartguessingandsolvingFermiproblem 19 20 Thewriteranswersthequestionputforwardinthebeginningandtellsushowguessworkhelpsusarriveatanapproximatelycorrectanswer DR p1text THEARTOFSMARTGUESSINGBryanW Mattimore1 Severalyearsago interviewingcandidatesforajob Igrewtiredofasking whatexperiencedoyouhave SoIdecidedonaone questionquiztofindouthowresourcefulathinkerthenewhiremightbe Hereitis DetailedReading DR p2 3text 2 YouareonayachtsailingthePacificOcean Yournavigatorannouncesyouareoverthedeepestpoint theMarianaTrench Justthen aclumsyguestaccidentallydropsa12 poundcannonballovertheside HowlongwillittakeforthecannonballtoreachthebottomoftheOcean 3 Beforereadingon pleasetrytosolvethisyourself payingspecialattentiontohowyoumightsolveit DetailedReading DR p4 5text 4 Didyoumakeacompletelywildguessbecause therewasn tenoughinformation Didyougettooboggeddowninthedetailstryingtocomeupwiththe exactlyright answer Ordidyouzeroinonthetwomostimportantproblems howdeepistheMarianaTrenchandhowfastmightacannonballfallthroughthewater thenhazardaguesstimate 5 Mostofmycandidatessimplymadeawildguess thinkingthattheycouldn tbe100 percentright Rarelywassomeonewillingtoriskanapproximation DetailedReading DR p6text 6 Whatdoesthishavetodowithbusinessorcreativity Agreatdeal Intherealworld wefrequentlyneedtomakedecisionswhenthefullinformationdoesnotexist Fromwhatfoodsweeattohowtoraiseourkids creativepeoplemustthinkforthemselves Theremaynotbethetimeorthemoneytomakesureofallyourdecisions Yourbestguesswilloftenbethebestyoucando DetailedReading DR p7text 7 Suppose forexample you vebeenaskedtowriteamarketingplanforanewtelephonedevicethatwillsendyourname company addressandtelephonenumbertoavisualdisplayorprinteronanotherperson sphone Inadditiontoconventionaloutletslikemassmerchandisersandelectronicsstores you dliketoknowthenumberof phonestores intheUnitedStates Unfortunately thisfigureisnotavailable eitherfromthemarket researchhousesorfromtheU S government Whatdoyoudo DetailedReading DR p8text 8 Onesolutionwouldbetogotoyourlocallibrary pulloutafewphonedirectoriesfromaroundthecountry turntotheYellowPagesandstartcounting Youcouldthenguesstimatehowmanystoresper100 000peopleineachofthecitiesyoucounted This bytheway isexactlywhatamarketingconsultantIknowdidforalargetelecommunicationsclient DetailedReading DR p9text 9 ThequestionaboutphonestoreswasanexampleofwhatscientistscallaFermiproblem namedafterNobelPrize winningscientistEnricoFermi whousedproblemssuchasthistoteachhisstudentshowtothinkforthemselves AFermiproblemdoesnotcontainalltheinformationyouneedtosolveitprecisely DetailedReading DR p10 1text 10 FermiissaidtohaveonceaskedhisuniversitystudentshowmanypianotunerstherewereinChicago Toanswerthequestion herecommendedbreakingitdownintosmaller moremanageablequestions andthenhavingthecouragetomakesomeguessesandassumptions HowmanypeopleliveinChicago Threemillionwouldbeareasonableestimate Howmanypeopleperfamily Assumeanaverageoffour Howmanyfamiliesownpianos Sayoneoutofthree Thentherewereabout250 000pianosinChicago Howoftenwouldeachbetuned Maybeonceeveryfiveyears DetailedReading DR p10 2text Thatmakes50 000tuningsayear Howmanypianoscanonetunertuneinaday Four Andhowmanyinayear Assuming250workingdays onetunercanhandle1 000pianosayear DetailedReading DR p11 13text 11 Sothere sworkforapproximately50pianotunersinChicago which asitturnsout isreasonablyclosetotheactualnumberintheYellowPages 12 Whywasguessworksoaccurate Thelawofaveragesispartlyresponsible Atanypoint yourassumptionsmaybetoohighortoolow Butbecauseofthelawofaverages yourmistakeswillfrequentlybalanceout 13 Here sanotherpuzzle Youprobablyalreadyknowthatblackabsorbsthemostheat whilewhitereflectsthemost Butwhatabouttheothercolorsinbetween Howcouldyoufindtheanswer Hint it swintertime butnottoocold DetailedReading DR p14text 14 BenFranklin ssolutionwaselegant Hesimplylaidbroadclothsamplesofvariouscolorsonthesnowonasunnymorning Inafewhours hereported theblack beingwarmedmostbythesun wassunksolowastobebelowthestrokeofthesun srays thedarkblue almostaslow thelighterbluenotquitesomuchasthedark theothercolors lessastheywerelighter andthequitewhiteremainedonthesurfaceofthesnow nothavingentereditatall DetailedReading DR p15 16text 15 Oneofmyfavorite guesstimators is westConnecticutinventorStanMason whodevelopedmicrowavecookwarespeciallydesignedtopositionfoodinthebestspotforcooking 16 Todothis Masonneededtoknowwherethemicrowave s hotspots were theplacewheretherayshitthefoodwiththehighestintensity Tofindout heputshelvesofunpoppedpopcornkernelsinthemicrowaveandwatchedtoseewhichkernelspoppedfirst Hediscoveredapatternintheoven shottestrays theyweren tinthecornersoratthecenter butintheshapeofamushroomcloud DetailedReading DR p17 19text 17 Thenhedesignedcookingdishestofitthepattern Hehadcomeupwitharesourcefulwaytoapproximatetheanswerratherthanusingscientificallysophisticatedtestingequipment 18 Fermiwouldhaveapproved 19 Bytheway theMarianaTrenchisaboutsixnauticalmilesdeep andacannonballdropsatarateoftenfeetpersecond Soittookthecannonballaboutanhourtoreachthebottomofthetrench DetailedReading DR p20text 20 Couldthisbeguessed IfyouknowthatEarth shighestpointMountQomolangma is29 000feet youmightreasonablyconcludethatitslowestpointwouldbeclosetothesamedistance Thenyoumightimaginethataheavyobjectwouldtakeonesecondtofallthroughthewaterofa10 foot deepswimmingpool Theseestimateswouldbringyoucloseenoughtothecorrectanswer DetailedReading DR p1 5Analysis Paragraph1 5AnalysisTheseparagraphs formingthebeginningpartofthisexpositoryessay tellusaboutthecause purpose andresultoftheone questionquizthewriterdesigned Also theone questionquizisdirectlyquoted andthreedifferentapproachestotheanswerarepresentedintheformofquestions ofwhichthethirdoneprovidesacluetotherightthinkingprocessandleadstothecorrectanswer DetailedReading DR p6 18Analysis Paragraph6 18AnalysisTheseparagraphsconstitutethesecondpartorthebodyofthisveryinformativeessay First thewriterdrawsourattentiontotheuniversallypracticalsignificanceofsmartguessing Next hegivesanexampletoshowwhatscientistscallaFermiproblem Then thewriterdefinesorexplainsitbeforeheillustratesitwithanotherfourexamples DetailedReading DR p19 20Analysis Paragraph19 20AnalysisThesetwoparagraphs theconclusionofthetext iscloselyrelatedtothebeginningpartofthisenlighteningessay Inthispart thewriterprovidesthecorrectanswertothechallengingquestionraisedinthebeginning Hepresentsnotonlythecalculatingprocess butalsothesmartguessingprocessthatleadstotherightanswer DetailedReading DR Questions p1 5a DetailedReading Paragraph1 QuestionWhyandforwhatpurposedidthewriterdecideontheone questionquiz Severalyearsbefore interviewingcandidatesforajob thewriterhadgrowntiredofasking whatexperiencedoyouhave Therefore hedecidedontheone questionquiztofindouthowresourcefulathinkerthenewhiremightbe DR Questions p1 5b a DetailedReading Paragraph5 QuestionWhatdoyouthinkoftheone questionquiz Thoughitincludesonlyonequestion thequizisabsolutelychallenging Thatwaswhymostofthecandidatessimplymadeawildguess andrarelydidsomebodyhavethecouragetoriskanapproximation Togettherightanswer youhavetoknowhowdeeptheMarianaTrenchisandhowfastacannonballmightfallthroughthewater andthenhazardaguesstimate Thisisreallybeyondthescopeoftheknowledgeofmostpeople DR Questions p1 5b b Onlythosewhoarehighlyintelligent knowledgeable andresourcefularelikelytosolvetheproblem Therefore thisone questionquizisreallyahelpfulwaytofindtalentedandresourcefulcandidates DetailedReading DR Questions p6 DetailedReading Paragraph6 QuestionWhyissmartguessinguniversallyapplicable Smartguessinghasmuchtodowithbusinessorcreativity Intherealworld wefrequentlyneedtomakedecisionswhenfullinformationisnotavailable Fromwhatfoodsweeat tohowtoraiseourkids wemustthinkcreativelyforourselves Wearenotalwaysinapositiontomaketheexactlyrightdecision Ourbestguess i e thebestapproximationwilloftenbethebestwecando DR Questions p6 18a DetailedReading Paragraph6 18 QuestionWhatdoyouthinkofthethreeactualexamplesprovidedinthebodyoftheessay ThefirstexampleisthefirstFermiproblem ItismosttypicalofFermiproblemsbecauseitinvolvesaseriesofreasonableguessesandassumptionsbeforetheapproximateanswerisavailable Thesecondexampleisequallychallengingandhighlydemanding Butthesolutionreportediselegant ThisexampleshowsthatBenFranklinisimaginativeandintelligentorresourceful DR Questions p6 18b Thelastexampleisofparticularlygreatsignificance becauseitdemonstrateshowscientificexperimentation carefulobservationandsmartapproximationhelpscientistsorinventorsmakescientificdiscoveriesorinventions DetailedReading DR Questions p20 1 DetailedReading Paragraph20 Questions1 Whatdoyouthinkoftheconclusion Theconclusionisinformative enlighteningandsatisfying forittellsuswhatweexpecttoknow Inthebeginningthechallengingquestionisputforward butnoanswerisgiven whichcreatessuspense Theconclusionremovesthesuspensebysupplyingthesolutionprocessaswellastheanswer DR Questions p20 2 DetailedReading Paragraph20 Questions2 Cananaveragepersonsolveorguessthecorrectanswertothechallengingquestion Givereasonsforyouranswer No itisimpossibleforanordinarypersontofindtherightanswerbecauseitisnotlikelyforhimtoknowthedepthoftheMarianaTrenchorthefallingrateofacannonballdroppingthroughwater Anditisabsolutelyoutofthequestionforhimtoguesstimatethecorrectanswer Onlythosewhoareimaginative knowledgeableandresourcefullikethewriterofthetextarecapableofsolvingtheFermiproblem LPT smart smartadj clever ingenious showingintelligence brightandnew looking well dressed neat DetailedReading e g Asmartstudentgaveusasmartanswer Youlookverysmartinyournewsuit LPT onequestionquiz aone questionquizaquizwhichconsistsofonequestiononly acompetitionduringwhichonlyonequestionisaskedandansweredquizn acompetition esp onTVorradio inwhichpeopletrytoanswerquestionstotesttheirknowledge DetailedReading e g ShetookpartinaquizonTVlastnight AquizadayishelpfulinourEnglishstudies LPT tofindout tofindouthowresourcefulathinkerthenewhiremightbe DetailedReading Explanation tofindoutwhethertheprospectiveemployeewouldbegoodatfindingwaysofdealingwithproblems andhowgoodheorshemightbe LPT resourceful resourcefuladj cleveratfindingwaysofdoingthings DetailedReading e g Thesenatorisakeen resourcefulpolitician Heisthemostresourcefulandwell suppliedcookinthetown Aresourcefulmaniscleverandquickatfindingwaysofdoingthings LPT hire hiren apersonhiredtowork hiring obtainingtheuseofsth ortheservicesofsb temporarilyandesp forashortperiodoftimeinreturnforpayment DetailedReading e g Thenewhireisaresourcefulman Wehadthehireofacarforaweek Thissuitisonhire Thesebicyclesareforhire onepoundanhour LPT yacht yachtn alightsailingboat esp onebuiltspecificallyforracing largeusu power drivenvesselusedforprivatepleasureorcruising DetailedReading e g Sheparticipatedintheyachtraceandcarriedoffthefirstprize Becarefulwiththepronunciationofthewordyacht LPT navigator navigatorn apersonwhonavigates personwhofindsthepositionandplotsthecourseofaship car plane etc byusingmapsandinstruments personwhosteersashiporpilotsaplane DetailedReading e g Whichofficerintheshipisthenavigator WhichnavigatorfirstnavigatedtheAtlantic LPT trench trenchn along narrowusu deepditch thiskindofditchdugbytroopstostandinandbeshelteredfromenemyfire alongnarrowdeepdepressionintheoceanbed DetailedReading e g Thevillagersdugachest highirrigationtrench Thesoldierswerefightingheroicallyinthetrenches TheMarianaTrenchisthedeepestdepressioninthebedofthePacificOcean LPT accidentally accidentallyadv unexpectedlyorbychance byaccident DetailedReading e g Shemetwithherformerboyfriendaccidentally Thechildfellintothepondaccidentally LPT cannonball cannonballn alargemetalballfiredfromacannon DetailedReading LPT awildguess awildguessafoolishorunreasonableguess guesswhichisnotcarefullyaimedorplanned DetailedReading e g Howcouldyoubelievehim Hisanswerwasonlyawildguess LPT bogdown bogsth down usu passive tocausesth tosinkintomudorwetground fig causesth tobecomestuckandunabletomakeprogress DetailedReading e g Thetruckgotboggeddowninthemud Ourdiscussionsgotboggeddowninirrelevantdetails Wewereboggeddownwithalotofwork LPT zeroinon zeroinonsb sth toaimguns etc atorfindtherangeofaparticulartarget fixattentiononsb orsth focusonsb orsth DetailedReading e g Thefemalespyzeroedinonthespeakerandfiredafewbulletsandfinishedherjob Aftermakingafewpreliminaryremarks thechairmanzeroedinonthekeyissues LPT hazard hazardvt toexposetodanger risk venturetomake suggesttentatively DetailedReading e g Rocket climbersarehazardingtheirlives Idon tknowwhereheis butIcouldhazardaguess Despitetheriskthemanhazardedatry LPT thinkingthatiftheycouldnot thinkingthatiftheycouldn tbe100 percentright DetailedReading consideringthattheycouldn tbecompletelyrightanyway Paraphrase LPT toriskan toriskanapproximationtoriskorhazardanestimatethatisnotexactlyrightbutnearlyso DetailedReading e g Inthefaceofourcross questioningofhowmuchwastobespentonhisnewproject heriskedanapproximationof 500 000 LPT yourbestguesswilloften Yourbestguesswilloftenbethebestyoucando DetailedReading Yourmostreasonableguesswilloftenbetheutmostyoucando Paraphrase LPT marketingplan marketingplan aplanaboutcommercialselling planasregardsconditionsoropportunitiesforbuyingandsellingaproduct DetailedReading LPT visualdisplay visualdisplay adevicewhichdisplaysdataonascreen DetailedReading LPT conventionaloutlets conventionaloutlets traditionalshopswhichsellgoodsmadebyaparticularcompanyoutletn awayout forwater steam etc meansofreleasing energy strongfeelings etc commerce shop etc thatsellsgoodsmadebyaparticularcompany DetailedReading e g Thiscreekistheoutletofthelake Childrenneedanoutletfortheirenergy Thiscosmeticsfirmhas34outletsinBritain LPT massmerchandisers massmerchandiserslargenumbersofshopsorstoresthatbuyandsellgoods DetailedReading LPT guesstimate guesstimaten anapproximatecalculationofthesizeoramountofsth whenyoudonotknowallthefacts DetailedReading e g IcouldmakeonlyaguesstimateoftheexpenditureifwewouldspendoneweekinRome Currentguesstimatesarethattheoilpricewillincreaseby10 nextweek LPT marketingconsultant marketingconsultantanexpertwhogivesadviceonmarket