高考作文之结构—议论文 Essay.docx

高考作文之结构议论文 Essay 议论文是以议论为主要表达方式，通过摆事实、讲道理表达自己的观点、态度和主张的一种文体。议论文必须有论题。论题指议论的题目，是要证明的事理，要讨论的问题。议论文在现实生活中十分常见，演说稿、评论、杂文、读后感等都属于议论文范畴。议论文三要素论点：要阐明的观点。可以是题目，也可以在文章开头、中间或者结尾出现。论点必须正确。论据：用来证明观点的依据。既要可靠又要充分，事实胜于雄辩，是最好的论据。论证：用来证明论点的方法（包括步骤）、手段。 论证的方法多种多样，常用的方法有： 1. 归纳法：从分析典型，即分析个别事物入手，找出事物的共同特点，然后得出结论。 2. 推理法：从一般原理出发，对个别事物进行说明、分析，而后得出结论。 3. 对照法：对所有事实、方面进行对照，然后加以分析，得出结论。 4. 驳论法：先列出错误的观点，然后加以逐条批驳，最后阐明自己的观点。议论文写作要求论点正确，态度鲜明；论据可靠，材料翔实论证严密，逻辑严谨；语言精炼，准确易懂高考议论文的篇章结构开头：简单解释要讨论的主题。主体：文章的主要部分，运用材料对观点进行论证。层次分明，一个中心论点通常有几个分论点支持，不同层次之间要分明，过渡清晰自然。一般一个论点可提出两到三个论据，并分别用一两句话进行阐述。结尾：用一两句话提出自己的看法、意见或建议，从而对主体部分作出概况，得出一个符合逻辑的结论，突出中心思想。注意要与开头段呼应，但不能照搬原句。范例一 2008上海Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 你班将组队参加学校组织的集体舞比赛（group dancing competition），班长希望大家积极参加。对此谈谈你的想法。你的文章必须包括以下内容：你是否会参加比赛；你做出该决定的具体理由。_One possible version: As is known to us all, there will be a group dancing competition in our school next month. Our monitor called on all of us to take an active part in it. While quite a few people have decided not to participate, I have entered for it with great pleasure.Personally thinking, a group dance is quite a good form of entertainment as well as exercise, which brings us not only mental benefits but physical ones. Besides, dancing a group dance calls for teamwork, one of the qualities we will need for our future careers. Thirdly, by practicing it, our classmates can develop a better relationship between each other, helping each other and encouraging each other. Last but not the least, this is a good chance for us to win honor for our class.For the reasons above, it is no surprise that I am so passionate for the group dancing competition.范例二 2008浙江 人们完成工作的方式通常有两种：独立完成和合作完成。两种方式各有特点。请你以“Working Individually or Working in a Team”为题，按照以下要点写一篇英语短文：1. 独立完成：自行安排、自己解决问题。2. 合作完成：一起讨论、相互学习3. 我喜欢的方式和理由注意：词数100-120，文章的题目和开头已给出（不计词数）。Working Individually or Working in a TeamThere are basically two ways to get work done. _One possible version:Working Individually or Working in a TeamThere are basically two ways to get work done. One is to work individually. In this way, people can decide for themselves when to start work and how to do it. Whats more, they will be able to learn bow to solve problems on their own.People may also choose to work in a team, where they can learn from each other and help each other. Besides, they may work out better ways to get work done by discussion.Personally, I prefer to work in a team, which offers me a chance to learn how to get along with others and to share my experiences with them. As the work can be divided among several people, it can be done efficiently. Teamwork is always important.附录-议论文结构模板一、要求论述两个对立的观点并给出自己的看法。（整篇文章可分三部分：引出讨论主题A方观点及论据B方观点及论据结果及体会） The topic of 主题 is becoming more and more popular recently. There are two sides of opinions of it. Some people say A is heir favorite. They hold their view for the reason of 支持A的理由一 What is more, 理由二 . Moreover, 理由三 . While others think that B is a better choice in the following three reasons. Firstly, 支持B的理由一 . Secondly (besides), 理由二 . Thirdly (finally), 理由三 . From my point of view, I think 个人观点 . The reason is that 原因 . As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my choice. For me, the former is surely a wise choice. 或者There is a widespread concern over the issue that 主题 . But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that 观点一 . In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, 理由一 . Furthermore, in the second place, 理由二 . So it goes without saying that 观点二 . People,however,differintheiropinionsonthismatter.Somepeoplehold the idea that 观点二 . In their point of view, on the one hand, 理由一 . On the other hand, 理由二 . Therefore, thereis nodoubtthat 观点二 . As far as I am concerned, Ifirmlysupporttheviewthat 观点一或二 .Itis not only because 理由二 , but also because 理由二 . The more 理由二 , the more 理由二 . 二、给出一个观点，要求考生反对这一观点。 Some people believe that 观点 . For example, they think 举例说明（可包含多个例子） . And it will bring them 为他们带来的好处 . In my opinion, I never think this reason can be the point. For one thing, 反对的理由一 . For another thing, 反对的理由二 . Form all that I have said, I agree to the thought that 对文章讨论主题的相反看法 .三、利弊型的议论文要求先说明一下现状，再对比事物本身的利弊，有时也会单从一个角度（利或弊）出发，最后往往要求考生表明自己的态度（或对事物前景提出预测） 1. 说明事物现状。2. 事物本身的优缺点（或一方面）。 3. 你对现状（或前景）的看法。 Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that) 议题 . In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in 议题 . Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly, 优点一 . And secondly 优点二 . Just As a popular saying goes, every coin has two sides, 议题 is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with, 缺点一 . In addition, 缺点二 . To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of 议题 into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the 议题 . 或者Nowadays many people prefer 议题 because it has a significant role in our daily life. Generally, its advantages can be seen as follows. First 优点一 . Besides 优点二 . But every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. One of the important disadvantages is that 缺点一 . To make matters worse, 缺点二 . Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects overweigh the negative ones. Therefore, I would like to 个人看法 . From the comparison between these positive and negative effects of A, we should take it reasonably and do it according to the circumstances we are in. Only by this way, 对前景的预测 .四、解决方法型议论文（答题性议论文） 要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径。1. 问题现状。 2. 怎样解决（解决方案的优缺点）。Currently, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that) 议题 . It is really an important concern to every one of us. As a result, we must spare no efforts to take some measures to solve this problem. As we know that there are many steps which can be taken to undo this problem. First of all, 途径一 . In addition, another way contributing to success of the solving problem is 途径二 . Above all, to solve the problem of 作文题目 , we should find a number of various ways. But as far as I am concerned, I would prefer to solve the problem in this way, that is to say, 方法 . 或者In recent days, we have to face I problem 议题 , which is becoming more and more serious. First, 现状 . Second, 进一步举例说明现状 . Confronted with A, we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing, 解决办法一 . For another 解决办法二 . Finally, 解决办法三 . Personally, I believe that 我赞成的解决办法 . Consequently, Im confident that a bright future is awaiting us because 带来的好处 .五、阐述主题型议论文（谚语警句性议论文）要求从一句话或一个主题出发，按照提纲的要求进行论述。1. 阐述名言或主题所蕴涵的意义。2. 分析并举例使其更充实。 It is well know to us that the proverb: “ 名言或谚语 ” has a profound significance and value not only in our job but also in our study. It means 谚语的含义 . The saying can be illustrated through a series of examples as follows. ( also theoretically ) A case