商务英语类专业毕业论文指定题目型.doc

On Translation Techniques and Process（论文题目为小二号黑体字，顶部居中，上下各空一行。）Introduction（大标题为小三号黑体字，上下各空一行，居中。）Translation is a very important communication tool for humans, which has been widely used in politics, economy, culture, science, technology and military affairs. This paper mainly explores its function in business. The translation in this area becomes more and more important in China when dealing with different countries in the worldglobal economy. It is possible that translation is the product of internationalization which promotes the communications among the different countries. Meanwhile, techniques in translating play the most important role on the whole process, while the work of understanding takes the most important role on translation. (正文用四号宋体（汉语）或Times New Roman英语，每段起首空两格，回行顶格，单倍行距。每页30行，每行2930汉字或11个英语单词左右。)1 The Stage of Preparation（大标题为小三号黑体字，上下各空一行，居中。下同。）Traditionally, translators simply divide the translation into three parts: understanding, expression and revision; it neglects the stage of preparation. But, in my opinion, the work of preparation is essential to the whole process.For translation is a cross-cultural communication (translation is to turn from one language into another, or to turn into ones own or another language) and the language is the product of social and cultures development, thus no language can be separated from its social and cultural environment. Translations must be expressed by the language, and therefore, the translator must be very familiar with the social and cultural environment which the original works refers to. And the translator must be good at his own nations language. The great Chinese translator Lei Fu has noted that the only way to translate well is to read the original works three or four times in order that you are familiar with it while translating. For instance, while the elder generation translators Xianyi Yang and his wife Naidie Dai were translating the Chinese classical novel A Dream of Red mansions into English, both of them made abundant study of the textual，they got such a great success not only depending on the translators language accomplishment but also depending on the adequate preparation, especially in the aspect of culture. So did his sister Yi Yang, when she started to translated the novel Wuthering Heights. T film based on this novel has had a Chinese name Pao Xiao Shan Zhuang. However, she did not simply name the novel by following the film name, but she did a serious study on the authors purpose and her living environment in this novel. Finally she got the translation: Hu Xiao Shan Zhuang. Then we can conclude that being familiar with the background information about the original woks plays a vital role on good translation. So the first work of translation is the work of preparation.2The Stage of UnderstandingIn European and American laws, the translator has the contingent liability, which means that the translator has to accept the responsibility for the consequences of an error. So does in China. Thus the translator must have a correct understanding of the subject matter which is the subject of the translation. And the stage of understanding is an important stage on the whole translating process, which means that the good expression based on the correct understanding. There would be no correct and good expression without the correct understanding. Sometimes, the aim of understanding on translation is the traditional principle of “faithfulness” which requires that the translation must be faithful to the original works, so Xun Lu called that as “Rather be Faithful Than Smooth”. Therefore, the understanding is very important and is an essential element on translating process. The stage of understanding includes the understanding of the word meaning in the specific environment, the understanding of the logic relations, linguistic culture and the understanding on reference things of original works.2.1. The understanding of the words meaning in the specific environmentSometimes, the same words in different context get the different even contrary meaning. So the translator must understand the concrete meaning the words that showed and analyze the context to get the right expression, as the words goes: no context, no text. There are some examples that follows:例1Careers officers complain about our educational system that presents them with schoolleavers, without ideas for employment.Translation goes as:（1）负责就业的官员抱怨，我们现在的教育制度在向社会提供毕业生时根本没有就业观念。（2）负责就业的官员抱怨，我们现在的教育制度在向社会提供的毕业生根本没有就业观念。 The former one takes “without ideas for employment” as adverbial modifier, modifying the verb“presents”, while the latter one takes“without ideas for employment”as attribute, modifying the noun: “School-leavers”. Without the context, we may think two kinds of translation both are right, but the following sentence of this sentence is: Employers deplore the fact that teenagers are unable to spell and write and calculate. Clearly, it means the problems occur on the young, and thus, the latter translation is right.例2I never had much in seeing you. There was no love lost between us at any time.Translation goes “我向来不大想见到你，咱们两人之间大概什么时候都不曾有过好感。”（没有爱可以失去）例3We grumble a little now and then, to be sure. But there is no love lost between us. Translation goes “ 当然咯，我们有时也免不了争论几句，但是我们还是相亲相爱。”（没有失去爱） “There is no love lost between us” exists in both of the sentences but gets the contrary meaning. In instance 3 it means there is no love and emotion available between us. In instance 4 it means the love always exists. According to the concrete context we get the contrary meaning: the former “I had never much in seeing you” and the latter “but” help us to understand the concrete meaning of the same words.例4The slums offered an ugly contrast to the classical grandeur of official Washington. Translation goes as :贫民窟和辉煌的华盛顿官府建筑形成了很难看的对比。例5The baseball season opens this afternoon and I suspect that most of official Washington out at the field, including the President and many of the members of the cabinet.The translation goes: 本赛季的棒球比赛将于今天下午开始，我猜想华盛顿政府的大部分官员都去看比赛去了，包括总统和许多部长在内。Each of the sentences has the “official Washington” which has the very different meaning. The first “official Washington” means the tall building of the Washington government because the sentence shows the comparison between the slums and the governments construction. As for the second “official Washington” we can get the meaning of the government of USA through the words “the President and many of the members of the cabinet.Seen from the above examples, we can learn that the understanding of the words meaning in the specific environment is vital to the translation.2.2. The understanding of the logic relations in the original workSince language is the expression of thought, the translator must pay much attention to the logic relations, especially the relations remaining among the words, the sentences, the two contexts, or you will easily make mistakes in translating.If you read these words “when he was a young fellow in the sixties” you will be puzzled about it: how can a man in the sixties be considered as a young fellow? What a paradox it is! Without thinking of the logic relation the paradoxical conclusion we will get. Obviously, the word “sixties” is the key words of this sentence. In this sentence the word “sixties” does not means the mans actual age but means the time. So the sentence can be considered as “在60年代他还年轻时”. In another instance “The earth does not move round in the empty space.” The word “not” plays the same part as the last sentence. How can we consider this sentence? Obviously, we can not translate it as “地球在空无一物的空间里是不会运转的”。The correct expression should be “地球不是在空无一物的空间里运转。”As we know the earth always moves and also the space is not empty. 2.3. The understanding of the linguistic cultureThe translator must understand the meaning of words, the structure of sentence and usages of the original works in link with the context of the passage. For instance:例6. Suddenly the line went away. “Im going back,” said Kuth. “We must have a break somewhere, wait for me. Ill be back in five minutes.”引爆电线突然耷拉下来，库尔思说：“我回去看看，一定是哪个地方断了.等一等，我五分钟就回来”.However, someone translated “We must have a break somewhere” into “we must find a place to have a rest” mistakenly. That is because he does not understand the meaning of the word“break”in the context. The word has two kinds of meaning: the one can be translated as “break away”, and the other can be translated as “have a rest”. 例7. It will strengthen you to know that your distinguished career is widely respected and appreciated.当您认识到您的杰出事业是如此广泛地受到人们的尊敬和赞赏时，您就会为自己增添力量.The original sentence came from a complimentary letter which was written by the former president of America whose name is Nixon to a seriouslysick person who was a brilliant Journalist in America. However, someone mistook this sentence for:“这样会使你更加认识到，你的杰出的事业是如此广泛地受到人们的尊敬和赞赏”.2.4. The understanding of reference things on original worksIt often has such a situation that the translators usually can correctly analyze the linguistic culture and logic relations of original works , but they are unfamiliar with the objective things reflected by original works, such as the peculiar thing the background of history the allusions and so on. So the translators have difficulty in translating. Here are several examples following to explain it.例8. John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game.Someone perhaps does not know the phrases “to eat no fish” and “to play the game” are separately come from Allusion and Idiom. So they translate them into “he never eats fish and often plays games” by wordforword translation. In fact “to eat no fish” is from an allusion that means the men in sorrow in order to show their loyalty to the government, refusing to follow the custom that eating the fish only in Friday which was ruled by Romanist. Then “to eat no fish” stands for “loyalty”. “To play the game” and “to play fair(规规矩矩比赛)”have the same meaning, so its transferred meaning is “to be a honest man ”In our daily life we may often come across the idioms, the allusions, the proverbs and the colloquialisms. Now I will take some in the following.例9. If you run after two hares, you will catch neither. (同时追两只兔子，全都抓不住)。例10. Like father like son.（有其父比有其子）。例11.Barking dogs do not bite (吠犬不咬人).例12.Half a loaf is better than no bread. (半块面包总比没有好)。例13.Diamond cut diamond. （强中自有强中手）例14. Better to reign in hell than serve in heaven. (宁为地狱主,不当天堂仆)例15.You can take a horse to the water but cant make it drink .（老牛不喝水, 不可强按头,即不能强人所难）例16.Let anothers shipwreck be your seamark. (前车之覆,后车之鉴)例17.Care killed the cat. (忧能伤人)例18.In the end things will mend (车到山前必有路)According to the above, it seems that we can get such conclusion that understanding is the first step of expression no matter what the original is. 3.The Stage of ExpressionAny translation should be expressed by language. This chapter will discuss the ways of expression and the uses about them. 3.1. The basic ways of expressionThere are two ways of expression: Literal translation (also called word-for-word translation) and Free translation. Generally speaking, for the sentence with simple grammar and structure, one should use the Literal Translation. For instance:This is a book /I am a student. (这是本书，我是学生).But on the condition that the sentence holding the profound sense or some special meaning (such as “cats paw, Achilles heel”), Free Translation should be adopted. But sometimes both of them adopted in the same sentence or discourse(text 语篇) . In the classic novel The Old Man and Sea occur such words:例19. Some one asked the old man “How much did you suffer?”有人问老人：“你吃了多少苦啊？” “Plenty.” The old man said.“真是一言难尽啊。”老人说。The Literal translation can be used in the first sentence as it is simple, but in the second one the Free Translation should be adopted as it has the word “plenty” which implies the old man spent so many days in the sea, lonely, hungry, and thirsty.3.2. “Literal” or “Free” As for the Literal Translation and Free Translation, we can not tell which is better when we translating. In fact which method used should depend on the passage needs. Now I will take several examples to explain it.The literal translation and the free translation should be used in separation:It is well-known that Hitler was armed to the teeth when he launched the Second World War, but in after years, he was completely defeated. While translating the words “armed to the teeth” which is an emphasis and as a specific description about Hitlers cruel, the Literal translation should be adopted rather than the Free Translation. Some interrelated information pointed out that the word “armed to the teeth” adopted the Literal translation before 1949 when The Republic of China had not been founded. After 1949,Chinas translators adopted the literal translation all the time, and thus, the translation of the words “armed to the teeth ” should be translated as:武装到牙齿。The sentence “Dont cross the bridge till you get to it” holds so profound meaning that using the literal translation will not express the profound meaning as using free translation. Thus, the translator will choose the free translation rather than literal translation (“不要自找麻烦”而不是“到了桥边才过桥”) .Both the literal translation and the free translation are used in some sentences, e.g.例20.Ruth was upsetting the other children so I showed her the door 鲁丝一直在扰乱别的孩子，我就把她撵了出去。This is an example that both the literal translation and the free translation are used in this sentence. The former part is literal translation, while the latter part is the free translation. If one translate the latter part “so I showed her the door into “我把她带到门上”or “我把门指引给她看”,then he/she can not clearly express original meaning.So in the process of translation we should learn how to choose the methods of translation.4. The Stage of RevisionTranslation as a cross-culture communication in order to avoid the communication failure and culture shock, the stage of revision is essential to the translator as the last work on translating process. Through the revision the translator can make the translation more correct and “elegant”. For instance, while people translate the film Blood and Sand, one translation is: Xue He Sha，the other is: Bi Xue Huang Sha. The moment the reader sees the latter he will be captured by it. The process of revision suggested by the elder generation translator Ying Cao is that the translator should revise the Manuscript of a Translation after it has been accomplished. That is, read the translation three or four times and revise the mistakes found and take your translation to some experienced readers to find and revise the mistakes you have not find.ConclusionSeen from the previous chapters, the whole procedures of translation include four stages: the preparation, understanding, expression and revision. Although some experts consider the whole process just have three stages: the understanding, expression and revision. In the authors opinion, the stage of preparation is necessary as the translation is transfer one language to another or more that means translation is a cross-cultural communication. Without abundant preparation, some idioms and allusions will not be understood correctly and well. The culture shock and communication failure is likely to come up, and the misunderstanding brings serious result, especially in the Business English. The author considered that the most important stage in the