实用英语写作--主题句的制约点.ppt

ThefundamentalskillsofEnglishwritingThecontrollingideaofthetopicsentence 主题句的制约点 Howtomakethecontrollingideasinthesentence主题句由两部分组成 即主题 topic 和制约点 中心思想 controllingidea 中心思想的作用是导向 control 和制约 limit 我们前面谈到的关键词就反映了中心思想 所谓导向就是规定段落的发展脉络 所谓制约就是限制主题的覆盖范围 两者不可分割 没有导向 内容就会离题或偏题 没有制约 内容就可能超出一个段落所能容纳的范围 因此 紧紧把握主题句中controllingidea的导向和制约作用 是短文写作成功关键之一 Howtomakethecontrollingideainthesentence You dbetterfindapointnotalinetofocuson Forexample Mymotherhaspassedalongtomerulesforgettingalongwithothers Revisedsentences 1 Mymotherhaspassedalongtomecertainrulesforgettingalongwithothers 2 Mymotherhaspassedalongtomeseveralrulesforgettingalongwithothers Mymotherhaspassedalongtomecertainrulesforgettingalongwithothers Don targuewithparents theywillthinkyoudon tlovethem Don targuewithchildren theywillthinkthemselvesvictimized Don targuewithspouses theywillthinkyouareatiresomemate Don targuewithstrangers theywillthinkyouarenotfriendly Mymother srules infact canbesummedupintwowords Don targue 主题句中提出的 certainrules 指的是什么 展开句中通过四个 Don targue 逐一加以交代 从结构来看 这是一个比较典型的段落 它包括了主题句 推展句和结论句 即本段中的末句 3 Exerciseisbeneficialtoyou Exerciseisbeneficialtoyourheart Exerciseisbeneficialtobothyourmindandyourbody 4 InmylifeIhavereadmanygoodbooks InmylifeIhavereadmanygoodbooksthatreallyhavepositivelyinfluencedme Exerciseisbeneficial Exerciseisbeneficialtoyourheart Exerciseisbeneficial 这是毫无疑义的 但主题句中如不加上 toyourheart 来加以control和limit 那就流于空泛 Exerciseisbeneficialtoyourheart A22 yearstudywasconductedbydoctorsinCalifornia Theyfoundthatpeoplewhoworkatphysicaljobsexperiencefewerheartattacksthanotherpeople Theseactivepeopleworkallthetimeatmoderatespeeds theirdailyroutinegivesthemanadequateamountofexerciseandhelpsthemstayinshape 段落的主题句对主题的限定主要是通过句中的关键词来表现的 关键词要尽量写得具体些 对 具体 的要求包括两个方面 一是要具体到能控制和限制段落的发展 二是要具体到能说明段落发展的方法 准确地把握关键词是清楚地表达段落主题 写好段落主题句的重要前提之一 我们再看下列例句 Hecanfixabicyclehimself 斜体部分应为主题句中的关键词 但它只是限制了段落发展的部分内容 并没有告诉读者该用哪种方法展开 是用因果关系法还是用分类法 修正 Hecanfixabicyclehimselfinseveralsimplesteps 修正 Thereareseveralreasonswhyhecanfixabicyclehimself Shetriestoimproveherlooks 斜体部分应为主题句中的关键词 她试着改变她面容的理由是什么 或者她采取什么方法来改善呢 我们无法从关键词中清楚得知 修正 Shetriesmanywaystoimproveherlooks 修正 Therearesomereasonswhyshetriestoimproveherlooks Somepeopleholdthatautomobileswillgiverisetoproblems Revisedsentences Somepeopleholdthatautomobileswillgiverisetoaseriesofproblems Somepeopleholdthatautomobileswillgiverisetoaseriesofproblemssuchasmoreseriousenvironmentalpollution moretrafficaccidentsandmoreenergyconsumption Besides thereare1 3billionpeopleinChina Ifeveryfamilyownedacar toomanycarswouldrunonthisland whichwillcertainlyleadtotrafficcongestionandposegreatthreattotheexistenceofthepeople Therefore theyareagainstdevelopingprivatecarsinChina Nowadaysmoreandmoremoviesofviolenceareproduced Revisedsentences Nowadaysmoreandmoremoviesofviolenceareproducedassomepeopleenjoythem Nowadaysmoreandmoremoviesofviolenceareproducedassomepeopleenjoythem Accordingtotheiropinion moviesofviolenceareexcitingandthereforepeopleeasilykilltheirtimebywatchingthem Someothersevengofurthertoarguethatmoviesofviolencealsoencourageustotakethelawintoourhandsandtoarmourselvesincaseweareattacked Practice Revisedthesetopicsentencestonarrowthefocusbystressacontrollingidea 1 CartoonstobetelevisedonTVshouldbecensored 2 Peoplecouldenjoytheirleisuretimebetter 3 TheUnitedNationsshouldtakeastrongerroleinworldaffairs 4 Practicalactivitiesduringschoolyearsareuseful 5 Humorisgoodtopeople Revisedsentences 1 CartoonstobetelevisedonTVshouldbecensoredincasethatchildrencouldbeinfluencedbyunhealthyones 2 PeoplecouldenjoytheirleisuretimebetteriftheywatchTVless 3 TheUnitedNationsshouldtakeastrongerroleinworldaffairs especiallyintakingprecautionsagainstterrorincidents suchas HorrorAttack911 4 Practicalactivitiesduringschoolyearsareusefulforone spersonality 5 Humorisgoodtopeople sbodyandmind Assignment Invitation 谨订于2月15日 星期四 下午6时在亨顿北区第五大街10号举行晚宴 敬请光临 此致亨利 金先生和夫人敬请回复电话 22 6655802l服装 礼服乔治 史密斯先生和夫人2月9日 Mr andMrs GeorgeSmithRequestthepleasureofMr andMrs HenryKing sCompanyatdinnerintheirhomeAtsixo clockp m onThursday February15At10theFifthStreetHendonNorthR S V P Tel 22 66558021 Dress FormalFebruary9 February9DearMr andMrs King Willyougiveusthepleasureofyourcompanyatdinnerat10the5thStreetHendonNorthonThursday February15 atsixo clock Anearlyreplywilloblige Yourscordially GeorgeSmith Practice 1 查尔斯 怀特博士及夫人邀请约翰 史密斯先生光临9月8日星期6晚7 30在中国大酒店举行的鸡尾酒会 敬请光临 请着正装出席 回复地址 中山路80号2 英语协会谨于4月10日星期天晚上8点在南湖会堂举行英语晚会 敬请陈晓君校长光临 Dr AndMrs CharlesWhiteRequestthepleasureofMr JohnSmith sCompanyatacocktailAt7 30p m onSaturday theeighthofSeptemberAtChinaHotelR S V P Dress Formal80ZhongshanRoadSeptember1 TheEnglishAssociationcordiallyinvitesVicePresidentChenXiaojunToattendEnglishPartyOnSundayevening Aprilthetenth ateighto clockNanhuHall Section2LettersofCongratulationLettersofcongratulationsarecommonletterswrittenforsocialcontacts Youneedtoconveycongratulationstofriends relatives colleagues customers clients andotherbusinessassociatesabouttheirgoodnews suchasbirths weddings promotion andnewbusiness Sendingcongratulationsisathoughtfulgoodwillgesture foracongratulationsletteraddsaglowtoanypersonorbusinessrelationship TheelementsofCongratulations plimentaryClose5 signature Processofwriting 1 Usetheword congratulations earlyinyourletter 2 Mentionthereasonwhyyoucongratulatesomeone suchasgraduation promotion honor baby etc 3 Ifnecessary tellwhereyoulearnedaboutthegoodnews Ifyoureaditinthenewspaper enclosetheclippingoraphotocopyofit 4 Ifappropriate relateananecdote sharedmemoryorreflectionthathassomebearingontheoccasion 5 Closeyourletterwithwishesforthepersonorexpressionsofyourconfidence wishthepersoncontinuedsuccessandhappiness expressyourconfidenceinabrightfuture assurethepersonofyourlove affection admiration warmthinterest delight pleasureorcontinuedbusinesssupport Noteonwriting 1 Thelanguageofcongratulationsisalwayspositive Evenwhenyouareclosetothepersonyouarewriting makeyourcongratulatoryletterbriefandsomewhatformal 2 Don tindulgeinexcessiveflattery 3 Don tmakeyourcongratulatorylettersdodoubleduty 4 Don ttalkabout luck whenyoucongratulatesomeone Ifyoudoso itimpliesthatchanceratherthantalentandhardworkwasresponsibleforthesuccess 5 Don tinadvertentlyputtinganegativespinonyourcongratulations Suchas Iwouldneverhavethoughtyoucoulddoit DearAnneandJesse Weweredelightedtoreceivetheannouncementofyourmarriageintoday smail DavidandIconveytoyouoursincerecongratulationsandbestwishesforeveryhappinessthatlifecanbringyou Affectionately Jerry DearDr Harmon I mverygladtocongratulateyouonyourhavingreceivedadoctorateinphysicsfromHarvardUniversity Iknowthishasmeantyearsofstudyandhardworkonyourpart andit sanachievementyoucanwellbeproudof Mybestwishestoyou Sincerelyyours Franklin DearBarbara IrememberthatyourbirthdayisaroundthecornerandIsupposeyouarecarefullyplanningtocelebrateit Asmystudiespreventmefromcomingtoyourbirthdayparty Icannotbuttowritethislettertoextendtoyoumysincerecongratulationsandbestwishesformanyhappyreturnsofyourbirthday Affectionately JudyLin DearMr Flynn Ireadinthismorning spaperthatafter15 yearcooperationwithCourtwayandPratt youarebranchingoutforyourselfandopeningyourownadvertisingagency Iwouldliketoaddmycongratulationstothemanyyoumustbereceiving I msurethenewagencywillbeagreatsuccess Isincerelyhopeyouwillfindinthisnewventurethehappinessandsatisfactionyousorichlydeserve Cordiallyyours GordonKang UsefulExpressions MayeveryhappinessbeyoursonthisWeddingDay Letmesendmyloveandcongratulationstoyouandyourgroom 值此婚礼佳节 祝你幸福 请接受我对你和新郎的衷心祝贺 Congratulationstoyouandbestwishestoyourlovelyfianc e 向你和你的未婚妻表示祝贺并致以良好的祝愿 Letmeofferyoumywarmestcongratulationsonthehappyoccasion 值此大喜之际 请接受我热烈的祝贺 Letmeofferyoumysincerestcongratulationsonthearrivalofyourson 衷心地祝贺你喜得贵子 Wishingyoumanyhappyreturnsofyourbirthday 衷心祝你健康长寿 Allmyfamilyuniteandjoinwithmeinsendingyouheartygreetingsonyourhappybirthday 我们全家都祝你生日愉快 Iamsurethatthehonorhasbeensolelyonthegroundofyourpersonalmerits 我深信这一殊荣完全是你勤奋的结果 Itmeansmorework morefunandmorepay Goodlucktoyou 这意味着更多的工作 更多的快乐 更多的报酬 祝你好运 Ihavereceivedwithgreatdelightthegoodnewsofyourgraduationfromtheuniversity Allowmetocongratulateyouonthissuccess 你大学毕业的好消息使我快乐极了 祝贺你 Heartiestcongratulationsuponyourgraduation mayyourfuturebeassuccessfulasyourcollegedays 衷心祝贺你大学毕业 也祝你的前途像你的大学生活一样顺利成功 Itisgreatlyrejoicingformetohearthatyouhavegotwellenoughtoleavehospital 欣喜你康复出院 至感慰藉 Ihastentocongratulateyouonyourmovingintoyournewresidence 你乔迁新居 匆致此函 以表祝贺 Heartygreetingsonyoursettlingdowninyournewly builthouse 衷心祝贺你定居新屋 Section3LettersofThanks DearSusan Thankyouverymuchforthecloisonn vasesyouandBillsent It soneofthenicestweddinggiftswehavereceived Bobsendsthankstoo wehopeyou llcomesoonandseehowlovelythevaseslookonthetableinourbridalchamber Youjustcouldn thavemadeabetterchoice Withlovefrombothofus Rose DearKate I dlikeyoutoknowhowmuchtheweekendatyourlovelyhousehasmeanttome Inotonlyenjoyedmyselfimmensely butfeltrelaxedandrefreshedasIhaven tfeltformonths PleasegivemyregardstoBetsy whosegoodservicetomewashighlyappreciated MoreheartythankstoyouandPaulforaskingme Sincerelyyours Raymond DearProfessorTaylor I dliketothankyoumostsincerelyforyourfinancialaidattheverycriticalmoment Thus I llbeabletogotoShanghaiforthevisatoAmerica SincethefallsemesterbeginsonSeptember1 IplantoarriveinLosAngelesonAugust28 Underyourguidance I llbeginmygraduatestudy Pleaseacceptmycordialthanksforyourtimelyhelp Iamlookingforwardtoseeingyousoon Respectfullyyours LiMing UsefulExpressions Itwasverygoodofyoutosendusanannouncementofyourmarriage 承蒙好意 赐帖告知你们的婚事 Manythanksforyourkindinvitation 非常感谢您的邀请 Yournoteofcongratulationsisdeeplyappreciated 深深感谢你的祝贺信 Iamindebtedtoyou 我很感谢你 Weweredelightedtoreceive 收到 我们甚为高兴 Youwerekindtosendmeagift 承蒙好意 送来礼品 Youcouldn thavegivenmeanythingthatIwouldenjoymore 再也没有比你的礼物更让我喜欢了 Thankyouverymuchforyourgeneroushospitality 非常感谢你的慷慨款待 Thankyoufordoingmeafavor 感谢你帮我的忙 Section4LettersofConsolationandCondolence DearJack I mterriblysorrytolearnofyourillness Everybodyinourofficemissesyousomuchandwe reallexpectingyou 11bebacksoon Isincerelyhopethatyoudon thavetoworryaboutyourworkandjusttakethingseasy andthenyou 11getspeedyrecovery Everyours Maria DearJohn Thewordofyouraccidentjustreachedmethismorning forwhichI mverysorry Theonlygoodthingaboutitisthatyourmothertoldmeyou reprogressingnicely andthatyou llbeoutofhospitalinaweek AlittlepackagefromSueandmewillreachyouinadayortwo Wehopethesmallthingwillinterestyou Withgoodwishesforyourswiftrecovery Sincerely Ann DearMarina TodayIhearyoulostyourfather Iknowthesuddennessofitmusthavebeenadreadfulshock andIjustcan ttellyouhowsorryIam IwishthereweresomethingIcoulddoorsaytosoftenyourgrief Withdeepestsympathytoyouandallyourfamily Affectionately Helen DearMary EdandIarestunned asallyourfriendsare bythetragicnewsaboutyourhusband Wesendyouourdeepestsympathy andwebegyoutoletushelpyouinanywaywecan Weallknowhewasverykind andtookitanhonortoknowhim Weshallalwaysrememberhiskindnessandcleverness Indeepestsorrowandaffectionagain Yourssincerely Jane UsefulExpressions Ijustcan ttellyouhowsorryIwasthatyouhadsuchadifficulttime 对你的不幸 我深感难过 We reexcitedthatyou reprogressingverywell 获悉你的身体恢复良好 我们欣喜不已 I mabsolutelysorrytoleamthatyouwererobbedbyanighthawklastnight 得知你昨天夜晚遭劫 我难过至极 Ibelieveyoucouldmanagetoreleaseyourselfwithoutinjury 深信你一定能免遭伤害 WewerestunnedbythedeathofBetty Wecannotbelieveitisreallytrue 听说贝蒂去世 十分震惊 我们真无法相信这是真的 Weweresaddenedtohearthatyourdaughterhadpassedaway Withdeepestsympathytoyou 获悉令爱去世 我们极为悲伤 请接受我们至深的吊慰 Iamdeeplygrievedtohearthatyourwifepassedaway IwishIcouldcometoyourightawaytoshareyoursorrow butlcannotasIamfarawayfromyou 听说夫人逝世 深感悲痛 我恨不得立刻飞到你身边为你分忧 但千里迢迢实难如愿 Pleaseconveymysympathyandmywarmpersonalregardstoallyourfamily 请向你全家转达我的吊慰和问候 Section5LettersofApology DearPeter I mwritingtoapologizeformyfailuretokeeptheappointmentthatwemadeonSunday Ihatedtohavedoneso butIhadnowayoutbecausemylittlesonTomhadanacutediseasethenandIhadtosendforthedoctorandstayhometolookafterhim Ihopeyouwillunderstandandexcusemyabsence Love Joan DearMrs Anderson IwasterriblysorrytohearthatmysonTommybrokeawindowpaneatyourhousethismorning Hetoldmethewholethingwhenhecamebackandaskedmetowriteyoualettertoexpresshisregret Ihopeyouwillexcusehimforhiscarelessness Ofcourse Iwanttoreplaceitorpayyouitsvalue Willyoupleasetellmewhichyouprefer Cordially Alice DearPaul IregretverymuchthatIhavelostyourphonenumberyouleftmelasttime ThusIhavenotbeenabletocallyoudirectlyaboutMike sweddingceremony NowIhavetowriteyouandtellyouthathisweddingwillbeheldat10a m onFriday January16 Ifyoudecidetocometohiswedding pleaseletmeknowassoonaspossibleandtellmeyourphonenumberagain Sincerelyyours Charlie UsefulExpressions ItwasnotuntilIgottotheofficethismorningthatIrealizedIhadmissedourlunchdateyesterday Ihopeyouwillexcusemyabsence 直到今天早上到了办公室我才突然意识到 我忘了昨天的午餐约会 希望你原谅我的失约 IamverysorrythatIwasn tathomewhenyoucametomelastnight 你昨晚来访 碰巧我不在家 非常抱歉 IamterriblysorrythatIwasn tabletocometotheclassthismorningowingtoasevereattackofillness 由于突然病重 今天上午不能来上课 深表内疚 Itrustthatmyabsencewillnotputyoutomuchinconvenience 希望我的缺席不至于使你感到不便 I mafraidyoumightmisunderstandIwasunhappywithyou Asyousee beforeyoucameinIhadjusthadaquarrelwithmywife Ihopeyoucouldunderstandmymoodatthattime 你也许以为我当时对你不满意 你知道 在你来访之前 我刚跟我太太吵完架 希望你能理解我当时的心情 Section6LettersofRequest DearSirs Weshallbehighlyobligedifyouwillkindlypermitthestudentsofoureconomicsclassestovisityourfactory Thenumberofprospectivevisitorsisabout60 whowillbeputunderthesupervisionofProfessorCooper DeanofourFacultyofEconomics WeconsiderthefollowingFridayafternoonaconvenienttimeforthevisitifyouwouldapprove We reexpectinganearlyfavorablereplyfromyou Yourstruly LilySecretaryinChargeofTeaching DearMr Charles HearingyournephewMr EdwardshasacceptedthepostofgeneralmanageroftheOrientalSilkCompany Iwouldliketoaskyoutogetajobformeinhisfirm IunderstandthatunderMr Edwards newmanagementthefirmwillbeconsiderablyexpanded I vebeenasalesmanformanyyearsandthereforecanrendersatisfactoryservicesinsuchacapacity KindlyrecommendmetoMr Edwardsassoonasyoucan asIknowtherearemanyotherapplicants Trulyyours RobertEllison DearSirs Wenowwritetoyoutohaveyourbenevolenceandcourtesyextendedtousinthelightoflongbusinessrelations Atpresentnegotiationsareu