意大利托斯卡尼（李常生）.ppt

手動翻頁Handplay 義大利的一個省 全世界最美麗的一個地區Themostbeautifulareaoftheworld 1 義大利的一個省 全世界最美麗的一個地區Themostbeautifulareaoftheworld 2 3 Tuscany Italian Toscana pronounced tos ka na isaregioninItaly Ithasanareaofabout23 000squarekilometres 8 900sqmi andapopulationofabout3 75millioninhabitants TheregionalcapitalisFlorence Firenze Tuscanyisknownforitsgorgeouslandscapes itsrichartisticlegacyanditsinfluenceonhighculture TuscanyisregardedasthetruebirthplaceoftheItalianRenaissance andhasbeenhometosomemanyinfluentialpeopleinthehistoryofartsandscience suchasPetrarch Dante Botticelli Michelangelo NiccoloMachiavelli LeonardodaVinci GalileoGalilei AmerigoVespucci LucaPacioliandPuccini Asaresultofthis theregionhasseveralmuseums suchastheUffizi thePittiPalaceandtheChiancianoMuseumofArt Tuscanyhasauniqueculinarytradition andisfamousforitswines mostfamousofwhichareChianti VinoNobilediMontepulciano MorellinodiScansanoandBrunellodiMontalcino 4 SixTuscanlocalitieshavebeendesignatedWorldHeritageSites thehistoriccentreofFlorence 1982 thehistoricalcentreofSiena 1995 thesquareoftheCathedralofPisa 1987 thehistoricalcentreofSanGimignano 1990 thehistoricalcentreofPienza 1996 andtheVald Orcia 2004 Tuscanyhasover120protectednaturereserves ThismakesTuscanyanditscapitalFlorencepopulartouristdestinations attractingmillionsoftouristseveryyear Florencereceivesanaverageof10milliontouristsayear placingthecityasoneofthemostvisitedintheworld in2007 thecitybecametheworld s46thmostvisitedcity withover1 715millionarrivals Thepre EtruscanhistoryoftheareainthelateBronzeandIronAgesparallelsthatoftheearlyGreeks 7 TheTuscanareawasinhabitedbypeoplesoftheso calledApenninecultureinthelatesecondmillenniumBC roughly1350 1150BC whohadtradingrelationshipswiththeMinoanandMycenaeancivilisationsintheAegeanSea 7 Followingthis theVillanovanculture 1100 700BC sawTuscany andtherestofEtruria takenoverbychiefdoms 7 City statesdevelopedinthelateVillanovan parallelingGreeceandtheAegean before Orientalisation occurredandtheEtruscancivilisationrose 5 EtruscansTheEtruscanscreatedthefirstmajorcivilisationinthisregion largeenoughtoestablishatransportinfrastructure toimplementagricultureandminingandtoproducevibrantart TheEtruscanslivedinEtruriawellintoprehistory 7 ThecivilizationgrewtofilltheareabetweentheArnoRiverandTiberRiverfromthe8thcenturyBC reachingitspeakduringthe7thand6thcenturiesBC finallysuccumbingtotheRomansbythe1stcentury 9 Throughouttheirexistence theylostterritory inCampania toMagnaGraecia CarthageandCelts DespitebeingseenasdistinctinitsmannersandcustomsbycontemporaryGreeks 10 theculturesofGreece andlaterRome influencedthecivilisationtoagreatextent Onereasonforitseventualdemise 9 wasthisincreasingabsorptionbysurroundingcultures includingtheadoptionoftheEtruscanupperclassbytheRomans 6 7 8 RomansSoonafterabsorbingEtruria RomeestablishedthecitiesofLucca Pisa Siena andFlorence endowedtheareawithnewtechnologiesanddevelopment andensuredpeace Thesedevelopmentsincludedextensionsofexistingroads introductionofaqueductsandsewers andtheconstructionofmanybuildings bothpublicandprivate However manyofthesestructureshavebeendestroyedbyerosionduetoweather 8 TheRomancivilizationintheWestcollapsedinthe5thcenturyandtheregionwaslefttotheGoths andothers Inthe6thcentury theLongobardsarrivedanddesignatedLuccathecapitaloftheirDuchyofTuscia TheMedievalPeriodPilgrimstravellingalongtheViaFrancigenabetweenRomeandFrancebroughtwealthanddevelopmentduringthemedievalperiod Thefoodandshelterrequiredbythesetravellersfuelledthegrowthofcommunitiesaroundchurchesandtaverns TheconflictbetweentheGuelphsandGhibellines factionssupportingthePapacyandtheHolyRomanEmpireincentralandnorthernItalyduringthe12thand13thcenturies splittheTuscanpeople 8 ThesetwofactorsgaverisetoseveralpowerfulandrichmedievalcommunesinTuscany Arezzo Florence Lucca Pisa andSiena Balancebetweenthesecommuneswereensuredbytheassetstheyheld Pisa aport Siena banking andLucca bankingandsilk 11 Bytherenaissance however FlorencehadbecometheculturalcapitalofTuscany 11 AnotherfamilythatbefittedfromFlorence sgrowingwealthandpowerweretherulingMediciFamily Lorenzode MediciwasoneofthemostfamousandthebenefitsofhistimearestillbeingobservedtodayinthefantasticartandarchitectureinFlorencetoday OneofhisfamousdescendantsCaterinaCatherinedeMedicimarriedPrinceHenry laterasKingHenryII ofFrancein1533 TheBlackDeathepidemichitTuscany startingin1348 Iteventuallykilled50 to60 ofTuscans AccordingtoMelissaSnell Florencelostathirdofitspopulationinthefirstsixmonthsoftheplague andfrom45 to75 ofitspopulationinthefirstyear 15 In1630FlorenceandTuscanywereonceagainravagedbytheplague 義大利的一個省 全世界最美麗的一個地區Themostbeautifulareaoftheworld 9 TheRenaissanceTuscany especiallyFlorence isregardedasthebirthplaceoftheRenaissance Though Tuscany remainedalinguistic culturalandgeographicconception ratherthanapoliticalreality inthe15thcentury FlorenceextendeditsdominioninTuscanythroughtheannexationofArezzoin1384 thepurchaseofPisain1405andthesuppressionofalocalresistancethere 1406 Livornowasboughtaswell 1421 FromtheleadingcityofFlorence therepublicwasfrom1434onwarddominatedbytheincreasinglymonarchicalMedicifamily Initially underCosimo PierotheGouty LorenzoandPierotheUnfortunate theformsoftherepublicwereretainedandtheMediciruledwithoutatitle usuallywithoutevenaformaloffice TheserulerspresidedovertheFlorentineRenaissance Therewasareturntotherepublicfrom1494to1512 whenfirstGirolamoSavonarolathenPieroSoderinioversawthestate CardinalGiovannide MediciretookthecitywithSpanishforcesin1512 beforegoingtoRometobecomePopeLeoX Florencewasdominatedbyaseriesofpapalproxiesuntil1527whenthecitizensdeclaredtherepublicagain onlytohaveittakenfromthemagainin1530afterasiegebyanImperialandSpanisharmy AtthispointPopeClementVIIandCharlesVappointedAlessandrode Mediciasthefirstformallyhereditaryruler TheSienesecommunewasnotincorporatedintoTuscanyuntil1555 andduringthe15thcenturySienaenjoyedacultural SieneseRenaissance withitsownmoreconservativecharacter LuccaremainedanindependentRepublicuntil1847whenitbecamepartofGrandDuchyofTuscanybythewillofitspeople Piombinowasanotherminorindependentstate underbothSpanishandTuscaninfluence ModernEraInthe15thcentury theMedicis whoruledFlorence annexedsurroundinglandtocreatemodernTuscany TheWarofPolishSuccessioninthe1730smeantthetransferofTuscanyfromtheMedicistoFrancis DukeofLorraineandHolyRomanEmperor WiththedissolutionoftheHolyRomanEmpirebyNapoleon TuscanywasinheritedbytheAustrianEmpireassuccessortotheHolyRomanEmpire IntheItalianWarsofIndependenceinthe1850s TuscanywastransferredfromAustriatothenewlyunifiednationofItaly 10 UnderBenitoMussolini theareacameunderthedominanceoflocalNationalFascistPartyleaderDinoPerroneCompagni FollowingthefallofMussoliniandthere establishmentoftheKingdomofItaly theItalianSocialRepublicwasestablishedinthenorthernregionsofItaly withitsdefactoborderattheGothicLine adefensivepositionjustnorthofFlorence FollowingtheendoftheSocialRepublic andthetransitionfromaKingdomtothemodernItalianRepublic TuscanyoncemoreflourishedasaculturalcenterofItaly CultureTuscanyhasanimmenseculturalandartisticheritage expressedintheregion schurches palaces artgalleries museums villagesandpiazzas Manyoftheseartifactsarefoundinthemaincities suchasFlorenceandSiena butalsoinsmallervillagesscatteredaroundtheregion suchasSanGimignano ArtTuscanyhasauniqueartisticlegacy andFlorenceisoneoftheworld smostimportantwater colorcentres evensothatitisoftennicknamedthe artpalaceofItaly thecityisalsobelievedtohavethelargestconcentrationofRenaissanceartandarchitectureintheworld PainterssuchasCimabueandGiotto thefathersofItalianpainting livedinFlorenceandTuscanyaswellasArnolfoandAndreaPisano renewersofarchitectureandsculpture Brunelleschi DonatelloandMasaccio forefathersoftheRenaissance GhibertiandtheDellaRobbias FilippoLippiandAngelico Botticelli PaoloUccelloandtheuniversalgeniusofLeonardodaVinciandMichelangelo Theregioncontainsnumerousmuseumsandartgalleries manyhousingsomeoftheworld smostpreciousworksofart SuchmuseumsincludetheUffizi whichkeepsBotticelli sBirthofVenus thePittiPalace andtheBargello tonameafew Mostofthefrescos sculpturesandpaintingsinTuscanyareheldintheregion sabundantchurchesandcathedrals suchasFlorenceCathedral SienaCathedral PisaCathedralandtheCollegiatadiSanGimignano ArtSchoolsInmedievalperiodandintheRenaissance therewerefourmainTuscanartschoolswhichcompetedagainsteachother theFlorentineSchool theSieneseSchool thePisanSchoolandtheLuccheseSchool 11 TheSieneseSchoolofpaintingflourishedinSienabetweenthe13thand15thcenturiesandforatimerivaledFlorence thoughitwasmoreconservative beinginclinedtowardsthedecorativebeautyandelegantgraceoflateGothicart ItsmostimportantrepresentativesincludeDuccio whoseworkshowsByzantineinfluence hispupilSimoneMartini PietroandAmbrogioLorenzetti DomenicoandTaddeodiBartolo SassettaandMatteodiGiovanni UnlikethenaturalisticFlorentineart thereisamysticalstreakinSieneseart who characterizedbyacommonfocusonmiraculousevents withlessattentiontoproportions distortionsoftimeandplace andoftendreamlikecoloration Inthe16thcenturytheManneristsBeccafumiandIlSodomaworkedthere WhileBaldassarePeruzziwasbornandtrainedinSiena hismajorworksandstylereflecthislongcareerinRome TheeconomicandpoliticaldeclineofSienabythe16thcentury anditseventualsubjugationbyFlorence largelycheckedthedevelopmentofSienesepainting althoughitalsomeantthatmanySieneseworksinchurchesandpublicbuildingswerenotdiscardedordestroyedbynewpaintingsorrebuilding Sienaremainsaremarkablywell preservedItalianlate Medievaltown TheLuccheseSchool alsoknownastheSchoolofLuccaandasthePisan LuccheseSchool wasaschoolofpaintingandsculpturethatflourishedinthe11thand12thcenturiesinthewesternandsouthernpartoftheregion withanimportantcenterinVolterra Theartismostlyanonymous AlthoughnotaselegantordelicateastheFlorentineSchool Luccheseworksareremarkablefortheirmonumentality MusicTuscanyhasarichancientandmodernmusicaltradition andhasboastednumerouscomposersandmusicians suchasGiacomoPuccini andPietroMascagni BeyondFlorence thenineotherprovincesintheregionofTuscany namedforthelargestcityin andcapitaloftheprovince Takentogether theyofferarichmusicalculture FlorenceisthemainmusicalcentreofTuscany ThecitywasattheheartofmuchofourentireWesternmusicaltradition ItwastherethattheFlorentineCamerataconvenedinthemid 16thcenturyandexperimentedwithsettingtalesofGreekmythologytomusicandstagingtheresult thefirstoperas fosteringthefurtherdevelopmentoftheoperaticform andthelaterdevelopmentsofseparate classical formssuchasthesymphony 12 TherearenumerousmusicalcentresinTuscany ArezzoisindeliblyconnectedwiththenameofGuidod Arezzo the11th centurymonkwhoinventedmodernmusicalnotationandthedo re misystemofnamingnotesofthescale LuccahostedpossiblythegreatestItaliancomposerofRomanticism GiacomoPucciniandSienaiswell knownfortheAccademiaMusicaleChigiana anorganizationthatcurrentlysponsorsmajormusicalactivitiessuchastheSienaMusicWeekandtheAlfredoCasellaInternationalCompositionCompetition OtherimportantmusicalcentresinTuscanyincludeLucca PisaandGrosseto LiteratureTuscanyhasarenownedliterature andhasboastedseveralfamouswritersandpoets mostnotablyFlorentineauthorDante Tuscany sliterarysceneparticularlythrivedinthe13thcenturyandtheRenaissance InTuscany especiallyintheMiddleAges popularlovepoetryexisted AschoolofimitatorsoftheSicilianswasledbyDantedaMajano butitsliteraryoriginalitytookanotherline thatofhumorousandsatiricalpoetry Thedemocraticformofgovernmentcreatedastyleofpoetrywhichstoodstronglyagainstthemedievalmysticandchivalrousstyle DevoutinvocationofGodorofaladycamefromthecloisterandthecastle inthestreetsofthecitieseverythingthathadgonebeforewastreatedwithridiculeorbitingsarcasm FolgoredaSanGimignanolaughswheninhissonnetshetellsapartyofSieneseyouthstheoccupationsofeverymonthintheyear orwhenheteachesapartyofFlorentineladsthepleasuresofeverydayintheweek CennedellaChitarralaughswhenheparodiesFolgore ssonnets ThesonnetsofRusticodiFilippoarehalf funandhalf satire asistheworkofCeccoAngiolieriofSiena theoldesthumoristweknow afar offprecursorofRabelaisandMontaigne AnothertypeofpoetryalsobeganinTuscany Guittoned ArezzomadeartabandonchivalryandProven alformsfornationalmotivesandLatinforms Heattemptedpoliticalpoetry andalthoughhisworkisoftenobscure hepreparedthewayfortheBologneseschool Bolognawasthecityofscience andphilosophicalpoetryappearedthere GuidoGuinizelliwasthepoetafterthenewfashionoftheart Inhisworktheideasofchivalryarechangedandenlarged 13 Onlythosewhoseheartispurecanbeblessedwithtruelove regardlessofclass Herefutedthetraditionalcredoofcourtlylove forwhichloveisasubtlephilosophyonlyafewchosenknightsandprincessescouldgrasp Loveisblindtoblasonsbutnottoagoodheartwhenitfindsone whenitsucceedsitistheresultofthespiritual notphysicalaffinitybetweentwosouls Guinizzelli sdemocraticviewcanbebetterunderstoodinthelightofthegreaterequalityandfreedomenjoyedbythecity statesofthecenter northandtheriseofamiddleclasseagertolegitimiseitselfintheeyesoftheoldnobility stillregardedwithrespectandadmirationbutinfactdispossessedofitspoliticalpower Guinizelli sCanzonimakeupthebibleofDolceStilNovo andoneinparticular Alcorgentil ToaKindHeart isconsideredthemanifestoofthenewmovementwhichwillbloominFlorenceunderCavalcanti Danteandtheirfollowers Hispoetryhassomeofthefaultsoftheschoolofd Arezzo Nevertheless hemarksagreatdevelopmentinthehistoryofItalianart especiallybecauseofhiscloseconnectionwithDante slyricpoetry Inthe13thcentury therewereseveralmajorallegoricalpoems OneoftheseisbyBrunettoLatini whowasaclosefriendofDante HisTesorettoisashortpoem inseven syllableverses rhymingincouplets inwhichtheauthorprofessestobelostinawildernessandtomeetwithalady whorepresentsNature fromwhomhereceivesmuchinstruction Weseeherethevision theallegory theinstructionwithamoralobject threeelementswhichweshallfindagainintheDivineComedy FrancescodaBarberino alearnedlawyerwhowassecretarytobishops ajudge andanotary wrotetwolittleallegoricalpoems theDocumentid amoreandDelreggimentoedeicostumidelledonne Thepoemstodayaregenerallystudiednotasliterature butforhistoricalcontext AfourthallegoricalworkwastheIntelligenza whichissometimesattributedtoCompagni butisprobablyonlyatranslationofFrenchpoems Inthe15thcentury humanistandpublisherAldusManutiuspublishedTuscanpoetsPetrarchandDanteAlighieri TheDivineComedy creatingthemodelforwhatbecameastandardformodernItalian 義大利的一個省 全世界最美麗的一個地區Themostbeautifulareaoftheworld 14 CuisineSimplicityiscentraltotheTuscancuisine Legumes bread cheese vegetables mushroomsandfreshfruitareused OliveoilismadeupofMoraiolo Leccino andFrantoianoolives WhitetrufflesfromSanMiniatoappearinOctoberandNovember BeefofthehighestqualitycomesfromtheChianaValley specificallyabreedknownasChianinausedforFlorentinesteak Porkisalsoproduced WineisafamousandcommonproduceofTuscany Chiantiisarguablythemostwell knowninternationally SomanyBritishtouristscometotheareawhereChiantiwineisproducedthatthisspecificareahasbeennicknamed Chiantishire 15 TourismManytownsandcitiesinTuscanyhavegreatnaturalandarchitecturalbeauty Therearemanyvisitorsthroughouttheyear Asaresult theservicesanddistributionactivities soimportanttotheregion seconomy arewide rangingandwell organised FashionThefashionandtextileindustryarethepillarsoftheFlorentineeconomy Inthe15thcentury Florentineswereworkingwithluxurytextilessuchaswoolandsilk TodaythegreatestdesignersinEuropeutilizeth